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78-836: Abaza is the name of an ethnic group closely related to the Circassians , the Abazins , their language, the Abaza language , an Egyptian noble family of the same origin, the Abaza Family , and a surname. The Abazin people's "self-designation" is Abaza ( Abaza language : абаза ). The word is also where the historic country of Abazinia gets its name. Abaza may also refer to: Circassians Surviving Destroyed or barely existing The Circassians or Circassian people , also called Cherkess or Adyghe ( Adyghe and Kabardian : Адыгэхэр , romanized: Adygekher ) are
156-707: A laqab , a type of Arabic name , and of an ethnonym , the name of a people or ethnic group. Some intermarriage with the ruling Turkish elite in Egypt is also reported. Of their Abazin Circassian roots one scholar remarks that "the Abazas remain notoriously blonde and pink-cheeked, a living proof of continued Circassian and Turkish intermarriage." They are also noted for extensive intermarrying with fellow elite families: "The Abazinians in Egypt have managed to become part of Egypt's elite. For many generations they have inter-married with
234-736: A Northwest Caucasian ethnic group and nation who originated in Circassia , a region and former country in the North Caucasus . As a consequence of the Circassian genocide , which was perpetrated by the Russian Empire during the Russo-Circassian War in the 19th century, most of the Circassian people were exiled from their ancestral homeland and consequently began living in what was then
312-671: A highly stratified... pyramidal order". The family had its own football team competing with Egypt's major clubs in the early half of the 20th century and its own journal. Their most famous wins were covered in English media in 1916 and 1917 with two reported wins against Qatar . A lentil dish attributed to the family is known in the country as " 'ads abazy" ( Arabic : عدس أباظي ). The family has had members in almost every Egyptian parliament, mostly in Sharqia districts, their original historical stronghold. A famous 21st-century election included
390-519: A large, magnificently ornamented tent they had erected at the train station". After the 1952 removal of King Farouk of Egypt , several Abazas lost feudal lands following the Egyptian land reform . The family is not associated with a single political stance as in the early 20th century it decided to allow all members to hold any political position and run for office with any party with the caveat that "no two Abazas [can] run against each other". During
468-544: A plan to occupy the Caucasus. Although he was unable to implement this plan, he laid the political and ideological foundation for the occupation to take place. Catherine II started putting this plan into action. The Russian army was deployed on the banks of the Terek River . The Russian military tried to impose authority by building a series of forts, but these forts in turn became the new targets of raids and indeed sometimes
546-625: A smaller number were resettled into the Empire's major cities. In January 1922, the Soviet government created an autonomous oblast which was the predecessor of the Karachay-Cherkess Republic . The actions of the Russian military in acquiring Circassian land through expulsion and massacres have given rise to a movement among descendants of the expelled ethnicities for international recognition of
624-1178: A whole. The Circassian flag consists of a green field charged with 12 gold stars and, in the centre, three crossed black arrows. The stars represent the 12 Circassian tribes: the Abzakh , the Besleney , the Bzhedugh , the Hatuqway , the Kabardians , the Mamkhegh , the Natukhaj , the Shapsugh , the Chemirgoy , the Ubykh , the Yegeruqway and the Zhaney . Circassians have played major roles in areas where they settled: in Turkey , those of Circassian origin have had massive influence, being instrumental in
702-538: Is an Egyptian aristocratic family of maternal Abazin , Circassian , and paternal Egyptian origins whose historical stronghold is in the Nile Delta . "Deeply rooted in Egyptian society... [and] in the history of the country", it has had an influence from the late 18th century to modern times. It is known for producing literary and cultural figures, nobles, officials, technocrats, governors, and politicians under
780-787: Is disputed. One view is that its root stems from Turkic languages, and means "head choppers" or "warrior killers", because of the Circassians' battle practices. Other sources argue that the term comes from Mongolian Jerkes , meaning "one who blocks a path". Some believe it comes from the ancient Greek name of the region, Siraces . According to another view, its origin is Persian and combines two parts, kar ("mountain") and kās ("region", in Pahlavi ), meaning "mountainous region". The spelling Cherkess may be an abbreviation of Persian Chahār-kas ("four people"), denoting four tribes. Ali ibn al-Athir (died c. 1232/3) and Ibn Khaldun (died 1406) used
858-437: Is known today as Krasnaya Polyana. "Krasnaya Polyana" means red meadow. It takes its name from the Circassian blood flowing from the hill into the river. The proposal to deport the Circassians was ratified by the Russian government, and a flood of refugee movements began as Russian troops advanced in their final campaign. Circassians prepared to resist and hold their last stand against Russian military advances and troops. With
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#1732844105048936-403: Is of debated origin. The term, in Russian, was traditionally applied to all Circassians before Soviet times, but it has since usually referred only to Circassians living in northern Karachay-Cherkessia , a federal subject of Russia , where they are indigenous and were about 12% of the population in 2010. In English, it still refers to all Circassians. The origin of the term "Circassian"
1014-655: The Kingdom of Alania . Between the 10th and 13th centuries Georgia had influence on the Adyghe Circassian peoples. In the medieval era there was a Circassian kingdom called Zichia ( Adyghe : Адзыгъэй ; Greek : Ζιχία ) or Zekchia. In 1382, Circassian slaves took the Mamluk throne, the Burji dynasty took over and the Mamluks became a Circassian state. The Mongols, who started invading
1092-460: The Muhammad Ali dynasty in the 19th and early 20th century and during the republican period in the 20th and 21st centuries. They are sometimes referred to as "the family of the pashas " for having produced Egypt's largest number of nobles . The family's impact on Egyptian and Arabic culture, literature, academia, journalism and cinema has been substantial. Their contributions were through
1170-597: The Ottoman Empire —that is, modern-day Turkey and the rest of the Middle East . In the early 1990s, the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization estimated that there are as many as 3.7 million Circassians in diaspora in over 50 countries. The two Circassian languages —western Adyghe and eastern Kabardian —are natively spoken by the Circassian people. Khabzeism is their ethnic religion , which
1248-505: The Turkish War of Independence and among the elites of Turkey's intelligence agency. In Jordan , they founded the capital city Amman , and continue to play a major role in the country. In Syria , they served as the volunteer guards of the Allies upon their entry into the country and still have high positions. In Libya , they serve in high military positions. In Egypt , they were part of
1326-457: The "centralized nature of Muhammed Ali's regime", the integration of local elites in the state's administration was part of his governing policy. The provincial elites were "given lands" integrating the new system with existing "local interests" and documents that "one instance of this" was the Abaza family. Hassan Abaza is widely considered to be the modern founding father of the family due to heading
1404-633: The 17th century, under the influence of the Crimean Tatars and of the Ottoman Empire , large numbers of Circassians converted to Islam from Christianity. In 1708, Circassians paid tribute to the Ottoman sultan in order to prevent Tatar raids, but the sultan did not fulfill the obligation and the Tatars raided all the way to the center of Circassia, robbing everything they could. For this reason, Kabardian Circassians announced that they would never pay tribute to
1482-591: The 18th century stereotype of the Circassian beauty . Feudalism began to emerge among Circassians by the 4th century. As a result of Armenian, Greek and Byzantine influence, Christianity spread throughout the Caucasus between the 3rd and 5th centuries. During that period, Circassians (known at the time as Kassogs ) began to accept Christianity as a national religion, but did not abandon all elements of their indigenous religious beliefs . Circassians established many states, but could not achieve political unity. From around 400, wave after wave of outsiders began to invade
1560-406: The 19th century "reign of Muhammad Ali ". They are thought to number in the many thousands, with sources varying in their estimates. However, these numbers are thought to be highly unreliable as no local censuses of Circassian communities exist due to a general "lack in demographic data on minorities in Egypt". Sources indicate that the Abaza family was well established in the Nile Delta by
1638-492: The Abaza family had "long-established economic and political clout in Egypt". Historians document that with time people started to "distinguish between Awlad al-Aydeh [Children of al-Aydeh] and Awlad al-Abazyya [Children of the Abaza Lady]" and her eldest son began to be called " Ibn al-Abazyya [Son of the Abaza Lady]". This was "the beginning of the split between the two groups" into two distinct families or clans. Thus,
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#17328441050481716-429: The Abazas the only family to hold two seats at the same time and starting their tradition as a parliamentary dynasty. Aharoni further documents that the monarchy allowed in certain instances elites "bequeath their posts to their sons". The Abaza family is recorded as a notable instance of this, for example, al-Sayed Pasha Abaza "inherited the position of nizar qism from "his father Hassan Abaza". The monarchy endowed
1794-612: The Adyghe warriors as courageous and well-experienced. It encouraged them to settle in various near-border settlements of the Ottoman Empire in order to strengthen the empire's borders. According to Walter Richmond , Circassia was a small independent nation on the northeastern shore of the Black Sea. For no reason other than ethnic hatred, over the course of hundreds of raids the Russians drove
1872-554: The CBC Two program where this was discussed, Mahmoud Abaza, opposition leader under Mubarak 's regime, clarified that in the rare cases where two Abazas ran in an election against each other the apparent rule is "to put all support behind the stronger [candidate]" and that "no other rules exist". This led to situations where one Abaza was a minister in the governing regime and another was Mahmoud Abaza as opposition leader (see below). Anti-feudal and anti-classist politics also exists within
1950-607: The Caucasus in 1223, destroyed some of the Circassians and most of the Alans. The Circassians lost most of their lands during the ensuing Golden Horde attacks and had to retreat to the back of the Kuban River. In 1395 Circassians fought violent wars against Tamerlane , and although they won the wars, Tamerlane plundered Circassia. Prince Inal , who owned land in the Taman peninsula during the 1400s, established an army and declared that his goal
2028-448: The Circassian army of 20,000 Circassian horsemen and a fully equipped Russian army of 100,000 men. Circassian warriors attacked the Russian army and tried to break through the line, but most were shot down by Russian artillery and infantry. The remaining fighters continued to fight as guerillas and were soon defeated. All 20,000 Circassian horsemen died in the war. The war ended officially on May 21, 1864. The place where this war took place
2106-513: The Circassians are of Turkic origin, but no scientific evidence supports this claim and it has been strongly denied by ethnic Circassians, impartial research, linguists, and historians around the world. The Circassian language does not share notable similarities to the Turkish language, except for borrowed words. According to various historians, the Circassian origin of the Sind-Meot tribes refutes
2184-401: The Circassians from their homeland and deported them to the Ottoman Empire. At least 600,000 people lost their lives to massacre, starvation, and the elements while hundreds of thousands more were forced to leave their homeland. By 1864, three-fourths of the population was annihilated, and the Circassians had become one of the first stateless peoples in modern history. As of 2020, Georgia was
2262-669: The Crimean Khan and the Ottoman Sultan again. The Ottomans sent their army of at least 20,000 men to Kabardia under the leadership of the Crimean Khan Kaplan-Girey to conquer the Circassians and ordered that he collect the tribute. The Ottomans expected an easy victory against the Kabardinians, but the Circassians won because of the strategy set up by Kazaniko Jabagh during the battle of Kanzhal . The Crimean army
2340-646: The G2-YY1215 haplogroup is larger on the Western Caucasus and decreases to the east, while G2-YY9632 has the opposite tendency. R1a-M198* is shared with Balkars , Karachays and Kuban Cossacks . The Circassian language , also known as Cherkess, is in the Northwest Caucasian language family . Archaeological findings, mainly of dolmens in Northwest Caucasus region , indicate a megalithic culture in
2418-759: The Northwest Caucasus. The ancestors of present-day Circassians are known as the Sinti - Maeotian tribes. Archaeological research shows that these tribes were the indigenous people of the Caucasus. Some researchers have claimed there may be links between Circassians and Indo-European-speaking communities, and some have argued that there are connections between Circassians and Hatti , who are from ancient Anatolian peoples, but these theories are not widely accepted. According to genetic tests performed on Circassians, their closest relatives are Ingush , Chechens , Georgians and Abkhazians . Turkish nationalist groups and proponents of modern-day Pan-Turkism have claimed that
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2496-540: The Ottoman Empire or still languished on the Circassian coast awaiting transit, even as far greater numbers arrived following the Russo-Circassian War's conclusion. What was intended to be an orderly, gradual expulsion quickly eroded over the following months, as the Ottomans overcrowded boats and neglected previously enforced safety regulations. Numerous boats sank, unable to safely accommodate these larger loads, while
2574-437: The Ottomans had anticipated, easily reaching tens of thousands at a time. Conditions on the beaches were dismal, as those waiting for Ottoman-chartered ships contended with insufficient supplies of food and shelter, occasional raids from Russian soldiers, and outbreaks of typhus and smallpox that were only exacerbated by the cramped and unsanitary conditions. By 1864, hundreds of thousands of Circassians had either already entered
2652-405: The Russian military also systematically destroyed crops and livestock and killed Circassian civilians. Circassians responded by creating a tribal federation encompassing all tribes of the area. In 1840 Karl Friedrich Neumann estimated the Circassian casualties at around one and a half million. Some sources state that hundreds of thousands of others died during the exodus. Several historians use
2730-539: The Yemenese contingents of the initial Islamic conquerors of Egypt [639-642 AD]... [and] the ancient tribal confederation of Judham ". Ibn Khaldun wrote that Banu Judham originate from Kahlan . Historian al-Maqrizi agrees that al-Ayed descend from Banu Judham . The non-Abaza patriarch who married the Abazin matriarch was Sheikh Muhammed al-Ayedi (Egyptian Arabic: الشيخ محمد العايدي ). Al-Sayyid-Marsot reports that
2808-403: The capital city of Shashe (Sochi) on June 25, 1861. Haji Qerandiqo Berzedj was appointed as the head of the assembly. This assembly asked for help from Europe, arguing that they would be forced into exile soon. However, before the result was achieved, Russian General Kolyobakin invaded Sochi and destroyed the parliament and no country opposed this. In May 1864, a final battle took place between
2886-464: The city"] of the province of Sharqia . Hassan Abaza " served in higher positions than that of village shaikh, for he became nazir , then mamur , then bash [Pasha] muawin of the provinces of Sharqiyya and Daqahliyya ", two of the multiple provinces Abazas governed again in the following centuries. Hassan and his brother, Sheikh Boghdady Abaza, "served in Ibrahim Pasha 's Majlis making
2964-401: The claim that the Circassians are of Turkic ethnic origin. German racial theorists, after comparing skull shapes, declared that Europeans, North Africans, and Caucasians were of a common race, termed "Caucasian" or later " Caucasoid ". Scientific racism emphasized the so-called "superior beauty" of the Circassian people, referring to them as "how God intended the human race to be", leading to
3042-477: The country are named after members of the family including at least one street and one government school named after Aziz Pasha Abaza and streets named after other family members, for example, Ismail Pasha Abaza. In addition, numerous ' ezbas ' (farming estates and villages) in the Sharqia Governorate and other Nile Delta provinces are named after family members. Forbes lists Hussein Abaza as one of
3120-429: The creation of a children's cartoon named 'Abaza', and the program was forced off the air. In the same year Egyptian satellite channel CBC Two aired a one-hour documentary about the family. They are also known for producing many CEOs and owners of businesses and corporations. Their combined wealth is unknown. The family features a substantial number of famous or influential members and thus this section will keep to
3198-719: The ethnic Circassian population are affected. Considering these rates, calculations including those taking into account the Russian government's own archival figures, have estimated a loss 600,000–1,500,000. Ivan Drozdov , a Russian officer who witnessed the scene at Qbaada in May 1864 as the other Russians were celebrating their victory remarked: On the road, our eyes were met with a staggering image: corpses of women, children, elderly persons, torn to pieces and half-eaten by dogs; deportees emaciated by hunger and disease, almost too weak to move their legs, collapsing from exhaustion and becoming prey to dogs while still alive. The Ottoman Empire regarded
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3276-460: The families that "inherited parliament". In the 2015 parliamentary elections , three members of the Abaza family won seats in the House of Representatives and this was criticized by some in the media referring to their win as "dynastic heredity". For decades, the family had a political monopoly over several districts. In modern times media has critically remarked that "no parliamentary elections since
3354-566: The family at the time of their modern ascendance. He was called " Sheikh of the Arabs". Relatively rare in this exalted long-form, it derives from the ancient honorific title ' Sheikh ' given to a variety of people including the heads of sufficiently influential families or tribes regardless of ethnic origin. Aharoni reports that Hassan Abaza was also the Shiekh el Balad [Sheikh of the Province or "chief of
3432-562: The family with more villages and lands allowing the Abazas to flourish. Their lands extended beyond their Sharqia stronghold to the Beheira Governate . For example, "Sayed Pasha Abaza mudir [governor] of Beheira Province left some 6,000 feddan ....in 1875-1876" to his descendants. Their influence further extended to the Nile Delta provinces of Al-Qalyubia , Monufia , and Dakahlia . It has been argued that Ismail Pasha Abaza
3510-450: The family's 2005 winning challenge to Gamal Mubarak 's and the Mubarak regime's candidate in a Sharqia district with the former New Wafd Party opposition leader Mahmoud Abaza. Family members also regularly feature in Egyptian cabinets and hold minister, deputy minister, assistant minister and other government and technocratic positions in state institutions. As mentioned above, Amin Abaza
3588-432: The family. Perhaps the most thorough example is a book by Mona Abaza, a prominent Egyptian sociologist. In her lengthy scholarly ethnographic study of her family's feudal estate she is explicit about her experience of how ordinary farmers treated members of the family writing critically that she was "astonish[ed] at ...[a] peasant’s extraordinarily subservient behavior to a fifteen-year-old girl... no peasant in older times
3666-413: The highlanders actually captured and held the forts. Under Yermolov, the Russian military began using a strategy of disproportionate retribution for raids . Russian troops retaliated by destroying villages where resistance fighters were thought to hide, as well as employing assassinations, kidnappings, and the execution of whole families. Because the resistance was relying on sympathetic villages for food,
3744-460: The historic lands of Circassia: Genetically, the Adyghe have shared ancestry partially with neighboring peoples of the Caucasus , with some influence from other regions. The most prevalent SNP haplotypes among all Circassian tribes is G2 -YY1215 (43%); others are R1a -M198* (13%), G2-YY9632 (9%), J2-M172* (7%), sharing a single common ancestor 3,000 years ago, with the largest demographic growth between 2,000 and 1,500 years ago. Prevalence of
3822-462: The initial matriarchal founder of the family is only known as 'Abaza' or 'the Abaza Lady' ( Arabic : الأباظية , romanized : al-Abazyya ), and her personal name is lost to history. It is rare but not unknown for a Muslim family to be named after a woman but the family's name fits with Muslim practices of naming people and families after places of origin or ethnicities. It is an example of
3900-709: The lands of the Adyghe people , who were also known as the Kasogi (or Kassogs) at the time. They were conquered first by the Bulgars (who originated on the Central Asian steppes ). Outsiders sometimes confused the Adyghe people with the similarly named Utigurs (a branch of the Bulgars). After the Khazar state dissolved, the Adyghe people were integrated around the end of the 1st millennium AD into
3978-410: The late 18th century especially in their stronghold, Sharqia . Historian al-Sayyid-Marsot states that the Abaza family were named after "a beloved grandmother ... or her place of birth". This maternal ancestor married the head of the powerful al-Ayed family ( Arabic : العائد ; Egyptian Arabic : العايدي , romanized: al-Ayedi ) before the reign of Muhammad Ali of Egypt . The "marriage
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#17328441050484056-518: The memoirs of Ahmed Urabi Pasha . Additionally, Ismail Pasha Abaza "believed he could secure national rights" through negotiation with the British and went to England to attempt this. A famous display of their clout was during the accession of the young King Farouk , when the Abaza family "solicited palace authorities to permit the royal train to stop briefly at one of their villages", so that "the king could partake in refreshments which were offered in
4134-489: The movers and shakers of Egypt". Historian Robert Springborg documents that Abazas in Egypt are "virtually all descendants" of 19th century figures like Sheikh of the Arabs Hassan Abaza and his brother Sheikh Boghdady Abaza and "they maybe considered as constituting one family". Reuven Aharoni in his historical study of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty discusses the Abaza family's rise. He states that despite
4212-431: The name Cherkess/Circassians. In Persian sources, Charkas/Cherkes is used to refer to the "actual" Circassians of the northwest Caucasus, and in some occasions as a general designation for Caucasians who live beyond Derbent (Darband). Despite a common self-designation and a common Russian name, Soviet authorities divided the nation into four different peoples and applied four designations to Circassians remaining in
4290-427: The name derives from Atyghe ( Adyghe : Iатыгъэ , romanized: 'atığə ) meaning "high [in altitude]" to signify a mountaineer, as the Circassian people have lived in and near the mountains for thousands of years. The word Circassian ( / s ər ˈ k æ s i ə n z / sər- KASS -ee-ənz ) is an exonym , Latinized from Russian Cherkess ( Russian : Черкес ; Adyghe : Чэркэс/Шэрджэс ), which
4368-478: The name has been settled as Cherkess . It is the same or similar in many world languages that cite these languages. The Encyclopaedia Islamica adds: "The Cherkess: the Kabardians and the western Adyghe people share a common language, which is spoken by the north-western Caucasian people, and belongs to the family known as Abkhazian-Adyghe". In Medieval Oriental and European texts, the Adyghe people were known by
4446-409: The only country to classify the events as genocide, while Russia actively denies the Circassian genocide, and classifies the events as a simple migration of "undeveloped barbaric peoples". As early as 1859, the Russian government had sought potential avenues for expelling the native Circassian population, and found a solution in the Ottoman Empire. Despite their numerous historical and ongoing disputes,
4524-607: The overcrowded conditions helped disease spread even further among both the Circassian migrants and the Ottoman crews. Upon their arrival, the Emigrant Commission attempted to relocate most of the new arrivals as quickly as possible to alleviate the strain on Ottoman port cities, and began to settle the Circassians throughout the Ottoman Empire. The exiled Circassians were resettled in the Empire's remaining Balkan territories, in Ottoman Syria and Transjordan, and Anatolia, while
4602-410: The perpetration of genocide. On 20 May 2011 the Georgian parliament voted in a 95 to 0 declaration that Russia had committed genocide when it engaged in massacres against Circassians in the 19th century. Adyghe society prior to the Russian invasion was highly stratified. While a few tribes in the mountainous regions of Adygeya were fairly egalitarian, most were broken into strict castes. The highest
4680-558: The phrase "Circassian massacres" for the consequences of Russian actions in the region. In a series of sweeping military campaigns lasting from 1860 to 1864... the northwest Caucasus and the Black Sea coast were virtually emptied of Muslim villagers. Columns of the displaced were marched either to the Kuban [River] plains or toward the coast for transport to the Ottoman Empire... One after another, entire Circassian tribal groups were dispersed, resettled, or killed en masse. Circassians established an assembly called "Great Freedom Assembly" in
4758-441: The refusal to surrender, Circassian civilians were targeted one by one by the Russian military with thousands massacred and the Russians started to raid and burn Circassian villages, destroy the fields to make it impossible to return, cut trees down and drive the people towards the Black Sea coast. Although it is not known exactly how many people are affected, researchers have suggested that at least 75%, 90%, 94%, or 95–97% of
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#17328441050484836-442: The reign of Muhammed Ali was free of the Abazas". As of 2024, General Hani Deri Abaza, Ahmed Fuad Abaza, and Vadji Hussain Abaza are members of the Egyptian House of Representatives . In addition, Yousra Fuad Abaza is a member of the Egyptian Senate . Many villages in the Nile Delta are named after members of the family. At least one city square in Zagazig and another in Cairo are named 'Abaza'. Roads and institutions in
4914-436: The retrieval and resettlement of the Circassians throughout the Ottoman Empire. The process of expulsion had already begun even before the end of the Russo-Circassian war; the first Circassians had begun to arrive in small numbers as early as 1859, mainly consisting of wealthier aristocrats. Even prior to the end of the Russo-Circassian War, expelled Circassians had begun to crowd the Circassian coast in far greater numbers than
4992-418: The ruling class. The largest Circassian clan in the country also contributed to Egyptian and Arabic cultural literary, intellectual, and political life starting with the reign of Muhammad Ali Pasha in Egypt and continuing to the modern day: the Abaza family . In Israel , Bibras Natcho is the captain of the Israeli national soccer team . In Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union , historical Circassia
5070-441: The term Jahārkas , but the Persian hypothesis remains uncertain. In early Russian sources, Circassians are called Kasogi , but one view holds that the modern term "Cherkes" derives from Kerket , the name of one of the ancient Circassian tribes. In languages spoken geographically close to the Caucasus, the native people originally had other names for the Circassians (such as Georgian : ჯიქი, Jiqi ), but with Russian influence,
5148-425: The top Arab CEOs in the world, for heading the Commercial International Bank . Another family member, Hussein Mohammed Abaza serves as an international consultant for sustainable development and green economy in the Egyptian government and as an advisor to the Minister of the Environment. He also is a member of the government's National Initiative for Green Projects. In 2014, the family sued Sada Elbalad TV for
5226-458: The two empires negotiated on the impending migrations and resettlements. The Russians promised a gradual process that would see the Ottomans ultimately receive fewer than 100,000 Circassians. The Circassians would first be moved, or coerced to move, to the Circassian Black Sea coast, from which Ottoman boats would take them to designated ports in Anatolia. The recently formed Ottoman Muhacirin Komisyonu , or Emigrant Commission, would coordinate both
5304-453: The war in Abkhazia, officially conquered Northern Abkhazia and the Abkhaz people recognized his rule. One of the stars on the flag of Abkhazia represents Inal. He divided his lands between his sons and grandchildren in 1453 and died in 1458. After that, Circassian tribal principalities were established, including Chemguy , founded by Temruk; Besleney , founded by Beslan; Kabardia , founded by Qabard; and Shapsug , founded by Zanoko. In
5382-405: The works of authors, journalists, and activists Ismail Pasha Abaza and Fekry Pasha Abaza , author Ibrahim Desouky Pasha Abaza, poet Aziz Pasha Abaza , novelist Tharwat Abaza , sociologist Mona Abaza, actor Rushdy Abaza , multiple other actors and directors, among others in various fields. Sometimes the family has been criticized for "monopolizing" several parliamentary districts since
5460-469: Was a minister at the same time Mahmoud Abaza was the leader of the official opposition during the final Hosni Mubarak government. The family has also held governorships many times in both the monarchical and current periods, especially in the Nile delta. Some Egyptian media in the 21st century have referred to them as one of the "families that rule the country" due to the number of politicians, officials, and members of parliament it produced, and as one of
5538-404: Was a precursor and "rehearsal" for Ahmed Urabi Pasha , the revolutionary Egyptian 'national hero', due to his "[having] the first positive and effective political role [in anti-occupation politics] ...[with] great importance and relevance to the burgeoning national movement" and by having influential and "good relations with [royal ruler] Khedive Abbas Helmi " of Egypt. This was also documented in
5616-433: Was allowed to stare at the ladies of the da’ira [the estate], or even to confront them face to face... all the ladies of the da’ira had to be addressed in the masculine as a sign of their superiority." She also documented at length the hierarchical and oppressive nature of the production process standard at the time in large aristocratic estates with documentation that "reveal an incredible obsession [for] controlling...[in]
5694-651: Was destroyed in one night on 17 September 1708. The Crimean Khan Kaplan-Giray barely managed to save his life, and was humiliated, all the way to his shoes taken, leaving his brother, son, field tools, tents and personal belongings. In 2013, the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences recognized that the Battle of Kinzhal Mountain with the paramount importance in the national history of Circassians, Balkarians and Ossetians. In 1714, Peter I established
5772-859: Was divided into the republics of Adygea , Kabardino-Balkaria , Karachay-Cherkessia , and Krasnodar Krai , and southwestern parts of Stavropol Krai . Accordingly, Circassians have been designated as Adygeans in Adygea, Kabardians in Kabardino-Balkaria, Cherkess in Karachay-Cherkessia, and Shapsug in Krasnodar Krai; all four are essentially the same people. Today, approximately 800,000 Circassians remain in historical Circassia, while 4,500,000 live elsewhere. The Circassians refer to themselves as Adyghe (also transliterated as Adyga, Adiga, Adige, Adığe, Adyge , Adygei ). According to one view,
5850-478: Was during the reign of the" Mamluks and "under Ottoman rule". Note that under Ottoman rule Mamluks continued to act as governors of the country until Muhammad Ali's rise to power meaning that the marriage could have taken place both under Ottoman rule and Mamluk governance. David E. Millis writes of the Abaza family's marriage with the al-Ayed clan reporting that the latter's history in Egypt covers over 1400 years. He states al-Ayed trace "their origin back to
5928-453: Was historically practiced in Circassia since ancient times, but Sunni Islam became the dominant religion among them around the 17th century, following a long period of Islamization . Circassia has been repeatedly invaded since ancient times; its isolated terrain coupled with the strategic value external societies have placed on the region have greatly shaped the Circassian national identity as
6006-554: Was the caste of the "princes", followed by a caste of lesser nobility, and then commoners, serfs, and slaves. In the decades before Russian rule, two tribes overthrew their traditional rulers and set up democratic processes, but this social experiment was cut short by the end of Adyghe independence. Kabardian Abaza family The Abaza family ( Abaza : Абаза ; Arabic : عائلة أباظة , romanized : ʻĀʼilat Abāẓah , or آل أباظة , Āl Abāẓah ; Egyptian Arabic : عيلة أباظة , romanized: ʻĪleht Abāẓah )
6084-422: Was to unite the Circassians under a single state. They were divided into many states at that time, but after declaring his own princedom, Inal conquered all of Circassia one by one. Circassian nobles and princes tried to prevent Inal's rise, but Inal and his supporters defeated 30 Circassian lords. After successfully uniting the Circassians, Inal still wanted to include the closely related Abkhazians. Inal, who won
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