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52-434: (Redirected from AN/TSQ-51 ) [REDACTED] AN/TSQ-51 concept drawing The Hughes AN/TSQ-51 Air Defense Command and Coordination System was a transportable electronic fire distribution center for automated command and control of remote Nike missile launch batteries. The radar netting system replace the vacuum tube AN/FSG-1 in 6 United States Missile Master bunkers after

104-455: A Hughes lawyer claimed they had the right to set up an "executive committee" to take over the running of the HHMI and its Hughes Aircraft subsidiary. The Attorney General of Delaware Richard R. Wier challenged this and filed suit in 1978. Charles M. Oberly continued the action when he became attorney general in 1983. Oberly stated he wished to see an independent board of trustees to ensure both that

156-490: A list in April 1984. In January 1985 the new board of trustees of the HHMI announced they would sell Hughes Aircraft either by private sale or public stock offering. On June 5, 1985, General Motors was announced as the winner of a secretive five-month sealed-bid auction. Other bidders included Ford Motor Company and Boeing . The purchase was completed on December 20, 1985, for an estimated $ 5.2 billion, $ 2.7 billion in cash and

208-426: A major military aircraft manufacturer during World War II . However, its early military projects ended in failure, with millions of dollars in U.S. government funds expended but only three aircraft actually built, resulting in a highly publicized U.S. Senate investigation into alleged mismanagement. The U.S. military consequently hesitated to award new aircraft contracts to Hughes Aircraft, prompting new management in

260-507: Is a racing aircraft built by Hughes Aircraft in 1935. Using different wings, it set both a world airspeed record and a transcontinental speed record across the United States. The H-1 Racer was the last aircraft built by a private individual to set the world speed record; most aircraft to hold the record since have been military designs. During his work on his 1930 movie Hell's Angels , Howard Hughes employed Glenn Odekirk to maintain

312-477: The California Institute of Technology wind tunnel, revealing a speed potential of 365 mph (587 km/h). Streamlining was a paramount design criterion, resulting in what has been retroactively described as "one of the cleanest and most elegant aircraft designs ever built." Many groundbreaking technologies were developed during construction, including individually machined flush rivets that left

364-638: The Focke-Wulf Fw 190 , without offering any arguments for that being the case other than "Hughes showed them how it should be done." After the war, Hughes claimed that "it was quite apparent to everyone that the Mitsubishi A6M Zero had been copied from the Hughes H-1 Racer." He claimed the wing shape, tail design and general similarity of the Zero were derived from his racer. Jiro Horikoshi , designer of

416-547: The H-1 racer, D-2 , and the XF-11 . However the plant's hangars at Hughes Airport, location of present-day Playa Vista in the Westside of Los Angeles, California , were primarily used as a branch plant for the construction of other companies' designs. At the start of the war Hughes Aircraft had only four full-time employees—by the end the number was 80,000. During the war, the company

468-793: The Ramo-Wooldridge Corporation , later to join Thompson Products to form the Thompson-Ramo-Wooldridge based in Canoga Park , with Hughes leasing space for nuclear research programs (present day West Hills (Canoga Park)). The company became TRW in 1965, another aerospace company and a major competitor to Hughes Aircraft. In 1951 Hughes Aircraft Co. built a missile plant in Tucson, Arizona due to Howard Hughes' fear that his Culver City, California plant could be attacked. By

520-489: The Tomahawk Cruise Missile , Advanced Cruise Missile , Standard missile , Stinger missile , Phalanx Close-in weapon system , and Rolling Airframe Missile into Hughes' portfolio. In 1994 Hughes Electronics introduced DirecTV , the world's first high-powered DBS service. In 1995 Hughes Electronic's Hughes Space and Communications division became the largest supplier of commercial satellites. Also in 1995

572-518: The aluminium skin of the aircraft extremely smooth. The H-1 had retractable main landing gear and a fully retractable hydraulically actuated tail skid to reduce the drag of a conventional wheel and maximize speed. It was fitted with a Pratt & Whitney R-1535 twin-row 14-cylinder radial engine of 1,535 cubic inches (25.15 L), originally rated at 700 horsepower (522 kW) but tuned to produce over 1,000 horsepower (750 kW). To contest both maximum speed and long-distance racing records

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624-721: The interceptor aircraft into the proper position for firing missiles. At the same time other teams were working with the newly formed US Air Force on air-to-air missiles, delivering the AIM-4 Falcon , then known as the F-98. The MA-1/Falcon package, with several upgrades, was the primary interceptor weapon system of the USAF for many years, lasting into the 1980s. Ramo and Wooldridge, having failed to reach an agreement with Howard Hughes regarding management problems, resigned in September 1953 and founded

676-579: The 2003 AirVenture at Oshkosh, Wisconsin . On his way home to Oregon, he refueled the aircraft in Gillette, Wyoming . Wright met briefly with local reporters and said that the aircraft had been having propeller "gear problems". An hour after taking off, the aircraft crashed just north of the Old Faithful Geyser in Yellowstone National Park , killing Wright. The replica, slated to be used in

728-459: The 3rd and 4th passes. Exhausting the fuel supply, he crash-landed in a beet field south of Santa Ana without serious damage to either himself or the aircraft. When his compatriots arrived at the crash site Hughes said "We can fix her; she'll go faster." Hughes later made minor changes to the H-1 Racer to make it more suitable for a transcontinental speed record attempt. The most significant change

780-469: The Aerospace Group continued to diversify and become massively profitable, and became a primary focus of the company. The company developed radar systems, electro-optical systems, the first working laser , aircraft computer systems, missile systems, ion-propulsion engines (for space travel), and many other advanced technologies. The 'Electronic Properties Information Center' (EPIC) of the United States

832-663: The Boeing Company purchased three units within Hughes Electronics Corp.: Hughes Space and Communications Co., Hughes Electron Dynamics , and Spectrolab Inc. , in addition to Hughes Electronics' interest in HRL, the company's primary research laboratory. The four joined Boeing Satellite Systems, a company subsidiary, later becoming the Satellite Development Center, part of Boeing Integrated Defense Systems. In 2003

884-549: The H-1's maiden flight on August 17, 1935, at Grand Central Airport in Glendale, California . A month later, on 13 September at Martin Field near Santa Ana, California , Hughes broke the landplane speed record clocking 352.39 mph (567.12 km/h) averaged over four timed passes. The aircraft was loaded with a minimal amount of fuel to keep the weight down and Hughes was not supposed to make

936-582: The Head Press. ISBN   0-615-12012-1 . Retrieved 2011-09-13 . ^ "New Firing Control System: Army Unveils Missile Mentor" (PDF) . Red Bank Register . Red Bank, New Jersey . February 1, 1967. p. 13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-13 . Retrieved 2011-09-15 . faster, more reliable and less expensive ... replaces the Army's six Missile Master systems...and four...BIRDIE...employed almost five years. ...the original cost of

988-527: The Missile Master...was in excess of $ 9 million for each site, while the Missile Mentor costs less than $ 1 million each. ... [annual] operating and maintenance costs...would be $ 250,000, [ cf. $ 1 million...of Missile Master. ...50 to 60 persons [cf.] approximately 200 [for] Missile Master ... Missile Mentor...fits compactly into two trailer vans. One van holds the battle station, display consoles for

1040-745: The Mitsubishi Zero strongly denied the allegation of the Hughes H-1 influencing the design of the Japanese fighter aircraft. The Hughes H-1 Racer is featured in the 1940 RKO Radio Pictures movie Men Against the Sky , playing the role of a prototype "McLean Aircraft" high-speed pursuit craft. The original H-1 Racer was donated to the Smithsonian in 1975 and is on display at the National Air and Space Museum . Due to

1092-787: The Moon landings in Project Apollo . Hughes also built Pioneer Venus in 1978, which performed the first extensive radar mapping of Venus , and the Galileo probe that flew to Jupiter in the 1990s. The company built nearly 40 percent of commercial satellites in service worldwide in 2000. In 1947, Howard Hughes redirected Hughes Aircraft's efforts from airplanes to helicopters . The effort began in earnest in 1948, when helicopter manufacturer Kellett Aircraft Co. sold its latest design to Hughes for production. The XH-17 "Sky Crane" first flew in October 1952, but

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1144-541: The National Air Race Museum from 1993 to 1994, after which it was placed in storage. Jim Wright of Cottage Grove, Oregon , built a full-scale replica of the H-1 that he first flew in 2002. His replica was so close to the original that the FAA granted it serial number 2 of the model. His achievement in recreating the aircraft was heralded in many aviation magazines. On August 4, 2003, Wright unveiled his H-1 replica at

1196-521: The Spruce Goose and the XF-11 photo reconnaissance plane project. They formed a special committee to investigate Hughes which culminated in a much-followed Senate investigation, one of the first to be televised to the public. Despite a highly critical committee report, Hughes was cleared. The company then expanded into the booming electronics field, eventually employing 3,300 Ph.D.s. Hughes hired Ira Eaker , Harold L. George , and Tex Thornton to run

1248-590: The United States Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AN/TSQ-51_Air_Defense_Command_and_Coordination_System&oldid=1251191548 " Categories : Computer systems of the United States Army 1964 establishments in the United States 1964 in computing 1964 in military history 1967 disestablishments in the United States 1967 in military history Hughes Aircraft Company Military electronics of

1300-500: The United States Aerial warfare ground equipment Hughes Aircraft Hughes Aircraft was founded to build Hughes' H-1 Racer world speed record aircraft, and it later modified other aircraft for his transcontinental and global circumnavigation speed record flights. The company relocated to Culver City, California , in 1940 and began manufacturing aircraft parts as a subcontractor. Hughes attempted to mold it into

1352-466: The United States with the Joint Surveillance System (JSS) AN/FYQ-93 including NORAD with Joint Tactical Information Distribution System (JTIDS) and provided defense systems and air traffic control systems around the world. These systems are massive and at its peak Ground Systems Group employed 15,000 people and generated revenue in excess of $ 1 billion per year. These systems included

1404-404: The appearance of a conflict of interest . The money provided to HHMI by Hughes Aircraft led to major improvements in genetics and cancer research. The city of Fullerton, California , named Hughes Drive after the site that the company formerly occupied before 1997. After Hughes closed, the city developed Amerige Heights, a residential community. Hughes H-1 Racer The Hughes H-1 Racer

1456-685: The astronauts on the last flight of the Space Shuttle Challenger , were Hughes alumni. Hughes Aircraft Ground Systems Group was located in Fullerton, California . The facility was 3 million square feet and included manufacturing, laboratories, offices, and a Munson road test course. It designed developed and produced the Air Defense Systems that replaced the Semi Automatic Defense Ground Environment (SAGE) in

1508-503: The company directly. Hughes retained a small cadre of engineers under his personal control as the Hughes Tool Company Aircraft Division , which initially operated from the same Culver City complex as Hughes Aircraft, despite being separately owned and managed. This entity subsequently became fully independent from Hughes Aircraft and changed its name to Hughes Helicopters . After Hughes' 1976 death, Hughes Aircraft

1560-493: The company. By 1953, the company employed 17,000 and had $ 600,000,000 in government contracts. In 1948 Hughes created a new division of the company, the Aerospace Group . Two Hughes engineers, Simon Ramo and Dean Wooldridge , had new ideas on the packaging of electronics to make complete fire control systems . Their MA-1 system combined signals from the aircraft's radar with a digital computer to automatically guide

1612-734: The defense commander and equipment operators, the other houses the computer and circuit panels ... [At] the Highlands Defense Site, the Missile Mentor [is] in the...building once occupied by [the] Missile Master. ...built under a $ 10 million contract with the Army Missile Command (MICOM). ^ "AN/FSG-1 Missile Master and AN/TSQ-51 Missile Mentor" . The Historic Atlantic Highlands Military Reservation (MR) . Fort Tilden. November 11, 2005 . Retrieved 2011-09-15 . (includes image of console in trailer) See Also [ edit ] List of military electronics of

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1664-516: The division as Palomar Technologies. In 2008, Citicorp sold the bonder division to the current management team at Palomar Technologies. In 1997 GM transferred Delco Electronics to its Delphi Automotive Systems business. Later that year the assets of Hughes Aircraft were sold to Raytheon for $ 9.5 billion. The remaining companies remained under the Hughes Electronics name and within GM. In 2000,

1716-561: The end of that year, the U.S. Air Force had purchased the property and contracted Hughes (and subsequently Raytheon ) to operate the site as Air Force Plant 44 . Howard Hughes donated Hughes Aircraft to the newly formed Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) in 1953 allegedly as a way of avoiding taxes on its huge income. The next year, Lawrence A. "Pat" Hyland was hired as vice president and general manager of Hughes Aircraft; he would ultimately become company president and CEO after Howard Hughes' death in 1976. Under Hyland's guidance,

1768-585: The film The Aviator , was destroyed. The official accident report detailed the failure of a counterweight on the constant speed propeller . On December 17, 2003, Cottage Grove State Airport was dedicated as Jim Wright Field. Other non-flying replicas are displayed at the Thomas T. Beam Engineering Complex at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (donated by the Howard Hughes Corporation in 1988) and

1820-463: The fleet of over 100 aircraft used in the production. The two men shared a common interest in aviation and hatched a plan to build a record -beating aircraft. The aircraft was given many names, but is commonly known as the H-1. It was the first aircraft type produced by the Hughes Aircraft company. Design studies began in 1934 with an exacting scale model (over two feet in length) that was tested in

1872-586: The flight was 322 mph (518 km/h). Considering that contemporary service aircraft were still biplanes , Hughes fully expected the United States Army Air Corps (USAAC) to embrace his aircraft's new design and make the H-1 the basis for a new generation of U.S. fighter aircraft. His efforts to persuade the Air Corps failed. In postwar testimony before the Senate, Hughes indicated that resistance to

1924-500: The following Ground Systems Group subsystems: Computer H5118, Consoles HMD-22 and HMD-44, Liquid Crystal Large Screen Displays, and Software that set the standard for software development based on science and engineering starting with the Combat Grande System. Ground Systems Group was known to push technology envelopes in the computers, displays, local area networks, human interfaces, and software in their systems. They also blazed

1976-477: The group purchased Magnavox Electronic Systems from the Carlyle Group . In 1996 Hughes Electronics and PanAmSat agree to merge their fixed satellite services into a new publicly held company, also called PanAmSat with Hughes Electronics as majority shareholder. In 1995, Hughes Aircraft sold its Technology Products Division (automated wire and die bonder) to an investor group led by Citicorp and incorporated

2028-588: The innovative design was the basis for the USAAC rejection of the H-1, "I tried to sell that airplane to the Army but they turned it down because at that time the Army did not think a cantilever monoplane was proper for a pursuit ship ...". Aviation writer William Wraga asserts that the H-1 Racer inspired later radial engine fighters such as the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt , the Mitsubishi A6M Zero and

2080-460: The institute fulfilled its charitable mission and that it did not continue to operate as a tax shelter. In January 1984 Judge Grover C. Brown ruled that the Chancery Court should appoint the trustees because Hughes had not left a succession plan. Brown asked for both the executive committee and the attorney general's office to submit a list of recommendations that he could approve. Brown approved

2132-523: The late 1940s to instead pursue contracts for fire-control systems and guided missiles , which were new technologies. The company soon became a highly profitable industry leader in these fields. In a 1953 accounting maneuver designed to reduce his income tax liabilities, Howard Hughes donated most of Hughes Aircraft's stock and assets to a charity he created, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI), and subsequently ceased managing

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2184-671: The ongoing construction project at the NASM, the Hughes Racer is being kept on display at the Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center in Chantilly, VA . The wings and fuselage have been separated for space reasons. A static replica H-1 was displayed on a pole alongside Hughes' " Spruce Goose " at Long Beach when the latter aircraft was displayed in a dome adjacent to the Queen Mary until 1992. It was later displayed in

2236-402: The original short-span high-speed wings were replaced with a set of longer ones for long-distance flights. Before the H-1 took to the air, the world absolute speed record was 440.7 mph (709.2 km/h), held by a Macchi M.C.72 seaplane and set in October 1934. The landplane record was 314.32 mph (505.85 km/h), averaged by Raymond Delmotte in a Caudron C.460 . Hughes piloted

2288-520: The path to very highly distributed human intensive systems. Hughes Space and Communications Group and the Hughes Space Systems Division built the world's first geosynchronous communications satellite , Syncom , in 1963 and followed by the first geosynchronous weather satellite, ATS-1, in 1966. Later that year their Surveyor 1 made the first soft landing on the Moon as part of the lead-up to

2340-467: The remaining parts of Hughes Electronics (DirecTV, DirecTV Latin America, PanAmSat, Hughes Network Systems) were purchased by News Corporation from GM and renamed The DirecTV Group . The wide range of science and technology developed by Hughes Aircraft never included medical applications because the company was owned by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI). This restriction was imposed to avoid even

2392-434: The rest in 50 million shares of GM Class H stock. On December 31, 1985, General Motors merged Hughes Aircraft with its Delco Electronics unit to form Hughes Electronics Corporation, an independent subsidiary. The group then consisted of: Delco Electronics Corporation and Hughes Aircraft Company. In August 1992 Hughes Aircraft completed its purchase of General Dynamics ' missile businesses for $ 450 million. This brought

2444-969: The upgrade was approved by the United States Department of Defense in 1963; and additional deployments were at Homestead-Miami, Florida, and Providence, Rhode Island, to replace Battery Integration and Radar DIsplay Equipment (BIRDIE) systems; as well as at San Francisco. As with the AN/FSG-1, the AN/TSQ-51 could provide fire control for 24 Nike batteries, but the smaller AN/TSQ-51 could be fielded in 2 trailers. References [ edit ] ^ Berhow, Mark (2005). US Strategic and Defensive Missile Systems 1950-2004 . Taylor, Chris (illustrations). Osprey Publishing. p. 21. ISBN   1-84176-838-3 . Retrieved 2011-09-06 . ^ Morgan, Mark L; Berhow, Mark A (2002). Rings of Supersonic Steel ( Google Books ) (second ed.). Hole in

2496-453: Was acquired by General Motors from HHMI in 1985 and was put under the umbrella of Hughes Electronics which became DirecTV , until GM sold its assets to Raytheon in 1997. During World War II the company designed and built several prototype aircraft at Hughes Airport . These included the famous Hughes H-4 Hercules , better known by the public's nickname for it, the Spruce Goose ,

2548-497: Was awarded contracts to build B-25 struts, centrifugal cannons, and machine gun feed chutes. Hughes Aircraft was one of many aerospace and defense companies which flourished in Southern California during and after World War II and was at one time the largest employer in the area. Yet, employment had dropped to 800 by 1947. By the summer of 1947 certain politicians had become concerned about Hughes' alleged mismanagement of

2600-653: Was commercially unsuccessful. In 1955, Howard Hughes split the helicopter production unit from the Hughes Aircraft Company, and reconstituted it with Hughes Tool Company, calling it Hughes Tool Company's Aircraft Division . The Aircraft Division had a focus on the production of light helicopters, mainly the Hughes 269 / 300 and the OH-6 Cayuse / Hughes 500 . Hughes left no will and following his death in 1976 there were numerous claims to his estate . A Hughes executive and

2652-533: Was hosted at the Hughes Culver City library in the 1970s. EPIC published the multi-volume Handbook of Electronic Materials as public documents. Nobel Laureates Richard Feynman and Murray Gell-Mann had Hughes connections: Feynman would hold weekly seminars at Hughes Research Laboratories ; Gell-Mann shared an office with Malcolm Currie, later a chairman of the board and chief executive officer at Hughes Aircraft. Greg Jarvis and Ronald McNair , two of

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2704-416: Was the fitting of a new set of wings of increased span, giving it a lower wing loading . On January 19, 1937, a year and a half after setting the landplane speed record in the H-1, Hughes broke his own transcontinental speed record by flying non-stop from Los Angeles to New York City in 7 hours, 28 minutes and 25 seconds, smashing the previous time of 9 hours, 27 minutes by two hours. His average speed over

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