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27-429: APJ may refer to: The Astrophysical Journal Apelin receptor Absolute probability judgement Asia-Pacific APJ Abdul Kalam (1931 - 2015), former President of India Peach Aviation ICAO Airlines Code Ngari Burang Airport IATA Airport code Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

54-652: A cooperation was realized in the Variable Star Section of the British Astronomical Association and the American Association of Variable Star Observers (AAVSO). Pickering had a good relationship with the AAVSO and received a gold paper knife with precious stones. In 1882, Pickering developed a method to photograph the spectra of multiple stars simultaneously by putting a large prism in front of

81-493: A letter to Mrs. Draper "...pray recollect that if I can in any way advise or aid you, I shall be doing but little to repay Dr. Draper for a friendship which I shall always value, but which can never be replaced." Mrs. Draper urgently responded and soon dropped off her husband's work to Pickering. Pickering concluded that Draper's use of photography in astronomy was very promising compared to the traditional method of observation and recording using one's eye through instruments. In 1884,

108-442: A paper on such observations was published with the author "the late Henry Draper . " After receiving criticism from Dr. William Huggins , a friend of Dr. Draper, Pickering began to hire more assistants to strengthen Draper's findings. This consequently also strengthened and contributed to Harvard Computers. In 1882 he started his appeals for international variable star observations. This was met with opposition, but eventually such

135-716: A stellar classification system based on an alphabetic system for spectral classes that was first known as the Harvard Stellar Classification and became the basis for the Henry Draper Catalog . In 1896, Pickering published observations of previously unknown lines in the spectra of the star ζ-Puppis . These lines became known as the Pickering series (or the Pickering–Fowler series) and Pickering attributed them to hydrogen in 1897. Alfred Fowler gave

162-449: Is associated with a negative connotation, he was known during the time to give women more equal treatment than most. Doing so paved the way for many more women to become interested and involved in astronomy. Pickering's work with using glass plates to photograph the sky was the start of major technological advances for astronomical photography. Although glass plates are no longer used, his work led to modern uses of charged coupled devices in

189-602: Is similar to other journals covering astronomy and astrophysics. On January 1, 2022, the AAS Journals, including ApJ, changed to an open access model, with access restrictions and subscription charges removed from previously published papers. Articles accepted after October 11, 2022, will be published under the Creative Commons license CC-BY-SA 4.0. Non-open access articles accepted before that date will be free to access but will still need permission to reuse. The journal

216-618: The American Astronomical Society until, in January 2009, publication was transferred to IOP Publishing , following the move of the society's Astronomical Journal in 2008. The reason for the changes were given by the society as the increasing financial demands of the University of Chicago Press. Compared to journals in other scientific disciplines, The Astrophysical Journal has a larger (> 85%) acceptance rate, which, however,

243-562: The Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences ), where he received his Bachelor of Science (BS) degree in 1865. Immediately upon graduating from Harvard he was hired as an instructor of mathematics there, and a year later he moved to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology to be an assistant professor of physics. In 1868, he was made Thayer Professor of Physics, succeeding William Barton Rogers . During

270-657: The 10 years he was there, he created the first physics lab in America that was designed for students to publish their own findings and research. Pickering named this lab the Rogers Laboratory of Physics and pronounced himself Director of the Laboratory. He resigned as Thayer Professor of Physics in 1877, and was succeeded by Charles R. Cross . Later, Pickering served as director of Harvard College Observatory (HCO) from 1877 to his death in 1919, where he made great leaps forward in

297-541: The Pickering series had demonstrated the need for "a re-examination of problems that seemed already to have been solved within classical theories" and provided important confirmation for his atomic theory. Pickering is credited for making the Harvard College Observatory known and respected around the world, and it continues today to be a well-respected observatory and program. The Harvard College Observatory

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324-542: The first spectroscopic binary stars. He wrote Elements of Physical Manipulations (2 vol., 1873–76). Pickering was born at 43 Bowdoin Street in Boston, Massachusetts, on July 19, 1846, to a distinguished, cultivated family consisting of his brother, William Henry Pickering , father, Edward Pickering, and his mother, Charlotte Hammond. Edward's brother, William, was a graduate of MIT and professor of physics and astronomy. Edward

351-421: The gathering of stellar spectra through the use of photography. Shortly after the death of college doctor and amateur astronomer Henry Draper , an opportunity presented itself for Pickering. Draper's death left the incompletion of his work studying astronomy using photography. Draper had no children to carry on and finish his legacy, so his wife, Mary Anna Draper , planned on finishing his work. Pickering wrote

378-473: The material in the journal. It publishes six volumes per year, with two 280-page issues per volume. The Astrophysical Journal Letters ( ApJL ), established in 1967 by Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar as Part 2 of The Astrophysical Journal , is now a separate journal focusing on the rapid publication of high-impact astronomical research. The three journals were published by the University of Chicago Press for

405-425: The period-luminosity relationship for Cepheids , published by Pickering, would prove the foundation for the modern understanding of cosmological distances. Pickering's treatment of women, during his time, was considered better than most. It is true that they were underpaid compared to their male counterparts and were not given credit nearly as often, but his willingness to include them in the world of astronomy paved

432-446: The photographic plate. Using this method, Pickering and his team captured images of over 220,000 stars. This immense amount of photographic research has provided scientists for decades with a seemingly endless library containing the history of every visible star's movements. It is said that this research weighs 120 tons due to the size of photographic plates . He also, along with Williamina Fleming and Annie Jump Cannon , designed

459-583: The position of director of the University Observatory continuing an odd 42-year tradition of HCO Directors dying in office. After his death, Solon Bailey served as interim director. Pickering's friends and colleges would remember him for his great ability, originality, initiative, and warm-heartedness. Pickering would be remembered by the world for his contribution to astronomical photography, advancement of astronomical discoveries, and his progressive view of women. Although today his treatment of women

486-488: The same attribution to similar lines that he observed in a hydrogen-helium mixture in 1912. Analysis by Niels Bohr included in his 'trilogy' on atomic structure argued that the spectral lines arose from ionized helium , He , and not from hydrogen. Fowler was initially-skeptical but was ultimately convinced that Bohr was correct, and by 1915 " spectroscopists had transferred [the Pickering series] definitively [from hydrogen] to helium." Bohr's theoretical work on

513-634: The title APJ . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=APJ&oldid=1235889374 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages The Astrophysical Journal Since 1953, The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series ( ApJS ) has been published in conjunction with The Astrophysical Journal , with generally longer articles to supplement

540-460: The way for many great female scientists and leaders. This added to the observatory's funding through fellowships and the procurement of women including alumnus and professors aiding in the creation of Harvard Computers. Pickering was the fourth and longest-running director of HCO, serving for 42 years. On February 3, 1919, Pickering unexpectedly died from pneumonia and heart complications after being ill for around ten days. He died while holding

567-585: Was becoming a premiere observatory in the world and with it came the demand for more assistants. These assistants were critical for taking notes, running calculations and performing analytics. College educated women from around the country offered to work for the Harvard Observatory unpaid to gain experience or until proving their value to be paid. During this time, Pickering recruited over 80 women to work for him, including Annie Jump Cannon , Henrietta Swan Leavitt , Antonia Maury , and Florence Cushman . It

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594-604: Was busy trying to devise useful applications to win the war. The Pickering Polaris Attachment was a device used to determine the range of guns. In 1874, Pickering married Lizzie Wadsworth Sparks, whose father was formerly the President of Harvard . Mrs. Pickering died in 1906, and Edward died in 1919. Pickering was educated at Boston Latin School , and then studied at the Lawrence Scientific School at Harvard (now known as

621-525: Was founded in 1895 by George Ellery Hale and James E. Keeler as The Astrophysical Journal: An International Review of Spectroscopy and Astronomical Physics . In addition to the two founding editors, there was an international board of associate editors: M. A. Cornu , Paris; N. C. Dunér , Upsala; William Huggins , London; P. Tacchini , Rome; H. C. Vogel , Potsdam, C. S. Hastings , Yale; A. A. Michelson , Chicago; E. C. Pickering , Harvard; H. A. Rowland , Johns Hopkins; and C. A. Young , Princeton. It

648-588: Was intended that the journal would fill the gap between journals in astronomy and physics, providing a venue for publication of articles on astronomical applications of the spectroscope ; on laboratory research closely allied to astronomical physics, including wavelength determinations of metallic and gaseous spectra and experiments on radiation and absorption ; on theories of the Sun, Moon, planets, comets, meteors, and nebulae; and on instrumentation for telescopes and laboratories. The further development of ApJ up to 1995

675-482: Was interested in the stars as a boy and constructed his own telescope by the age of 12. Pickering enjoyed his work at the observatory, but he also enjoyed mountain climbing and bicycling in earlier days and later he was an interested spectator of football games. He was co-founder and first president of the Appalachian Mountain Club . He was also a lover of classic music . During the first world war he

702-491: Was outlined by Helmut Abt in an article entitled "Some Statistical Highlights of the Astrophysical Journal " in 1995. The following persons have been editors-in-chief of the journal: Edward C. Pickering Edward Charles Pickering (July 19, 1846 – February 3, 1919) was an American astronomer and physicist and the older brother of William Henry Pickering . Along with Carl Vogel , Pickering discovered

729-492: Was very unusual for such an accomplished scientist to work with this many women, but it has been said that he "became so exasperated with his male assistant's inefficiency, that even his maid could do a better job of copying and computing". These women, the Harvard Computers (also described as "Pickering's Harem" by the male scientific community at the time), made several important discoveries at HCO. Leavitt's discovery of

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