4,600 (AGM-12C)
41-755: Semi armor-piercing (AGM-12C) W45 Nuclear (GAM-83B/AGM-12D) The AGM-12 Bullpup is a short-range air-to-ground missile developed by Martin Marietta for the US Navy . It is among the earliest precision guided air-to-ground weapons and the first to be mass produced. It first saw operational use in 1959 on the A-4 Skyhawk , but soon found use on the A-6 Intruder , F-100 Super Sabre , F-105 Thunderchief , F-4 Phantom II , F-8 Crusader , and P-3 Orion in both Navy and US Air Force service, as well as NATO allies. The weapon
82-710: A common nuclear fission core called the Robin primary , which was used as the fission primary in the thermonuclear W38 and W47 weapons. In January 1960, the MADM version of the W45 was assigned the name W45 Mod 1. This version of the warhead was only different from the W45 Mod 0 used in Little John and Terrier in that it had no environmental sensing device, the ADM role having precluded the possibility of such
123-541: A device. Instead, the warhead received a three-digit combination padlock to restrict access to the device. Among six of the 16 LLNL-developed warhead designs that entered the US nuclear weapon stockpile beginning in 1958, the W45 entered the stockpile in 1962, around the time of the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty signing in 1963. The W45 was one of three designs that needed revision following testing after finding problems, for
164-511: A diameter of 11.5 inches (290 mm), a length of 27 inches (690 mm) and weighed 150 pounds (68 kg). The yields of different W45 versions were 0.5, 1, 5, 8, 10, and 15 kilotons . The W45 was designed at the Livermore branch of the University of California Radiation Laboratory (UCRL), now Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). It was developed in part during 1958-1961. W45 used
205-592: A free electron pair at the nitrogen atom, which can form many transition metal nitrile complexes . Being weakly basic, it is an easily displaceable ligand . For example, bis(acetonitrile)palladium dichloride is prepared by heating a suspension of palladium chloride in acetonitrile: A related complex is tetrakis(acetonitrile)copper(I) hexafluorophosphate [Cu(CH 3 CN) 4 ] . The CH 3 CN groups in these complexes are rapidly displaced by many other ligands. It also forms Lewis adducts with group 13 Lewis acids like boron trifluoride . In superacids , it
246-570: A pilot. Another change was to move to a newer radio control system, the AN/ARW-77, which allowed off-axis guiding so the aircraft could fly parallel to the target instead of straight at it, greatly increasing visibility and eliminating the need to dive directly at the target. While they waited for GAM-79, the Air Force also purchased examples of the ASM-N-7, which they put into service under the name GAM-83 on
287-491: A significant role as the dominant solvent used in oligonucleotide synthesis from nucleoside phosphoramidites . Industrially, it is used as a solvent for the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and photographic film . Acetonitrile is a common two-carbon building block in organic synthesis of many useful chemicals, including acetamidine hydrochloride , thiamine , and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid . Its reaction with cyanogen chloride affords malononitrile . Acetonitrile has
328-424: A spontaneous decomposition to give hydrogen cyanide and formaldehyde . Formaldehyde, a toxin and a carcinogen on its own, is further oxidized to formic acid , which is another source of toxicity. The metabolism of acetonitrile is much slower than that of other nitriles, which accounts for its relatively low toxicity. Hence, one hour after administration of a potentially lethal dose, the concentration of cyanide in
369-633: A weapon armed with the AN-M57 or AN-M81 bomb and a maximum speed of Mach 2. The contract was won by Martin Marietta in April 1954 and the project was assigned the name ASM-N-7 Bullpup. The initial XASM-N-7 prototypes were powered by the Mark 8 Mod 1 solid propellant rocket motor made by Aerojet -General, which delivered about 38 kN of thrust for 2.5 seconds. The first test launches were carried out in June 1955. The weapon
410-486: Is a simpler nitrile, but the cyanide anion is not classed as organic ). It is produced mainly as a byproduct of acrylonitrile manufacture. It is used as a polar aprotic solvent in organic synthesis and in the purification of butadiene . The N≡C−C skeleton is linear with a short C≡N distance of 1.16 Å . Acetonitrile was first prepared in 1847 by the French chemist Jean-Baptiste Dumas . Acetonitrile
451-506: Is as for cyanide poisoning , with oxygen , sodium nitrite , and sodium thiosulfate among the most commonly used emergency treatments. It has been used in formulations for nail polish remover , despite its toxicity. At least two cases have been reported of accidental poisoning of young children by acetonitrile-based nail polish remover, one of which was fatal. Acetone and ethyl acetate are often preferred as safer for domestic use, and acetonitrile has been banned in cosmetic products in
SECTION 10
#1732845398899492-647: Is possible to protonate acetonitrile. Acetonitrile is a byproduct from the manufacture of acrylonitrile . Most is combusted to support the intended process but an estimated several thousand tons are retained for the above-mentioned applications. Production trends for acetonitrile thus generally follow those of acrylonitrile . Acetonitrile can also be produced by many other methods, but these are of no commercial importance as of 2002. Illustrative routes are by dehydration of acetamide or by hydrogenation of mixtures of carbon monoxide and ammonia . In 1992 , 14,700 tonnes (16,200 short tons) of acetonitrile were produced in
533-415: Is used mainly as a solvent in the purification of butadiene in refineries. Specifically, acetonitrile is fed into the top of a distillation column filled with hydrocarbons including butadiene, and as the acetonitrile falls down through the column, it absorbs the butadiene which is then sent from the bottom of the tower to a second separating tower. Heat is then employed in the separating tower to separate
574-493: Is useful as a mobile phase in HPLC and LC–MS . It is widely used in battery applications because of its relatively high dielectric constant and ability to dissolve electrolytes . For similar reasons, it is a popular solvent in cyclic voltammetry . Its ultraviolet transparency UV cutoff , low viscosity and low chemical reactivity make it a popular choice for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Acetonitrile plays
615-595: The A-4 Skyhawks aboard the USS Lexington . This was followed by fittings on the North American FJ-4 Fury and Sikorsky CH-34 . Production versions were mostly built by Maxson Electronics. The US Air Force was interested in the system as early as 1954, and in 1955 began development of their own version, known as White Lance. Desiring higher performance, White Lance was to use a liquid fuel rocket engine,
656-479: The European Economic Area since March 2000. In common with other nitriles , acetonitrile can be metabolised in microsomes , especially in the liver, to produce hydrogen cyanide , as was first shown by Pozzani et al. in 1959. The first step in this pathway is the oxidation of acetonitrile to glycolonitrile by an NADPH -dependent cytochrome P450 monooxygenase . The glycolonitrile then undergoes
697-733: The North American F-100 and Republic F-105 . As the development of GAM-79 continued, the Navy also became interested in a liquid fuel engine and had Thiokol build another version, the LR58. These were introduced as the ASM-N-7a Bullpup A in 1960. As this weapon was essentially identical to the planned GAM-79, so that name was dropped and the ASM-N-7a was introduced as the GAM-83A. The Air Force also introduced
738-523: The Thiokol LR44 which provides approximately 53.9 kN of thrust for 2 seconds. LR44 was originally intended for Sparrow III missile. It used storable hypergolic propellants : inhibited red fuming nitric acid as an oxidizer and MAF-1 as a fuel. MAF-1 is a mixture of 40.5% UDMH , 50.5% diethylenetriamine and 9% acetonitrile . Compared to solid rocket motor, liquid rocket engine provided increased impulse and smokeless exhaust, improving visibility for
779-513: The Vietnam War . Bullpups were widely used by both the Navy and Air Force during the Vietnam War , with mixed results. In its most famous early use, 16 Air Force F-105's each carrying two AGM-12Bs were part of the group of aircraft that attacked the Thanh Hóa Bridge on 3 April 1965. Because the weapon was manually guided, each aircraft had to line up for attack twice in separate passes. After
820-554: The ASM-N-7b which became AGM-12C. The Air Force's nuclear GAM-83B became the AGM-12D. The TGAM-83 was renamed ATM-12, lacking a suffix which the new naming rules required. The final version of the Bullpup was the Air Force's AGM-12E. This was a AGM-12C with the warhead replaced with an anti-personnel cluster bomb warhead with 800-830 BLU-26/B bomblets. This was produced in small numbers for use in
861-542: The GAM-83B, which differed in having a slightly larger diameter to carry the 1.5 kT W45 nuclear warhead . The GAM-83A was described as "useless" in Vietnam and was withdrawn from action after only a few sorties. In December 1960 saw the first F-100D operationally equipped with the GAM-83A. For training purposes, Martin produced a guidance system that could be fit to surplus High Velocity Aircraft Rockets , which entered service as
SECTION 20
#1732845398899902-538: The TASM-N-7/TGAM-83. While development of the original versions was still ongoing, development of a significantly larger version, ASM-N-7b Bullpup B, began. This enlarged the warhead to 1,000 pounds (450 kg) and upgraded the motor to the LR62 with much higher thrust. Although the new motor gave the system longer maximum range, the existing systems were already at the limit of the typical pilot's eyesight, and in practice
943-552: The US. Starting in October 2008, the worldwide supply of acetonitrile was low because Chinese production was shut down for the Olympics . Furthermore, a U.S. factory was damaged in Texas during Hurricane Ike . Due to the global economic slowdown, the production of acrylonitrile used in acrylic fibers and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) resins decreased. Acetonitrile is a byproduct in
984-451: The US. The missile was constructed in two separate portions for the nose and tail. The nose contained the guidance receivers which translated instructions into commands for the electro-pneumatic actuators for the four small delta wing control fins arranged around the nose. The tail section held the two tracking flares and larger wings to maintain flight. The wings had tabs to induce a roll approximately 400 degrees per second. The flight path
1025-447: The W45 this was due to radioactive aging reducing the yield to roughly one half of the original design, and refitting a modified chemical explosive. Applications of the W45 warhead included: Acetonitrile Acetonitrile , often abbreviated MeCN ( methyl cyanide ), is the chemical compound with the formula CH 3 CN and structure H 3 C−C≡N . This colourless liquid is the simplest organic nitrile ( hydrogen cyanide
1066-421: The aircraft that had launched—and was still guiding—the missile. Thus, to try to protect their own aircraft, the pilot would "jig" slightly off of the missile's path and hopefully avoid the anti-aircraft fire. Related lists W45 (nuclear warhead) The W45 was a multipurpose American nuclear warhead developed in the early 1960s, first built in 1962 and fielded in some applications until 1988. It had
1107-483: The attack was completed the bridge was essentially undamaged, and the Bullpups were described as simply "bouncing off" the bridge. In addition to the lack of destructive power, the requirement to carry out separate passes for each release, and the need to continue guiding the weapon through its flight, led the Air Force to conclude the weapon was inadequate. In the late 1960s they began several development projects to replace
1148-409: The belligerents, including some operational use of radio control weapons by Germany and the US with varying degrees of success. These experiments mostly ended in the post-war era, especially as nuclear weapons made accuracy a less interesting problem to solve. This left little research into conventional weapons before Korea started. A contract tender for a new weapon was released in 1953 calling for
1189-407: The butadiene. In the laboratory, it is used as a medium-polarity non-protic solvent that is miscible with water and a range of organic solvents, but not saturated hydrocarbons. It has a convenient range of temperatures at which it is a liquid, and a high dielectric constant of 38.8. With a dipole moment of 3.92 D , acetonitrile dissolves a wide range of ionic and nonpolar compounds and
1230-517: The early 1980s. Production was also undertaken in Norway by Kongsberg Våpenfabrikk in partnership with the UK's de Havilland . While production ramped up, the UK purchased 1,200 from the US and then began deliveries of another 2,500 from Kongsberg. Norway purchased another 1,500 local-built examples, and sold another 2,500 to Turkey under a co-production system. Israel purchased 760 AGM-12 models B and C from
1271-615: The guidance system of the AGM-12C with some sort of fully or semi-automatic guidance. The AGM-79 Blue Eye used a contrast seeker like that in the AGM-65 Maverick ; AGM-80 Viper used inertial guidance for airburst operations, and the AGM-83 Bulldog used laser guidance . None of these entered service; other weapons like Maverick and laser guided bombs took over these roles. Approximately 56,000 Bullpups of all models were produced by
AGM-12 Bullpup - Misplaced Pages Continue
1312-489: The new model had the same effective range. The first tests were carried out in 1962 and Bullpup B entered service in 1964. As part of the inter-service effort to align designations of their weapon systems, all Bullpups were renamed AGM-12 in 1963. The original solid-fuel versions became the AGM-12A, which was somewhat confusing given the Navy naming for their liquid-fuel versions. The liquid-fuel versions became AGM-12B, overlapping
1353-406: The production of acrylonitrile and its production also decreased, further compounding the acetonitrile shortage. The global shortage of acetonitrile continued through early 2009. Acetonitrile has only modest toxicity in small doses. It can be metabolised to produce hydrogen cyanide , which is the source of the observed toxic effects. Generally the onset of toxic effects is delayed, due to
1394-424: The rat brain was 1 ⁄ 20 that for a propionitrile dose 60 times lower (see table). The relatively slow metabolism of acetonitrile to hydrogen cyanide allows more of the cyanide produced to be detoxified within the body to thiocyanate (the rhodanese pathway). It also allows more of the acetonitrile to be excreted unchanged before it is metabolised. The main pathways of excretion are by exhalation and in
1435-543: The signals to be received from the AN/ARW-73 transmitter, and due to the location of the cockpit on the aircraft, this generally meant the aircraft had to be in a dive toward the target throughout the approach. Although the weapon did not meet its original requirements exactly, in that it carried only the M81 warhead and reached M1.8, development was otherwise straightforward. The weapon was officially put into service on 25 April 1959 on
1476-422: The target. After launching the Bullpup, best accuracy was maintained by continuing to fly the same track, so that the pilot could sight down the smoke trail and steer the missile from directly behind as much as possible. Unfortunately, one problem quickly discovered by pilots in Vietnam was that gunners on the ground could simply fire at the smoke trail of the missile's flare and have a fairly good chance of hitting
1517-420: The time production ended in 1969, the majority being the A and B models, along with 4,600 AGM-12C, 100 AGM-12D, and 800 AGM-12E. The smaller A/B versions remained in service in the mid-1970s as the newer weapons began to supplant them, with the Navy's last firings during July 1978 when VP-1 patrol aircraft fired three at practice targets. The weapon left Navy service that month. The larger C model remained until
1558-577: The time required for the body to metabolize acetonitrile to cyanide (generally about 2–12 hours). Cases of acetonitrile poisoning in humans (or, to be more specific, of cyanide poisoning after exposure to acetonitrile) are rare but not unknown, by inhalation, ingestion and (possibly) by skin absorption. The symptoms, which do not usually appear for several hours after the exposure, include breathing difficulties, slow pulse rate , nausea , and vomiting. Convulsions and coma can occur in serious cases, followed by death from respiratory failure . The treatment
1599-408: Was guided by the launch aircraft through the manual command to line of sight (MCLOS) method, with the pilot tracking the flight of the missile via two bright flares on the weapon's tail and making corrections using a small joystick in the cockpit. The position of the receiver antenna on the weapon meant that the aircraft had to continue flying in roughly the same direction as the missile in order for
1640-647: Was guided manually via a small joystick in the aircraft cockpit, which presented a number of problems and its ultimate accuracy was on the order of 10 metres (33 ft), greater than desired. In the 1960s it was increasingly supplanted by fully automatic weapons like the AGM-62 Walleye and AGM-65 Maverick . Development of Bullpup began in 1953 when Korean War experience demonstrated the almost complete inability for conventional bombing to attack point land targets like bridges. There had been great experimentation during World War II on various guided weapons by many of
1681-409: Was provided by a gyroscope controlling the front control fins. The Bullpup used a Manual Command Line Of Sight guidance system with controlled roll. In flight, the pilot or weapons operator tracked the Bullpup by watching the flares and used a control joystick to steer it toward the target using radio signals. The goal was to direct the missile so that it remained on the line between the pilot and