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48-610: The ball was first introduced as the "Telstar Elast" for the 1968 European Football Championship . A slightly different ball named "Telstar" was used as the official match ball of the 1970 FIFA World Cup in Mexico . The similar "Telstar Durlast" was one of two official balls, along with the Chile Durlast , of the 1974 FIFA World Cup held in West Germany . The ball was also used in the 1972 and 1976 European Championships. The Telstar

96-432: A game theoretic analysis it provides even odds to both sides involved, requiring little effort and preventing the dispute from escalating into a struggle. It is used widely in sports and other games to decide arbitrary factors such as which side of the field a team will play from, or which side will attack or defend initially; these decisions may tend to favor one side, or may be neutral. Factors such as wind direction,

144-462: A replay was not possible. The most famous instance of this was the semifinal game of the 1968 European Championship between Italy and the Soviet Union , which finished 0–0 after extra time. Italy won, and went on to become European champions. In cricket the toss is often significant, as the decision whether to bat or bowl first can influence the outcome of the game. The coin toss in cricket

192-425: A 2009 attempt to verify this experimentally at Berkeley with 40,000 tosses gave ambiguous results. A much larger 2023 University of Amsterdam study (which won a 2024 Ig Nobel Prize ) performed 350,757 tosses, finding an average same-side bias of 50.8%, but which varied from person to person. Since the images on the two sides of actual coins are made of raised metal, the toss is likely to slightly favor one face or

240-487: A coin toss for tie-breaking among teams for playoff berths and seeding, but the rules make the need for coin toss, which is random rather than competitive, very unlikely. A similar procedure breaks ties for the purposes of seeding in the NFL Draft ; these coin tosses are more common, since the tie-breaking procedure for the draft is much less elaborate than the one used for playoff seeding. Major League Baseball once conducted

288-416: A commitment to impartiality and a willingness to accept the outcome, no matter how arbitrary it may seem. This shared acceptance of chance as the ultimate arbiter can foster cooperation and conflict resolution in various aspects of life beyond sports, including business negotiations and interpersonal conflicts. In December 2006, Australian television networks Seven and Ten , which shared the broadcasting of

336-432: A different process – this can be done either to choose one or two out of three. To choose two out of three, three coins are flipped, and if two coins come up the same and one different, the different one loses (is out), leaving two players. To choose one out of three, the previous is either reversed (the odd coin out is the winner ) or a regular two-way coin flip between the two remaining players can decide. The three-way flip

384-601: A flat surface it is possible for a coin to land on its edge. A computational model suggests that the chance of a coin landing on its edge and staying there is about 1 in 6000 for an American nickel. The coin may be any type as long as it has two distinct sides. Larger coins tend to be more popular than smaller ones. Some high-profile coin tosses, such as the Cricket World Cup and the Super Bowl, use custom-made ceremonial medallions. Three-way coin flips are also possible, by

432-501: A new state is added to the Union, a coin toss determines the class of the senators (i.e., the election cycle in which the term each of the new state's senators will expire) in the US Senate . Also, a number of states provide for "drawing lots" in the event an election ends in a tie, and this is usually resolved by a coin toss or picking names from a hat. A 2017 election to the 94th District of

480-498: A particular face. Human intuition about conditional probability is often very poor and can give rise to some seemingly surprising observations. For example, if the successive tosses of a coin are recorded as a string of "H" and "T", then for any trial of tosses, it is twice as likely that the triplet TTH will occur before THT than after it. It is three times as likely that "THH will precede HHT" than that "THH will follow HHT"; see also Penney's game . The mathematical abstraction of

528-447: A series of coin flips as a contingency on the last month of its regular season to determine home teams for any potential one-game playoff games that might need to be added to the regular season. Most of these cases did not occur. From the 2009 season , the method to determine home-field advantage was changed. Fédération Internationale d'Escrime rules use a coin toss to determine the winner of some fencing matches that remain tied at

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576-603: A three-way coin flip. A legacy of that particular 1988 coin flip was to reduce the use of coin flips to break ties in Texas sports, instead using point systems to reduce the frequency of ties. "Heads and Tails" or "Heads or Tails" is an informal game of chance using repeated coin tosses, suitable for a roomful of seated people, typically a social or children's event. Initially all players stand. Before each coin toss, all still standing put their hands on either their head to indicate "heads" or their hips or buttocks to indicate "tails"; once

624-463: A universal icon for football to this day. UEFA Euro 1968 The 1968 UEFA European Football Championship final tournament was held in Italy. This was the third UEFA European Championship , an event held every four years and organised by UEFA . The final tournament took place between 5 and 10 June 1968. It was in this year that the tournament changed its name from the "European Nations' Cup" to

672-560: Is 75% likely to work each time it is tried (if all coins are heads or all are tails, each of which occur 1/8 of the time due to the chances being 0.5 by 0.5 by 0.5, the flip is repeated until the results differ), and does not require that "heads" or "tails" be called. A well-known example of such a three-way coin flip (choose two out of three) is dramatized in Friday Night Lights (originally a book , subsequently film and TV series ), wherein three Texas high school football teams use

720-581: Is also used in determining the Second Chance winner's prize. A technique attributed to Sigmund Freud to help in making difficult decisions is to toss a coin not actually to determine the decision, but to clarify the decision-maker's feelings. He explained: "I did not say you should follow blindly what the coin tells you. What I want you to do is to note what the coin indicates. Then look into your own reactions. Ask yourself: Am I pleased? Am I disappointed? That will help you to recognize how you really feel about

768-446: Is fair to two decimals but not to three. That is, typical flips show biases such as 0.495 or 0.503." In studying coin flipping, to observe the rotation speed of coin flips, Diaconis first used a strobe light and a coin with one side painted black, the other white, so that when the speed of the strobe flash equaled the rotation rate of the coin, it would appear to always show the same side. This proved difficult to use, and rotation rate

816-456: Is more important than in other games because in many situations it can lead a team winning or losing the game. Factors such as pitch conditions, weather and the time of day are considered by the team captain who wins the toss. Now there are websites such as flip a coin online which domestic sports team use to toss the coin. Similarly, in tennis a coin toss is used in professional matches to determine which player serves first. The player who wins

864-631: Is the last European Championship finals not to feature a Germany team (united or West), and the only World Cup or European Championship tournament where the team was eliminated in the qualifying stages. In all matches but the final, extra time and a coin toss were used to decide the winner if necessary. If the final remained level after extra time, a replay would be used to determine the winner. All times are local, CEST ( UTC+2 ). There were 7 goals scored in 5 matches, for an average of 1.4 goals per match. 2 goals 1 goal Coin flipping Coin flipping , coin tossing , or heads or tails

912-469: Is the practice of throwing a coin in the air and checking which side is showing when it lands, in order to randomly choose between two alternatives. It is a form of sortition which inherently has two possible outcomes. The party who calls the side that is facing up when the coin lands wins. Coin flipping was known to the Romans as navia aut caput ("ship or head"), as some coins had a ship on one side and

960-467: The 2007 AFL Season , decided who would broadcast the Grand Final with the toss of a coin. Network Ten won. In some jurisdictions, a coin is flipped to decide between two candidates who poll equal number of votes in an election , or two companies tendering equal prices for a project. For example, a coin toss decided a City of Toronto tender in 2003 for painting lines on 1,605 km of city streets:

1008-505: The Virginia House of Delegates resulted in a tie between Republican incumbent David Yancey and Democratic challenger Shelly Simmonds, with exactly 11,608 votes each. Under state law, the election was to be decided by drawing a name from a bowl, although a coin toss would also have been an acceptable option. The chair of the Board of Elections drew the film canister with Yancey's name, and he

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1056-419: The "European Championship". There were also some changes in the tournament's qualifying structure, with the two-legged home-and-away knock-out stage being replaced by a group phase. Four countries played in the final tournament, which consisted of the semi-finals, a third place play-off , and the final. The host nation for the finals was selected from the four qualified nations. The qualification competition

1104-506: The bids were $ 161,110.00 ($ 100.3800623 per km), $ 146,584.65 ($ 91.33 per km, exactly), and two equal bids of $ 111,242.55 ($ 69.31 per km, exactly). " Drawing of lots " is one of the methods to break ties to determine a winner in an election; the coin flip is considered an acceptable variant. Each candidate will be given five chances to flip a coin; the candidate with the most "heads" wins. The 2013 mayoral election in San Teodoro, Oriental Mindoro

1152-443: The coin—for example, over the phone. The flipping party could easily lie about the outcome of the toss. In telecommunications and cryptography , the following algorithm can be used: Bob, by providing his own random word, guarantees that Alice is not able to precompute an image pair of "tail/random string" or "head/random string", for two different random words. Bob is also unable to reverse Alice's hash to see what her chosen outcome

1200-503: The end of a " sudden death " extra minute of competition. Although in most international matches this is now done electronically by the scoring apparatus. In the United States Asa Lovejoy and Francis W. Pettygrove , who each owned the claim to the land that would later become Portland, Oregon , wanted to name the new town after their respective hometowns of Boston, Massachusetts and Portland, Maine ; Pettygrove won with

1248-548: The field the teams will play to and/or which team gets first use of the ball, or similar questions in football matches, American football games, Australian rules football , volleyball , and other sports requiring such decisions. In the U.S. a specially minted coin is flipped in National Football League games; the coin is then sent to the Pro Football Hall of Fame , and other coins of the special series minted at

1296-410: The first half; the opposing team kicks off for the first half. For the second half, the teams switch ends, and the team that won the coin toss kicks off. Coin tosses are also used to decide which team has the pick of going first or second in a penalty shoot-out . Before the early-1970s introduction of the penalty shootout , coin tosses were occasionally needed to decide the outcome of drawn matches where

1344-458: The flip of a coin which has been preserved as the Portland Penny . Scientists sometimes use coin flipping to determine the order in which they appear on the list of authors of scholarly papers . In addition to its practical applications in sports, coin tossing is symbolic of the democratic principle of equal opportunity. When two parties face an impasse, the act of flipping a coin signifies

1392-405: The head of the emperor on the other. In England, this was referred to as cross and pile . During a coin toss, the coin is thrown into the air such that it rotates edge-over-edge an unpredictable number of times. Either beforehand or when the coin is in the air, an interested party declares "heads" or "tails", indicating which side of the coin that party is choosing. The other party is assigned

1440-401: The matter, deep down inside. With that as a basis, you'll then be ready to make up your mind and come to the right decision." Danish poet Piet Hein 's 1966 book Grooks includes a poem, "A Psychological Tip", on a similar theme: Whenever you're called on to make up your mind, And you're hampered by not having any, The best way to solve the dilemma, you'll find, Is simply by spinning

1488-416: The opposite side. Depending on custom, the coin may be caught; caught and inverted; or allowed to land on the ground. When the coin comes to rest, the toss is complete and the party who called correctly or was assigned the upper side is declared the winner. It is possible for a coin to land on its side, usually by landing up against an object (such as a shoe) or by getting stuck in the ground. However, even on

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1536-400: The other if the coin is allowed to roll on one edge upon landing. Coin spinning is much more likely to be biased than flipping. Stage magicians and gamblers, with practice, are able to greatly increase the same-side-up bias, whilst still making throws which are visually indistinguishable from normal throws. Conjurers trim the edges of coins so that when spun on a surface, they usually land on

1584-426: The position of the sun, and other conditions may affect the decision. In team sports it is often the captain who makes the call, while the umpire or referee usually oversees such proceedings. A competitive method may be used instead of a toss in some situations, for example in basketball the jump ball is employed, while the face-off plays a similar role in ice hockey. Coin flipping is used to decide which end of

1632-449: The same time are sold to collectors. The original XFL , a short-lived American football league, attempted to avoid coin tosses by implementing a face-off style "opening scramble," in which one player from each team tried to recover a loose football; the team whose player recovered the ball got first choice. Because of the high rate of injury in these events, it has not achieved mainstream popularity in any football league (a modified version

1680-495: The statistics of coin flipping is described by means of the Bernoulli process ; a single flip of a coin is a Bernoulli trial . In the study of statistics, coin-flipping plays the role of being an introductory example of the complexities of statistics. A commonly treated textbook topic is that of checking if a coin is fair . There is no reliable way to use a true coin flip to settle a dispute between two parties if they cannot both see

1728-409: The toss decides whether to serve first or return, while the loser of the toss decides which end of the court each player plays on first. In duels a coin toss was sometimes used to determine which combatant had the sun at his back. In some other sports, the result of the toss is less crucial and merely a way to fairly choose between two more or less equal options. The National Football League also has

1776-437: The toss result is announced, those who guessed incorrectly sit down. The process repeats until the last player standing wins; often the last few players remaining are called to the announcer's table for the climax. A variant with faster elimination is played with two coins and players placing each hand separately. Coin tossing is a simple and unbiased way of settling a dispute or deciding between two or more arbitrary options. In

1824-429: The two parties. The outcome of coin flipping has been studied by the mathematician and former magician Persi Diaconis and his collaborators. They have demonstrated that a mechanical coin flipper which imparts the same initial conditions for every toss has a highly predictable outcome – the phase space is fairly regular. Further, in actual flipping, people exhibit slight bias – "coin tossing

1872-467: Was adopted by X-League Indoor Football , in which each player pursued his own ball), and coin tossing remains the method of choice in American football. (The revived XFL , which launched in 2020 , removed the coin toss altogether and allowed that decision to be made as part of a team's home field advantage .) In an association football match, the team winning the coin toss chooses which goal to attack in

1920-454: Was before flipping the coin, and to lie effectively about its outcome, because he does not know Alice's random word at that point in the process. The New Zealand lottery game Big Wednesday uses a coin toss. If a player matches all 6 of their numbers, the coin toss will decide whether they win a cash jackpot (minimum of NZ$ 25,000) or a bigger jackpot with luxury prizes (minimum of NZ$ 2 million cash, plus value of luxury prizes.) The coin toss

1968-534: Was decided on a coin flip, with a winner being proclaimed after the second round when both candidates remained tied in the first round. In the United Kingdom, if a local or national election has resulted in a tie where candidates receive exactly the same number of votes, then the winner can be decided either by drawing straws/lots, coin flip, or drawing a high card in pack of cards. In the United States , when

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2016-508: Was declared the winner. Additionally, the outcome of the draw determined control of the entire House, as Republicans won 50 of the other 99 seats and Democrats 49. A Yancey win extended the Republican advantage to 51–49, whereas a Simmonds win would have resulted in a 50–50 tie. As there is no provision for breaking ties in the House as a whole, this would have forced a power sharing agreement between

2064-534: Was made of leather . The 1974 model's "Durlast" polyurethane coating provided waterproofing as well as protection from damage such as scuffs and tears. Only 20 Telstars were provided for the World Cup; an estimated 600,000 replicas were sold subsequently. Some 1970 matches were played with a brown ball. The Chile Durlast was all white and was used during the Italy-Germany semifinal for the first 20 minutes, then it

2112-435: Was more accurately computed by attaching floss to a coin, such that it would wind around the coin – after a flip, one could count rotations by unwinding the floss, and then compute rotation rate as flips over air time. Moreover, their theoretical analysis of the physics of coin tosses predicts a slight bias for a caught coin to be caught the same way up as it was thrown, with a probability of around 0.51, though

2160-413: Was played in two stages: a group stage (taking place from 1966 until 1968) and the quarter-finals (played in 1968). There were seven groups of four teams and one of three, with matches played in a home-and-away basis. The eight group winners qualified for the quarter-finals, which were played in two legs, home and away. The winners of the quarter-finals went through to the final tournament. As of 2024, this

2208-636: Was replaced by a 32 panel black and white due to a deflation. A new version of the Telstar, named Telstar 18 , was the official match ball for the 2018 FIFA World Cup . The design maintains the general pattern, except the corners of the pentagons are stretched into pixellated gradients. Telstar is now considered a classic design. Although most footballs used in current championships have different designs and sections, in representations of footballs in cartoons, comics, caricatures and decorations in general, footballs inspired by Adidas Telstar are usually used, becoming

2256-567: Was still rare worldwide during this time), was also well established before the Telstar. The name came from the 1962 Telstar communications satellite , which was roughly spherical and dotted with solar panels, somewhat similar in appearance to the football. Developed by Bell Telephone Laboratories for AT&T , Telstar was the world's first active communications satellite and was the first to send live television signals, telephone calls, and fax images through space, which inaugurated an age of instant worldwide communications via satellite. The ball

2304-408: Was the first World Cup ball to use the now-familiar truncated icosahedron for its design, consisting of 12 black pentagonal and 20 white hexagonal panels. The 32-panel configuration had been introduced in 1962 by Select Sport , and was also used in the official logo for the 1970 World Cup. The black-and-white pattern, to aid visibility on black and white television broadcasts (colour television

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