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23-471: ANRC may refer to: Alaska Native Regional Corporation American National Red Cross American National Riding Commission Association of Nene River Clubs Australian National Railways Commission Australian National Research Council Adithyaa Neuromuscloskeletal Rehabilitation Center Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

46-417: A "638 contract"." Under these contracts, tribes agree to set up a particular program (in areas such as resource management, law enforcement, education, childcare, and environmental protection) while meeting federal requirements and guidelines in order to receive funding and support. The duties entailed in contracts between the federal government and the tribes were assigned to implementing agencies, one of which

69-486: A number of lawsuits. The regional and village corporations are now owned by Alaska Native people through privately owned shares of corporation stock. Alaska Natives alive at ANCSA's enactment on December 17, 1971, who enrolled in a Native association (at the regional and/or village level) received 100 shares of stock in the respective corporation. In 2006, the 109th Congress passed S.449 which amended ANCSA, and allowed for shares to be more easily issued to those who had missed

92-675: A number of successful subsidiaries including leasing, bioenergy operations and oil field services. In the late 1990s, the Afognak Native Corporation launched a government contracting business. The Afognak Native Corporation is a wealthy corporation and was listed in the Top 100 Contractors of the Federal Government in 2010. Coming in at No. 79, The Afognak Native Corporation's contracts were $ 749,557,576.49. Afognak Native Corporation entities also received NASA Small Business Contractor of

115-470: A thirteenth region representing those Alaska Natives who were no longer residents of Alaska in 1971, were awarded the monetary and property compensation created by ANCSA. Village corporations and their shareholders received compensation through the regional corporations. The fact that many ostensibly Alaska Native villages throughout the state were not empowered by the ANCSA to form village corporations later led to

138-588: The Secretary of the Interior , the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare , and some other government agencies to enter into contracts with, and make grants directly to, federally recognized Indian tribes . The tribes would have authority for how they administered the funds, which gave them greater control over their welfare. The ISDEAA is codified at Title 25 , United States Code , beginning at section 5301 (formerly section 450). Signed into law on January 4, 1975,

161-661: The United States Supreme Court in Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma v. Leavitt found that the Federal government was liable for payments under a 638 contract. Although the 638 contracts provide necessary funding and assistance programs to many tribes, PL 93-638 had significant limitations. For example, tribes did not have the ability to reallocate government funds across different 638-contracted programs to meet shifting needs in their communities. According to section 106c of

184-562: The occupation of Alcatraz led by Native American activist Richard Oakes , helped bring the issue of Native American rights to greater prominence in public policy. President Richard Nixon 's "Message from the President of the United States Transmitting Recommendations for Indian Policy" (8 July 1970) recommended self-determination for Indian tribes as a goal of the federal government. His message said that termination

207-590: The ISDEAA made self-determination the focus of government action. The Act reversed a 30-year effort by the federal government under its preceding termination policy to sever treaty relationships with and obligations to Indian tribes. The Act was the result of 15 years of change, influenced by American Indian activism , the Civil Rights Movement , and community development based on grassroots political participation. The Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) of 1934

230-787: The Treasury, asserting that the ANCs were not federally-recognized "tribal governments" under a statutory interpretation of the law. That led to the United States Supreme Court case, Yellen v. Confederated Tribes of the Chehalis Reservation , which was decided in June 2021 that under ISDA, the ANCs were federally-recognized "tribal governments" and thus qualified for CARES funds. Compare: Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975 The Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975 (Public Law 93-638) authorized

253-661: The Year Award in 2013. The Corporation's profile is listed as "Construction and Engineering" services. The Afognak Native Corporation has approximately 900 shareholders and pays over $ 12 million in dividends annually. The Afognak Native Corporation controls over 160,000 acres of land in the Kodiak Archipelago and the lands form the core of financial success of the corporation. The federal Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975 (ISDA) gave self-autonomy to both Native Indian tribal governments and to ANCs. In

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276-403: The enrollment, or were born after the enrollment period by reducing the requirement for voting from a majority of shareholders to a majority of attending shareholders at corporation meetings. During the 1970s, ANCSA regional and village corporations selected land in and around native villages in the state in proportion to their enrolled populations. Village corporations own the surface rights to

299-712: The federal government began to work for a return to greater Indian rights represented by the earlier IRA. The passage of the Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 (ICRA) was influential. ICRA guaranteed the application of much of the Bill of Rights in Indian Country , a guarantee which Native Americans on – reservations had not enjoyed. The rise of activist groups in the 1960s, such as the American Indian Movement (AIM) and alike, and high-profile demonstrations such as

322-411: The lands they selected, but regional corporations own the subsurface rights of both their own selections and of those of the village corporations. The Act lays out the specifics of the corporations' status. Here is an excerpt of the relevant portion: The thirteen regional corporations created under ANCSA are: There are over 200 village corporations, corresponding to the list of villages published in

345-428: The law "all contracts between the appropriate Secretary and Indian tribes shall be limited to a term of one (1) to three (3) years," sometimes making it difficult to achieve longer term goals. The 1975 law also allowed either Secretary to annul a 638 contract or reassume control of a program "if he or she finds that the tribal contractor's performance involves the violations of rights...gross negligence or mismanagement in

368-462: The special relationship between the federal government and tribal nations. The government sought to terminate the legal standing of numerous tribes, judging their members ready to be independent U.S. citizens. More than 100 tribes and communities were terminated under the Indian termination policy . The failure of termination policies became obvious with assessment by the late 1960s. Native Americans and

391-498: The state was originally divided into twelve regions, each represented by a "Native association" responsible for the enrollment of past and present residents of the region. Individual Alaska Natives enrolled in these associations, and their village level equivalents, were made shareholder in the Regional and Village Corporations created by the Act. The twelve for-profit regional corporations, and

414-561: The text of ANCSA. Most corporations serve a single village, although some smaller villages have consolidated their corporations over the years. AFOGNAK NATIVE CORPORATION The Afognak Native Corporation was organized in 1977 through the merger of two ANCSA village corporations: Port Lions Native Corporation and Natives of Afognak, Inc. It is governed by a nine-member board of directors. Afognak Native Corporation has many business interests. For 18 years it participated in and profited from timber development ventures on Afogank Island. It operates

437-473: The title ANRC . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ANRC&oldid=745450698 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Alaska Native Regional Corporation Under ANCSA

460-554: The wake of the COVID-19 pandemic , the CARES Act set aside about $ 8 billion in funds for federally-recognized "tribal governments". The U.S. Treasury Department earmarked about $ 500 million of those funds for ANCs. While the federal government had generally recognized that ANCs fell under "tribal governments" since the passage of the ISDA, three Native Indian tribes from the lower 48 states sued

483-515: Was an early step in the renewal of tribal self-governance, in the forms of creation of constitutions and employment of counsel. The IRA was somewhat limited, as all tribal actions were subject to review by the Secretary of the Interior (via the Bureau of Indian Affairs [BIA]). In the 1950s, some members of Congress passed legislation to renew the effort to have Native Americans assimilate, and to terminate

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506-472: Was an incorrect policy. Nixon called for broad-sweeping self-determination legislation. This goal was met in the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act or PL 93-638. Implementation of PL 93-638 created a process known as self-determination contracting, under which "the employees and administrative control of an otherwise federal program are transferred to the tribal government via

529-498: Was the Bureau of Indian Affairs , BIA. The BIA at first resisted this change. The process was strictly for approval of funds for tribal use to conduct their own affairs, for instance, to educate their children. Continued efforts by tribal leaders to obtain the grant money and pressure from Congressional representatives helped bring about a new way of doing business. The influence of the BIA over tribal affairs slowly lessened. In addition,

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