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85-608: Amol is a city in Iran. Amol , AMOL , etc. may also refer to: Amol Amol is located on the Haraz River bank. It is situated less than 20 kilometres (12 mi) south of the Caspian Sea and less than 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) north of the Alborz mountains. It is 180 kilometres (110 mi) from Tehran , and 60 kilometres (37 mi) west of the provincial capital, Sari . It

170-560: A few brickworks. Pierre Amédée Jaubert says the Dispatch ambassador Napoleon Royal court Fath Ali Shah Qajar visited Amol and mentioned in his book about the Haraz River and the centralization of Steel workshops on its shores. Although today Amol has expanded greatly on both sides of the Haraz river , its functions are still the same as they were seventy or eighty years ago. Besides being one of

255-528: A waste-to-energy plant, also known as waste incinerator, in the city of Amol in the northern Mazandaran Province . Amol has somewhat short but hot summers and mild to cool winters. Köppen-Geiger climate classification system classifies its climate as Mediterranean ( Köppen : Csa , Trewartha : Cs ). The climate of Amol city is similar to other parts of Mazandaran ; in hot and humid summers and mild winters. The maximum amount of rainfall falls in December and

340-583: Is 70 km east of Amol. Mount Damavand (5610 m), the highest peak in the Middle East, is located south of Amol. Amol, with its elevated landscape and valleys, has dense forests. Its tall hills overlook the plains and stretch out to the high slopes of the Mount Damavand . The majestic and deep rocky valleys, rivers, numerous springs, elevated waterfalls, colorful vegetation, a variety of wild life, thermal springs, summer quarters, and rural settlements are some of

425-482: Is a pejorative and refers to any subordinate or local ruler, usually with unfavourable connotations of corruption. The word satrap is derived via Latin satrapes from Greek satrápes ( σατράπης ), itself borrowed from an Old Iranian *khshathra-pa . In Old Persian , which was the native language of the Achaemenids, it is recorded as khshathapavan ( 𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎱𐎠𐎺𐎠 , literally "protector of

510-469: Is a thriving metropolis. One of the things they really lack is an airport so there are no cheap flights to Amol. Some of the most famous companies in Iran have main offices located in this city. Good secondary and tertiary education is being offered here as well. Islamic Azad University, for instance, is one of the biggest universities in the Middle East. Now in Amol, there is a municipality and special governor. Amol

595-480: Is also called Khazar Horse was found for the first time in Amol rediscovered in 1965 by Louise Firouz . Mazandaran tiger also lived in the forests around Amol . Haraz Dam is the biggest dam north of Iran under construction on the Haraz River about 20 km from Amol in the year 2009 by Khatam-al Anbiya Construction Headquarter . It is a 150-meter earth rockfill dam with 8.6 million cubic meters of fill volume. JGC Corporation has also held talks to build

680-617: Is one of the oldest cities in Iran, and a historic city, with its foundation dating back to the Amardi tribe, who inhabited the region in the Iron Age . Amol is the center of industry and culture of Mazandaran, the rice capital of Iran, and one of the most important cities of the transportation, agriculture, and tourism industries in Iran. It is known as the History, Science and Philosophy city , City that does not die and Hezar Sangar city . According to

765-621: Is one of the research centers for scientific development, knowledge-based sciences, and the Science and Technology Park of Iran. At present, Amol is the center of dairy and livestock products, mining sand, nurturing products such as meat, flowers, and fish, and producing rice in Iran. Industrial machinery products are also very popular in Amol and Iran Heavy Diesel Factory is located in Amol Industrial Town. At present especially since 2017, in addition to mass construction of residential buildings,

850-695: The Ilkhanate dynasty of Mongol Empire . Though they are a Median tribe, Herodotus named the tribe Mardians as one of the ten to fifteen Persian tribes in Persis. It is now known that the only distinction between the Median Amardians and the Persian Mardians is the 'a' at the beginning of Amardians, which would mean they are two different tribes. Elsewhere he says, one of the peoples who have trusted Darius I Igor M. Diakonoff says that Amardians lived on

935-580: The Median era from at least 648   BCE. Up to the time of the conquest of Media by Cyrus the Great, emperors ruled the lands they conquered through client kings and governors. The main difference was that in Persian culture the concept of kingship was indivisible from divinity: divine authority validated the divine right of kings . The twenty-six satraps established by Cyrus were never kings, but viceroys ruling in

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1020-516: The Mongol invasion , the region was subject to devastation and it was during this time that Sari was declared as capital. At the beginning of the 7th century, Hessamedin Ardeshir shifted the capital from Sari to Amol and constructed his palace there. At this time, a Palace and Ab Anbar were built by order of Shah Abbas, and the tomb of Mir Ghavam al-Din (Mir Bozorg) , which had been destroyed by Timur's agents,

1105-679: The Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas , attempted similar guerrilla activities. In July 1981, members of the Union of Communists tried to seize control of the town of Amol. This uprising was a failure, and most of the Maoist and UIC leaders were hanged, but the uprising itself became very famous and is well respected among some Iranian Leftist organizations. It also experienced various theoretical and political crises. The clashes lasted from November to February for four months. This day became known in

1190-592: The Parthian Empire , the king's power rested on the support of noble families, who ruled large estates and supplied soldiers and tribute to the king. City-states within the empire enjoyed a degree of self-government, and paid tribute to the king. Administration of the Sassanid Empire was considerably more centralized than that of the Parthian Empire; the semi-independent kingdoms and self-governing city states of

1275-519: The Sassanid period, the importance of this Amol was increased due to the escape of the followers of Mazdak to this city. Based on pieces of evidence, including the coins found during excavations in addition to Muslim historical books, Amol was the capital of Mazandaran province during the Sassanid Era . According to historical literature, Amol was the capital of Mazandaran during the period starting from

1360-655: The Satrapiae . The Western Satraps or Kshatrapas (35–405 CE) of the Indian subcontinent were Saka rulers in the western and central part of the Sindh region of Pakistan , and the Saurashtra and Malwa regions of western India . They were contemporaneous with the Kushans , who ruled the northern part of the subcontinent from the area of Peshawar and were possibly their overlords, and with

1445-455: The shah , in person. The satrap was allowed to have troops in his own service. The great satrapies (provinces) were often divided into smaller districts, the governors of which were also called satraps and (by Greco-Roman authors) also called hyparchs (actually Hyparkhos in Greek, 'vice-regents'). The distribution of the great satrapies was changed repeatedly, and often two of them were given to

1530-534: The 3rd century under Sassanian Empire to the 13/14th century under the Ilkhanate dynasty of Mongol Empire . On Sasanian coins, coin cities where there has been an abbreviated name is known, but the mark m was Amol. During the Bahram V , Amol was Central to Iran and during the Khosrow II and Dabuyid dynasty capital Mazandaran. Amu Darya The Sasanian Pers River is about 2,500 km long, regarded in ancient times as

1615-761: The Alid dynasty, the Ziyarid dynasty ruled Iran and Tabaristan. At this time Amol was developed in such a way that geographers have written articles about the industry and its silk. Hasan ibn Zayd , nicknamed al-Dai al-Kabir, appeared in the Tabaristan region in 250 AH, and many dissatisfied people and the captives of the Caliph Tahirid strengthened him. He invited people and published the Shiite religion. After coming to power in Tabaristan, Daei Kabir moved his capital from Sari to Amol, which

1700-538: The Amol. Amol rice is considered a high-quality product and is exported across the world. Iran's rice export terminal at Amol was established 2016. Iran International Rice Trade Center and Export Terminal was inaugurated of Amol, on August 21, 2019, in the presence of First Vice President Hassan Rouhani . The center has been established with private investment amounting to over 1 trillion rials ($ 8.58 million) covering an area over 17 hectares. Nowadays, rice seedling celebrations are held every year in Amol. Amol

1785-752: The Arabs. In the Abbasid Caliphate of the ninth century, Amol was one of the largest cities in Iran. Khalid ibn Barmak built a palace in the city and ruled for years. People from the Qarinvand dynasty arrived a couple of years ago and fought with the Abbasid Caliphate to win the kingdom. During the Umayyad Caliphate period, during the reign of Muawiyah I , Sa'id ibn al-As undertook the conquest of Tabaristan, and with an army of 4,000 troops rushed there, and

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1870-417: The Great , Mazandaran was considered and a road from Astarabad and Sari to Amol was built. in town was founded through trade center position and business centers already exceeded and founded artillery . The town has spacious and well-supplied bazaars and post and telegraph offices. Excavations in Amol at Hall of Fame have uncovered glazed ceramic and glass belonging to Islamic and modern periods But after

1955-681: The Great , who conquered the Achaemenid Empire, and by his successors, the Diadochi (and their dynasties) who carved it up, especially in the Seleucid Empire , where the satrap generally was designated as strategos (in other words, military generals); but their provinces were much smaller than under the Persians. They would ultimately be replaced by conquering empires, especially the Parthians . In

2040-465: The Great King endeavoured to meld elements from all his subjects into a new imperial style, especially at his capital, Persepolis . Whenever central authority in the empire weakened, the satrap often enjoyed practical independence, especially as it became customary to appoint him also as general-in-chief of the army district, contrary to the original rule. "When his office became hereditary, the threat to

2125-491: The Gulf countries. Now Food products, Citrus, Ornamental flowers, Cement and sand, Meat products, Industrial machinery, Rapeseed, Power cord, Electronic equipment and Mineral water are regularly exported to several countries, including Afghanistan , Russia, Netherlands , Iraq , Pakistan , Turkmenistan , Turkey , Oman , Qatar , Angola , Oman , United Arab Emirates , Azerbaijan and Germany. The Rice Research Institute of Iran

2210-552: The Haraz Road pathway of several important provinces and cities of the country and suitable camouflage of Amol forest and mine reasons to choose in the forest its strategy for war. The union assassinated 600 people during three operations in Amol on November 9 and 13, 1981, and January 25, 1982. The Mojahedin used machine guns and rocket-propelled grenade launchers against units of the Pasdaran. Smaller left-wing opposition groups, including

2295-560: The Iranian calendar as Epic 6 Bahman or Epic of the People of Amol . After this incident, Ruhollah Khomeini only mentioned the name of the city of Amol in the political and divine testament and wrote, We have to thank the people of Amol . Some of the most recent projects have been the complete restoration of the Bazaar and of Imam Reza Street, as well as a comprehensive plan for the preservation of

2380-684: The Marashians soon occupied all the lands and areas around Mazandaran and expanded their territory from Gorgan to Qazvin and Isfahan . In interval Persian Campaign , Community Tabaristan by Amir Movayed Savadkoohi, with the support of Influential men of Amol, was founded to oppose the British and the Russians . Vsevolod Starosselsky in Amol built a Headquarters for capturing other cities in Mazandaran. Mirza Kuchak Khan To deal with him, entered Amol through

2465-464: The Parthian Empire were replaced with a system of "royal cities" which served as the seats of centrally appointed governors called shahrabs as well as the location of military garrisons. Shahrabs ruled both the city and the surrounding rural districts. Exceptionally, the Byzantine Empire also adopted the title "satrap" for the semi-autonomous princes that governed one of its Armenian provinces ,

2550-556: The Parthian period dominated the political-administrative Satrap was Hyrcanian . During the Parthian period, Amol was also famous and prosperous, which was called Homo or Hamo . Parthian King Phraates I (171–173 AH) defeated the Mardas in the Amol region. He is said to have moved a group of people to the Parthian lands in northern Khorasan and settled in western Amu Darya , also known as Amol Zam. According to historical literature, Amol

2635-448: The Qajar era, the road and railway from Tehran to Amol, Amol was pulled from Mahmoudabad . Ibn Hawqal says the geographers of the 4th to 10th century describe Amol's great prosperity and prosperity; in the latter respect, according to Ebn Ḥawqal, it surpassed Qazvin. Its inner city was protected by a moat, and the houses were constructed of wood and reeds rather than mud bricks on account of

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2720-570: The area, called Avam Kuye . Dabuyid dynasty and Bavand dynasty Iranian dynasty were the kings of the Sassanid dynasty; they lived in Amol, which was the city capital of these dynasties. The coins of Ispahbudhan of Tabarestan and the Arab and Sassanid periods have been minted in Amol mint and sometimes in Sari. It can be argued that the mints of several cities in Mazandaran, especially Amol and Sari, such as

2805-487: The army and were responsible for defending the commander. ) The Amard helped Achaemenid in several battles including the invasion of Greece , the occupation of Sardis, the attack of Medes and at the Battle of Opis . Ibn Isfandiyar has another theory about Amol which says, at the request of his wife, Firoz Shah created a large and flourishing city named Amele. People of Amol were p, the current Caspian Sea. Further evidence of

2890-595: The biggest corporations in Asia that are located in Amol. Currently, three industrial towns are active in the counties named Industrial Estate, Amol , Babakan Industrial Estate, and Tashbandan. Iran Heavy Diesel Manufacturing Company, the car and ship's locomotive engine maker is based in Amol. Iran's security papers , banknotes, checks, passport pages and birth certificates are produced by Takab, located in Amol. Domestic companies Foreign companies Satrap A satrap ( / ˈ s æ t r ə p / )

2975-540: The boundary between Iran and Turan ; the modern name may be derived from Amol. In the city during this period, there was a Temple, Market , and fireplace there was. Ibn Rawi, in his book, calls Amol bigger than Isfahan and Qazvin . Hudud al-'Alam had said about Amol, that it was a great city with most moats and castles, the universe and the origin of merchants, and city Carpet, mats, boxwood, bowls, brick, and medallions are found. Herodotus in Histories , mentions

3060-557: The central authority could not be ignored" (Olmstead). Rebellions of satraps became frequent from the middle of the 5th   century BCE. Darius I struggled with widespread rebellions in the satrapies, and under Artaxerxes II occasionally the greater parts of Asia Minor and Syria were in open rebellion ( Revolt of the Satraps ). The last great rebellions were put down by Artaxerxes III . The satrapic administration and title were retained—even for Greco-Macedonian incumbents—by Alexander

3145-479: The city government, the name is derived from Amardi , a tribe mentioned by the Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus . Amol is one of the most ancient cities of Iran. A number of historians and geographers believe it was established in the 1st millennium BC. Some historians have attributed the birth of the city during the reign of the mythological king Tahmuras . Some historians have associated this ancient city with

3230-553: The city of Gorgan , have been engaged in minting various coins for 1,300 years. Amol, in the era of the Alid dynasties and Marashis dynasty, was the capital of Northern Iran . The inhabitants of Amol embraced Islam during the reign of Mahdi (775–785), the Abbasid Caliph. Amol was also the capital city of the Bavand dynasty and Ziyarid dynasty . The people of Amol initially resisted

3315-503: The city of coal and iron mining region of Amol much iron can also have it in the past. Amol in Afsharid dynasty and Zand dynasty as a city for trade and construction were instruments of war. During the Nader Shah in town was founded Iron plant through the trade center position to make cannonballs, mortars, and horseshoes, and business centers already exceeded and founded artillery . This

3400-406: The city. Several leaders of the Iranian constitutional revolutions of 1905 and 1911 hailed from Amol. Mulla Ali Kani, one Amoli people reformist who led the people, had a great role in the achievement of the goals of Iran's constitutional revolution. During this period, was built many homes in the city. Although today Amol has expanded greatly on both sides of the Haraz river , its functions are still

3485-656: The coasts of the Caspian Sea , in the distance of the Alban and Otia from the north and the Hyrcanian from the east. Strabo says about the Tapyri that they wore black robes and had long hair, and "he who is adjudged the bravest marries whomever he wishes" ( Geography 11.8 = T520a). In the history of the Persian Empire , the Mard were handsome, capable and brave persons present in the heart of

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3570-508: The construction of small streets and hall sports in the deprived areas of the city has accelerated. Most Amoli people speak the Mazandarani language - Tabari as a mother tongue; however, Persian is the most common language spoken in Iran and is the lingua franca . Northern provinces of Iran in the Parthian or Sassanid period, probably, was Zoroastrian . There clearly are temples in

3655-625: The county centers of the province of Mazandaran , it is a busy commercial center. In the itinerary, the book says, that Amol is a magnificent city with four gates, although there is no gate installed, namely Darvaze Tehran or Larijan, Barforosh, Taliksar and Nur. After the fall of the Mongols , the Marashians appeared in Mazandaran. In 760 AH, Mir Ghavam al-Din Marashi established the Marashis government. The Marashis uprising began in Amol. After gaining power,

3740-522: The descendant of *khshathrapavan is shahrbān ( شهربان ), but the components have undergone semantic shift so the word now means "town keeper" ( shahr شهر meaning "town" + bān بان meaning "keeper"). Although the first large-scale use of satrapies, or provinces, originates from the inception of the Achaemenid Empire under Cyrus the Great , beginning at around 530   BCE, provincial organization actually originated during

3825-452: The development technocracy policies of Iran by Amin al zarab, was established the first Steel mill of Iran in Amol. In 1887, Amin al zarb obtained an exclusive permit from Nasser al-Din Shah for 30 years to establish a smelter, and bought an eight-meter furnace with a production capacity of 15 tons of iron from France for 24 hours and settled in Amol. During the reign of Reza Shah Pahlavi ,

3910-704: The end of the kingdom, an agreement was signed between the Ministry of Agriculture of the Pahlavi Government of Iran and the Ministry of Economic Affairs of the Republic of China on the extension of agricultural technical cooperation to develop research and increase rice production and was implemented at the Amol Rice Research Institute of Iran. With the beginning of the Islamic Republic of Iran , there

3995-432: The face of the town was changed drastically. Schools and most of the streets and governmental buildings current Amol date from that era. During this period, by order of Reza Shah, Austrian and German engineers built Moalagh Bridge , a Municipal mansion, a Municipal hotel, Chaikhori palace, Pahlavi High School, an Asset building, and a Rice warehouse for export. During this period, the construction of an alternative Haraz road

4080-471: The heavy summer rainfall. Rice, fruits, and vegetables grew profusely, and the town was a center for the fabrication of wooden articles, textiles, and carpets, the silks being especially famous. Amol port on the Caspian was the little town named Ahlam or Ahlom . James George Frazer entered Iran in 1238 as a merchant and scientist and said about this city in his travelogue that the city was truly great and vast. People were decent and respectable inhabitants of

4165-435: The king's name, although in political reality many took advantage of any opportunity to carve themselves an independent power base. Darius the Great gave the satrapies a definitive organization, increased their number to thirty-six, and fixed their annual tribute ( Behistun inscription ). The satrap was in charge of the land that he owned as an administrator, and found himself surrounded by an all-but-royal court; he collected

4250-560: The least in July. It has a special climate in its regions. In recent years, during the excavation of the hill of Qaleh Kesh, some ancient jewelry was discovered. Radiocarbon analysis revealed the background of the jewelry and objects to date from the 1st millennium BC or from the Bronze Age . New exploration of the Baliran works found the items to be from the Paleolithic Age. Amol is the center of dairy, poultry, livestock products, Steel building , and rice in Iran. Mineral water , meat, dairy, wood, Metal machine products, and ingots are

4335-402: The lowland. Mineral water , meat, dairy, wood and ingots are the main manufacturing industry. 68% of exports of Mazandaran done from Amol. In the 18th century – 19th century, Amol iron and iron goods were traded all over Iran and as far abroad as Baghdad and Damascus and the society. Linen, rice, handicrafts, honey, wood, mat and gold were regularly sent to the trade houses in Rome and

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4420-442: The main production industries that are in the city. Agriculture and Tourism are the basic contrutor of the economy. Amol has an economic base is in its provincial products. Agriculture has always been a major part of the economy in and around Amol. Amol is the economic center of Mazandaran province, with Agriculture and Tourism being the base of the Amol economy. Rice, grain , fruits, cotton, tea, sugarcane , and silk are produced in

4505-410: The most original people living in Iran. The population history of the city proper is as follows. All figures are official census figures from the Iranian Statistics Institute. Breakdown of 2006 census: At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 197,470 in 551,183 households. The following census in 2011 counted 219,915 people in 67,182 households. The 2016 census measured

4590-460: The old city and its extension from 1973 to 1975 was completed, and the texture of the city was changed. Street Shahpur, Street Reza Shah Kabir, Street Farhang, Street Saadi, Shir-o-Khorshid Hospital, Imamzadeh Abdollah, and Spinning, weaving, and textile factories were built. Road 77 , Sepah-e Danesh school, Paddy factory, Grundig and Kubota in Iran came to fruition in 1963. Supporting Abali Hotel, Rineh Tourism Center, and Reinforcement of Amol Port

4675-415: The old city quarters. A lot of different construction projects are currently underway, that intend to modernize the city's infrastructure. In the last few years, many squares, towers, boulevards, and bridges were built in Amol. For example, Haraz Street is one of the most modern streets of northern Iran . Amol is growing and turning into an industrialized town like most of the large Iranian cities. Today, Amol

4760-429: The oldest ones that joined the north of Iran to the central plateau in different periods. A study attempts to deal with archaeological data of this communicative path in Sasanian period and at the beginning of Islam. A descriptive-analytical method and scaling archeological investigation in the region have been used in the study. The vegetation of the region can be divided into forest and grassland. Caspian horse , which

4845-413: The people to convert to Islam. Qabus was in 1012 overthrown by his own army and was succeeded by his son Manuchihr , who quickly recognized the sovereignty of Mahmud of Ghazni and married one of his daughters. Manuchihr died in 1031 and was succeeded by his son Anushirvan Sharaf al-Ma'ali , whom Mahmud of Ghazni had chosen as the heir of the Ziyarid dynasty . From 1032 to 1040, the real power behind

4930-429: The periods of the Pishdadian dynasty and the Kayanian dynasty . The people inhabiting the area before the arrival of Aryans , were known as Amards (Amui in Pahlavi), who had migrated to and settled on the Iranian Plateau between the late 2nd millennium BC and early 1st millennium BC . According to historical literature, Amol was the capital of Mazandaran , at least in the period starting from Sassanid Empire to

5015-408: The population of the city as 237,528 people in 78,597 households. Amol is located on the banks of the Haraz River (26 25'N 52 21'E) at an altitude of 76 m above the sea. It is about 18 km from the Caspian Sea and about 10 km from the northern Alborz mountains. It is 180 km from the Iranian capital, Tehran, with a picturesque drive through Haraz Road. Sari, the capital of Mazandaran,

5100-418: The port of Ahlam with Khan's Amol and left the city after a long involvement against Persian Cossack Brigade . In this epoch, with the support of the Shah and the wealth of Amin al-Zarb, the first modern railway in the history of Iran was established in Amol. Twenty-one kilometers of railway linking Amol and the iron mines of Mahan Nour to the Caspian port of Mahmoudabad in the name of Naseriyah. In 1887,

5185-409: The power of the Amol people is their fighting in the Battle of Thermopylae , Battle of Gaugamela and other Sardis forces in the Achaemenid Empire . Quintus Curtius Rufus said, Immortals (Achaemenid Empire) Archers they were all Amard people. During the reign of the Parthian Empire , Amol was one of the centers of Iran. It seems that Amol's reputation in the time of Alexander the Great and

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5270-401: The project prompted Amin al Zarb after three visits to Europe, and the contract for the construction of the railway was signed with the British company Quzi and a Belgian company. At the end of the reign of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar , the railway was completed in 1891 but never used due to the involvement of local people and Russians. About 700,000 tomans were invested in the project. Following

5355-441: The province"). The Median form is reconstructed as *khshathrapavan- . Its Sanskrit cognate is kshatrapa ( क्षत्रप ). The Biblical Hebrew form is aḥashdarpan אֲחַשְׁדַּרְפָּן , as found in Esther 3:12. In the Parthian (language of the Arsacid Empire ) and Middle Persian (the language of the Sassanian Empire ), it is recorded in the forms šahrab and šasab , respectively. In modern Persian

5440-463: The province. Mazandaran people converted to Islam around the second century AH. Amol, as the first prime city center, was a Twelver Shiite theocracy. At present, the majority of people are followers of Shia Islam . Mazandaran ( including Amol) has its own calendar months in addition to the official Tabari calendar of the moon, used since the era of Yazdgerd . Based on experiments and research Max Planck Society , The people of Mazandaran have long been

5525-469: The provinces pledged alliance to Hasan ibn Zayd . Zayd became the founder of the Zaydid dynasty of Tabaristan Alavids government in Tabaristan established and it's with Amol centered and 106-year domination of the Abbasids in the territory ended. Yaqub ibn Layth the was geostrategy in Amol. Hasan al-Utrush with a trip to Amol who re-established Zaydid rule over the province Tabaristan in northern Iran in 914, after fourteen years of Samanid rule. After

5610-447: The same as they were seventy or eighty years ago. The Amol cotton cleaning plant was built in 1906 by the Russians. Prior to that, two companies, Rosenblum and Osser, in one of Amol boroughs that is, Barforoush, were active. In the 19th century, Amol iron and iron goods were traded all over Iran and as far abroad as Baghdad , Mosul and Damascus . Today, the main industries are food processing factories rice, minor woodworking shops, and

5695-413: The same man. As the provinces were the result of consecutive conquests (the homeland had a special status, exempt from provincial tribute), both primary and sub-satrapies were often defined by former states and/or ethno-religious identity. One of the keys to the Achaemenid success was their open attitude to the culture and religion of the conquered people, so the Persian culture was the one most affected as

5780-399: The special factors which can prove attractive. The city has Mediterranean climate with very hot summers and cool and humid winters. Maximum rainfall is usually in the month of December and minimum in the month of July. Amol has several dense forests and pastures. The ecology of Tabaristan region had been an impediment to providing a regularly communicative path, and the Haraz path is one of

5865-416: The taxes, controlled the local officials and the subject tribes and cities, and was the supreme judge of the province before whose "chair" ( Nehemiah   3:7) every civil and criminal case could be brought. He was responsible for the safety of the roads (cf.   Xenophon), and had to put down brigands and rebels. He was assisted by a council of Persians, to which also provincials were admitted and which

5950-402: The throne was held by Abu Kalijar ibn Vayhan, a relative of Anushirvan Sharaf al-Ma'ali. During this period, Amol was chosen as the capital of Iran until 1090. He also had the first seminary by Hasan al-Utrush built in Amol, which was later named Imam Hassan Askari Mosque. The subsequent Afrasiyab dynasty flourished in the late medieval, pre-Safavid period; it is also called the Kia dynasty. It

6035-408: The time of the Safavid rulers of Mazandaran, Amol experienced a period of growth. The city was the favorite dwelling of Abbas II of Persia , who often frequented it. At the time Amol was considered "the capital of the inhabited world" and acclaimed for its grandeur. Several bridges were built in the area across the Haraz River at this time. During the Safavid era, especially during the reign of Abbas

6120-511: The tribes of the Tabaristan, the Mard or the Amards In the time of the king Darius the Great from influential and tribespeople. During the Sassanid period, the city of Amol enjoyed development and was the center of the important province of Tabarestan. During this period, the city had infrastructures and elements such as government citadels, neighborhoods, fire temples, and bazaars and a fire temple in

6205-470: The whole war between him and Farrukhan the Great lasted for two whole years, but was postponed. The conflict lasted until Abbasid Caliphate until the attack of the Persian general Wandad Hurmuzd . In Hudud al-'Alam , Amol is regarded as a great city with active commerce and trading ventures. However, resentment with the Tahirids rule increased due to the oppressive activities of their officials. People of

6290-527: Was Taherian's seat. In 260 A.D., Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar marched on Tabaristan and entered Amol after the departure of Hassan ibn Zayd, but his rule did not last long and the Alavids recaptured the city again. The Alawites ruled the city until Ziyarid and Buyid , who were the handmaidens of the Shiites. The people of Amol were very militant and stood up to the Arabs, but social injustice and class divisions led

6375-509: Was a forest uprising. The Jungle Uprising in 1982 of the Union of Iranian Communists (Sarbedaran) mobilized its forces to jungles around Amol and started wars against the Islamic Republic in those jungles. It finally organized a famous uprising on January 25, 1982. The Communist Union, based on its Maoist policy and with its mindset of guerrilla and peasant wars, established on the outskirts of

6460-519: Was a governor of the provinces of the ancient Median and Persian (Achaemenid) Empires and in several of their successors, such as in the Sasanian Empire and the Hellenistic empires. A satrapy is the territory governed by a satrap. A satrap served as a viceroy to the king, though with considerable autonomy. The word came to suggest tyranny or ostentatious splendour, and its modern usage

6545-450: Was controlled by a royal secretary and emissaries of the king, especially the "eye of the king", who made an annual inspection and exercised permanent control. There were further checks on the power of each satrap: besides his secretarial scribe, his chief financial official (Old Persian ganzabara ) and the general in charge of the regular army of his province and of the fortresses were independent of him and periodically reported directly to

6630-465: Was done as a tourism project. During this period, the municipal sewage system and electricity were modernized. During this period, behest of Reza Shah the railway between Tehran and Amol began seventeen years ago, and gradually a large part of it was built, except for sixty kilometers between Abegarm and Amol, Which totally stopped construction in September in the beginning Anglo-Soviet invasion to Iran. At

6715-472: Was established in 1963 in Amol, and through its 50 years of research activity, it has had significant impacts on rice cultivation in the region. At the opening ceremony of the Institute located at Haraz Road, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi introduced Amol as the capital of rice and science. Winston Churchill stated that Tehran was supplied with rice by Mazandaran because of transportation facilities through

6800-587: Was founded by Kiya Afrasiyab, who conquered the Bavand kingdom in 1349 and made himself king of the region, in Amol. In this period Sheikh Khalifa Mazandarani of Amol was a leader Sarbadars . Amol during the ministry of Khajeh Nizam al-Mulk Tusi in the Seljuq dynasty , along with the big cities of that time, the Islamic world Nishapur , Balkh , Herat , Baghdad and Isfahan had a prestigious Nezamiyeh modern school. In

6885-507: Was handed over to the Russian company Treskiniski by the Reza Shah. Hyacinth Louis Rabino, while visiting Amol during this period, described Amol as an open town with four gates, nine quarters, and approximately 2000 houses. A large bazaar contained about 400 shops with many traditional crafts and trades. During Mohammad Reza Pahlavi , The construction of Taleb Amoli Street in the western part of

6970-510: Was magnificently rebuilt. Amol recovered a certain measure of prosperity while ruled by the Marashians and the Safavids. Under the latter, it was a center of the province of Mazandaran . Since then, it has never played a leading part in Persian national affairs, being surpassed in population by Babol and by the administrative capital of the province Sari ; it has also suffered at various times from earthquakes. In continuation, Haraz River crosses

7055-564: Was one of the primary cities in the production of bricks , tobacco, rice, paper and guns since thousands of years ago. Ultra Quality Rice and Fresh Fruits are major products of the farmers. 65% industry in the Mazandaran province it is located in Amol. It is one of the centers meat and dairy products in Iran . Horticulture and greenhouse are the city's other important activities. The company, Solico including Kalleh Dairy and Kalleh Meat are three of

7140-564: Was the capital of Mazandaran during the period starting from the 3rd century AD under the Sassanian Empire to the 13/14th century AD under the Ilkhanate dynasty of Mongol Empire . Before Islam, Amol was one of the largest and most important cities in the region and was considered the center of Mazandaran. The city of Amol existed before the Sassanids and during the Alexander period. During

7225-628: Was the first artillery workshop in Iran Jonas Hanway came to Iran at this time and visited Amol and talked about this city, Due to the abundance of iron ore mines, by Nader Shah's order, it became the most important foundry and steel plant, where cannonballs, rifles, and horseshoes were produced. Nader Shah eventually decided to build the Iranian Navy in Amol. At first, the people and rulers of Larijan and Amol, in support of Zand dynasty , resisted Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar and defeated him. In

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