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108-528: John DeFrancis (1911–2009) was an influential American sinologist , author of Chinese language textbooks, lexicographer of Chinese dictionaries , and Professor Emeritus of Chinese Studies at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa . After he retired from teaching in 1976, DeFrancis was a prolific author of influential works such as The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy (1984) and Visible Speech: The Diverse Oneness of Writing Systems (1989). Victor H. Mair ,

216-584: A memorandum of understanding with the Canberra Institute of Technology which facilitates student educational pathways between the institutions and sharing of some specialist facilities. Over 100,000 students have graduated from the university since 1970. After a rapid period of growth which saw a 78% increase in student enrolments between 2007-2014, UC has sustained an annual enrolment of between 11,000 and 12,000 equivalent full-time students. The median Australian Tertiary Admission Rank of UC students

324-701: A bridge of communication between the Arab and Chinese peoples. Their interest in the history of China also increased greatly. Many books related to the history of Chinese culture and its people were published in the Arabic language. In 2020 after spending about six years as a consul in Guangzhou , Ali bin Ghanem Al-Hajri , a Qatari diplomat who is considered one of the Arabs with a lot of original Arabic academic works in sinology, published

432-422: A contrary view, Karen Steffen Chung, professor of Chinese at National Taiwan University , found using DeFrancis' dictionary less satisfying than traditional dictionaries, where all compounds beginning with the same character are listed together under that character head entry. Giving the circular example of a hypothetical dictionary user wanting to find all the compounds beginning with shí 實 "to realize", which

540-438: A firm command of pinyin will also benefit, especially in cases when they know how to pronounce a word but do not remember how to write it, and will be able to quickly find the character. Tang suggests an improvement for future ABC Dictionary editions. Users who want to look up an unfamiliar character may find the layout of Stroke-Order Index and Radical Index to be "awkward, inconvenient, and time-consuming" because after looking

648-416: A foreign language , and compilers of Chinese language textbooks will find this dictionary indispensable for providing comprehensive linguistic information. Nonnative speakers of Chinese will find the dictionary handy to use, and those who are accustomed to alphabets will find locating a Chinese word in this alphabetically arranged dictionary "almost an act of second nature". Advanced learners of Chinese who have

756-523: A fulltime editor was necessary, and in May 1992 John DeFrancis offered to undertake the project centered at the University of Hawaiʻi. Along with Prof. DeFrancis overseeing the general planning and supervision of the project as well as its detailed operations, a volunteer team of some 50 contributors – including academics, Chinese language teachers, students, lexicographers, and computer consultants – were involved in

864-541: A licensing agreement with the University of Hawaiʻi to utilize the ABC Dictionary database in Wenlin software. The first edition ABC Chinese–English Dictionary (1996) was incorporated into Wenlin 2.0 with over 74,000 entries (1998); the second ABC Chinese–English Comprehensive Dictionary (2003) went into Wenlin 3.0 with over 196,000 entries (2002); and the third edition ABC English–Chinese, Chinese–English Dictionary (2010)

972-451: A linguist of Cantonese at Hong Kong Polytechnic University says the dictionary works best when users hear a word pronounced but do not know how to write it in characters, they can very quickly look it up in pinyin order and find the correct characters and meanings. However, to look up an unknown character's pronunciation and meaning, then one needs to use a radical-indexed dictionary. Bauer says "I have generally succeeded in finding almost all

1080-412: A one million dollar sponsorship of, and partnership with, Stromlo Forest Park that will expand its research and teaching activities across a range of sports, tourism, and business opportunities. There are three on-campus accommodation options for students with a total of 2,476 beds —Campus West, Cooper Lodge, and UC Lodge, all run by UniLodge Australia Pty Ltd. In addition, off-campus accommodations in

1188-485: A research grant application"; and describing most of the appendices as "a hodgepodge of pub quiz trivia". Several evaluations of the ABC Chinese–English Dictionary mention cases in which using the alphabetically-arranged headword entries is more efficient than using a conventionally arranged dictionary with character head entries that list words written with that character as the first. Robert S. Bauer,

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1296-593: A rich variety of approaches and disciplines, whether they be mainly empirical or more theoretically inflected." Chinese historical sources indicate that the Chinese had knowledge of the Arabs several centuries before Islam, as the history of relations between the two civilizations dates back to the pre-Islamic era. The policy of the Han Dynasty (206 BC) aimed at opening trade routes with the western regions, which are today called Central Asia, India and Western Asia, extending to

1404-467: A simple and distinctive one-to-one correspondence between transcription and character(s) that is intended to facilitate computerized handling of the entries." The ABC Dictionary format for entries is: Take the dao in Daoism for an example dictionary entry. dào 道 ① road ② channel ③ way ④ doctrine ⑤ Daoism ⑥ line ♦ m. for rivers/topics/etc. ♦ v. ① say; speak; talk chángyán dào as

1512-521: A sinologist and professor of Chinese at the University of Pennsylvania , first proposed the idea of a computerized pinyin Chinese–English dictionary in his 1986 lexicographical review article . He defined "alphabetically arranged dictionary" to mean a dictionary in which all words ( cí 詞 ) are "interfiled strictly according to pronunciation. This may be referred to as a "single sort/tier/layer alphabetical" order or series." He emphatically does not mean

1620-526: A small scale at that time. Ain Shams University opened the Chinese language specialization in 1958. However, the course was stopped for prevailing political reasons at the time. In the period between 1958 and 1963, 33 Chinese language students graduated from Egyptian universities. In 1977, Ain Shams University reintroduced the Sinology specialization course. In addition to Egypt, there were activities to teach

1728-532: A user who knows that yìshi is written 意识 can find 意 in the radical index, under the "heart radical" 心 , then the 9 remaining strokes in 音 , and find the page number for the 意 head entry. A great advantage of ABC is that you can immediately look up a word you have heard but whose exact tone, meaning, and characters are unknown to you. For yishi in all tonal combinations, this dictionary gives 46 different words, with 意识 easily found. What an ABC user cannot straightforwardly see (which of course they can in

1836-420: A usual Chinese dictionary collated according to the initial single graphs ( zì 字 ) that are only the beginning syllables of whole words. "With the latter type of arrangement, more than one sort is required to locate a given term. The head character must first be found and then a separate sort is required for the next character, and so on." Mair's article had two purposes, to call the attention of his colleagues to

1944-472: A valuable contribution to Chinese lexicography, while the high production standards and comprehensive coverage of the colloquial language should make it a favourite of all serious students of Modem Chinese"; "This excellent one-volume Chinese–English dictionary is a crowning achievement for John DeFrancis, one of the doyens of Chinese language teaching in the United States". A common area of complaint involves

2052-589: A wide range of allied health professionals , including in counselling , exercise science , nursing and midwifery , nutrition and dietetics , occupational therapy , optometry , pharmacy , physiotherapy and exercise physiology and rehabilitation, psychology , medical imaging , speech pathology , and sports management . The Faculty of Science and Technology trains students in environmental sciences , biomedical and forensic as well as information technology, information systems, engineering, and mathematics. The Faculty has two schools: School of Science and

2160-525: Is "clearly not designed to be used by anyone who does serious work with nonsimplified characters". One reviewer panned the ABC Dictionary' s supplementary materials. For instance, saying the front matter's "uncommonly profuse" dedication and Editor's Call to Action reveal "no doubt that axes are being ground " about writing reform; the Distinctive Features of the Dictionary "reads like an abstract for

2268-475: Is 2.5 km (1.6 mi) from Belconnen Town Centre , and 8.7 km (5.4 mi) from Canberra's Civic Centre . UC offers undergraduate and postgraduate courses through five faculties : Arts and Design; Business, Government and Law; Education; Health; and Science and Technology. The University of Canberra was first established in 1967 as the Canberra College of Advanced Education. It then became

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2376-504: Is B.F. for "bound form" (as opposed to free form words, mentioned above), but this distinction is not usually indicated in PRC dictionaries such as CED and CCD . Proper nouns receive a particularly ample treatment in ABC (especially compared with CED and CCD ). These include people's names (e.g., some 15 beginning with the surname [[Li (surname 李 )|Lǐ 李]], ranging from the famous poet Li Bai to

2484-706: Is a well-known historical figure in the Arabian Peninsula, made significant contributions to Sinology. Al-Masoudi has traveled all over the world since he was a child, visiting faraway places. In the year 915, he visited India, Ceylon, Champa, and the coastal regions of China, and then visited Zabagh and Turkistan in Central Asia. He died in the year 956, and he is the author of the book "Meadows of Gold", which deals with history, geography, and other fields. He had many records about China, and these records were popular among orient scholars. Abu Zayd's book "On China and India"

2592-709: Is an abridgment of the ABC Chinese–English Comprehensive Dictionary and includes improvements such as more usage example sentences. Computers (namely, the C in ABC Dictionary ) were purposefully involved in almost every stage of dictionary compilation and publication in order to facilitate further advances in electronic lexicography and software development . In 1997, the Wenlin Institute published Wenlin Software for Learning Chinese with about 14,000 head entries (version 1.0) and entered into

2700-490: Is aptly described as having "defied the tyranny of Chinese characters". The ABC Dictionary includes 5,425 different Chinese characters and a total 71,486 lexical entries. The dictionary's most notable feature is being entirely arranged by pinyin in the alphabetical order of complete compound words. For example, kuàngquán 矿泉 "mineral spring" immediately precedes kuángquǎnbìng 狂犬病 "rabies", which in turn immediately precedes kuàngquánshuǐ 矿泉水 "mineral water", even though

2808-400: Is by order of frequency, indicated by a superscript number before the transcription, a device adapted from Western lexicographic practice to distinguish homonyms. For example, " dàomù 盜墓 vo. rob graves" and " dàomù 道木 n. railway sleeper [tie]". For entries that are homographic if tones are disregarded, the item of highest usage frequency is indicated by an asterisk following

2916-406: Is called the "commentarial tradition" through critical annotated translation. This emphasis on translating classical texts inhibited the use of social science methodology or comparing these texts of other traditions. One scholar described this type of sinology as "philological hairsplitting" preoccupied with marginal or curious aspects. Secular scholars gradually came to outnumber missionaries, and in

3024-415: Is certainly easier with a customary Chinese dictionary than with the ABC , Chung says that the alphabetic arrangement is unfortunately "its biggest drawback", and while "this may reflect an ideal of treating Chinese primarily as a spoken rather than written language, it also goes against native habit and intuition.". Scott McGinnis, professor of Chinese at the University of Maryland , explains that users of

3132-466: Is clear from the foregoing that there had been friction between China and the Arabs from a long time ago, and that there are cultural and commercial relations existing between the Arab and Chinese civilizations, which required the visiting Arabs to learn the Chinese language and vice versa. However, there are no texts indicating that the Arabs during this period studied the Chinese language or culture beyond what their missionary or trades affairs demanded, and

3240-763: Is located in Building 8. The building has four floors. UC ranked in the 351st–400th band in the Times Higher Education (THE) World University Rankings 2024 and 65th in the list of top young universities (less than 50 years old), having been ranked in the top 20 in 2020. UC ranks 24th in the THE list of Australian universities. UC partners with two local ACT schools: UC Senior Secondary College Lake Ginninderra and University of Canberra High School Kaleen. The University of Canberra College provides pathways into university for domestic and international students. UC also shares

3348-510: Is located under the main concourse, providing a cafe, hairdressing salon, tattoo parlour, 87.8 UCFM student radio station studio, and social enterprise hub. A bar, convenience store, and several eateries are also available near the student residences. A sport and fitness centre is located in Building 29 with gym facilities and is home to Brumbies Rugby administration. There are basketball and squash courts nearby in Building 4, and various sporting ovals. The university has satellite campuses in

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3456-477: Is quite likely to become a standard reference work for English-speaking students of Mandarin, and to remain so for quite some time.". The expanded 2003 ABC Dictionary had fewer academic reviews than the 1996 ABC Chinese–English Dictionary . Michael Sawer, who also reviewed the original ABC Dictionary , calls this comprehensive dictionary an "outstanding contribution to the field, in many ways better than other comparable dictionaries". He makes comparisons between

3564-656: Is the 1989 edition of Hanyu Pinyin Cihui 汉語拼音詞汇 " Hanyu Pinyin Romanized Lexicon", a semi-official wordlist of 60,400 entries (without definitions) compiled by members of the China State Language Commission. Focusing upon the needs of Western students of Chinese, DeFrancis and the editors eliminated some terms and added others. Their dictionary includes many neologisms such as dàgēdà 大哥大 "cellular phone" or dǎo(r)yé 倒爷 "profiteer; speculator", as well as

3672-538: Is usually not reflected in pinyin spelling — the underlying tone (i.e. the original tone before the sandhi) is still written. However, ABC English–Chinese, Chinese–English Dictionary (2010) uses the following notation to indicate both the original tone and the tone after the sandhi: Wenlin Software for learning Chinese also adopted this notation. Reviews of DeFrancis' ABC Chinese–English Dictionary were published by major academic journals in linguistics (e.g., The Modern Language Journal ), Asian studies ( Journal of

3780-489: The ABC Chinese–English Comprehensive Dictionary (called " ABC ") and two bilingual dictionaries aimed more at native speakers of Chinese who are learning English: the Han-Ying Da Cidian (" CED " Chinese–English Dictionary), and Xiandai Hanyu Cidian: Han-Ying Shuangyu (" CCD " Contemporary Chinese Dictionary). The 2003 ABC , like the 1996 first edition, is arranged in strict single-sort alphabetical order, while both

3888-646: The ABC Dictionary who are already familiar with written Chinese and dictionaries organized by character headings must "forget" what they know about the Mandarin syllabic inventory and focus strictly on the spelling. For some dictionary users, purely pinyin-dependent sequencing such as cuānzi 镩子 "ice pick" to cūbào 粗暴 "rude; rough; crude" and nǎngshí 曩时 "(written) in olden days; of yore" to nánguā 南瓜 "pumpkin" "may be at least initially confusing". Jan W. Walls, professor of Chinese language and culture at Simon Fraser University , describes some minor oversights in

3996-408: The ABC Dictionary' s treatment of traditional and simplified Chinese characters . Dictionary entries give simplified characters for headwords, and only give the traditional form upon the first appearance of each character, and in the appendices. For instance, critics say, "looking up characters in traditional form is a bit more trouble than it might be, you must use a special index"; and the dictionary

4104-522: The CED and CCD are in double-sort alphabetic order—that is, the first syllables of each word are arranged in alphabetic order, and then within each tone category in order of different characters. Take for instance, dictionary users wanting to look up yìshi 意识 "consciousness; mentality". A user who knows the pronunciation begins with yì can search (in ascending number of strokes) through some eighty characters pronounced yì before finding 意 , and then 意识 ; or

4212-607: The Chinese Academy of Social Sciences system of 189 radicals used in dictionaries like the Xinhua Zidian ], High Frequency CASS Radicals, Simplified/Traditional Radical Conversion Table, CASS Radical Chart, CASS Radical Index [for users who want to look up a Chinese logograph 's pronunciation, listing the 5,425 characters appearing in the dictionary]. DeFrancis' ABC Chinese–English Dictionary claims six lexicographical distinctions. The main source for ABC Dictionary entries

4320-610: The Cultural Revolution )". Victor H. Mair became general editor of the ABC Chinese Dictionary Series in 1996, and the University of Hawaiʻi Press has issued ten publications (as of October 2016), including two developments from the ABC Chinese–English Dictionary (1996) with 71,486 head entries. John DeFrancis and others edited the hardback ABC Chinese–English Comprehensive Dictionary ,(2003, 1464 pp., 25 cm.), which contains over 196,501 head entries, making it

4428-665: The Dark Ages . Among the European literati interested in China was Voltaire , who wrote the play L'orphelin de la Chine inspired by The Orphan of Zhao , Leibniz who penned his famous Novissima Sinica (News from China) and Giambattista Vico . Because Chinese texts did not have any major connections to most important European topics (such as the Bible), they were scarcely studied by European universities until around 1860. An exception to this

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4536-688: The Greek Sinae , from the Arabic Sin —which ultimately derive from "Qin", i.e. the Qin dynasty . In the context of area studies , the European and the American usages may differ. In Europe, sinology is usually known as "Chinese studies", whereas in the United States, sinology is a subfield of Chinese studies. A China watcher is a person who monitors current events and power struggles in China . In Japan, sinology

4644-550: The University of Chicago . Tsou emphasized the importance of academic objectivity in general and in sinology in particular, stressing that intellectual and academic exchange between China and the West was the only way for both parties to come to a greater understanding of one another. In 1964 an exchange in the pages of the Journal of Asian Studies debated the continued relevance of sinology. The anthropologist G. William Skinner called for

4752-647: The Xiandai Hanyu Pinlü Cidian 现代汉语频率词典 "Frequency Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese"). Chinese word frequency is an important aspect of the ABC Dictionary , and it lists homophones according to their decreasing occurrence. Frequency orders are based largely on Xiandai Hanyu Pinlü Cidian for monosyllabic entries and Zhongwen Shumianyu Pinlü Cidian 中文书面语频率词典 "Dictionary of the Chinese Written Language" for polysyllabic words. For entries with identical spelling, including tones, arrangement

4860-564: The "Chinese Institute" in Naples—the first school of sinology on the European continent, and sanctioned by Pope Clement XII . The institute was first nucleus of what would become today's Università degli studi di Napoli L'Orientale . Ripa had worked as a painter and copper-engraver in the court of the Kangxi Emperor between 1711 and 1723, and returned to Naples with four young Chinese Christians, who all taught their native language and formed

4968-552: The 20th century sinology slowly gained a substantial presence in Western universities. The Paris-based type of sinology dominated learning about China until the Second World War even outside France. Paul Pelliot , Henri Maspero , and Marcel Granet both published basic studies and trained students. Pelliot's knowledge of the relevant languages, especially those of Central Asia, and control of bibliography in those languages, gave him

5076-514: The 20th century, projects of cooperation between China and the Arab countries led to the development of Sinology in the Arab countries nominally after expanding the scope of Chinese-Arab cooperation in the field of education, with some difference according to the level of cooperation. Since the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Egypt in 1956, Egypt began to open the Chinese language specialization course in Egyptian universities, but on

5184-747: The Arab world, although it was not published until recently. He also published "China in the Eyes of Travelers", a book that delved deep into the history of ancient China through the discoveries made by travellers and explorers. Al-hajri further wrote the book "Arts in the Ming Dynasty", in which he elaborated on the political and economic development of the Ming Dynasty and the historical development of Chinese culture. Four of his books are translated into Chinese Many books have been translated from Chinese into Arabic as part of these efforts. Where more than 700 books about

5292-610: The Arabian Peninsula and Africa. Historical studies confirmed that Muslim Arabs entered China during the early days of Islam to spread the religion, when four of Muhammad's companions namely Saad bin Abi Waqqas, Jaafar bin Abi Talib, and Jahsh bin Riab preached in China in the year 616/17. During the reign of Emperor Yongle, the first Chinese fleet arrived on the shores of the Arabian Peninsula, led by Zheng He , on his fourth voyage in 1412 AD. It

5400-749: The Built Environment and School of Arts and Communication. The Business Government and Law Faculty provides courses in accounting , applied economics , business administration , business informatics , construction , economics, finance , law , management , marketing , politics , sociology , public policy , tourism , and urban and regional planning . The Faculty has three schools: Canberra Business School, Canberra Law School, and Canberra School of Politics, Economics & Society. The Education faculty offers courses designed to cover all stages of teacher development with courses in early childhood , primary and secondary . The Faculty of Health prepares

5508-525: The COVID-19 pandemic, returning in 2022. The university's main campus is located in the suburb of Bruce and covers 296 acres (1.2 km ) of buildings, ovals, gardens, lawns, car parks, roads, walkways, and sculptures. The campus is notable for its native gardens and the presence of kangaroos . There are over 29 buildings dedicated to teaching, research, and administration for the disciplines, faculties and business units. These buildings are concentrated around

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5616-563: The Chinese language in Kuwait as well, but they stopped after a short period. The number of Arabs that learn the Chinese Language has increased. The Chinese Language Department at Ain Shams University is a major center for teaching the Chinese language in Egypt and one of the notable centers for teaching the Chinese language in the Arab world and Africa in terms of student size, teaching quality, and

5724-455: The Chinese language". This dictionary is a valuable asset for several types of users. Native speakers will particularly benefit from the "authentic and accurate English translations" of Chinese words and phrases, which are an improvement over sometimes "stiff and awkward" translations in previous Chinese–English dictionaries, which were edited predominantly by Anglophone native speakers of Chinese. Chinese–English translators, students of Chinese as

5832-581: The Chinese people. An early Spanish Dominican mission in Manila operated a printing press; between 1593 and 1607, they produced four works on Catholic doctrine for the Chinese immigrant community, three in Literary Chinese and one in a mixture of Literary Chinese and vernacular Hokkien . Dominican accomplishments among the Chinese diaspora pale in comparison to the success of the Jesuits in mainland China, led by

5940-511: The Chinese using their own terms. During the Age of Enlightenment , sinologists started to introduce Chinese philosophy, ethics, legal system, and aesthetics into the West. Though often unscientific and incomplete, their works inspired the development of chinoiserie and a series of debates comparing Chinese and Western cultures. At that time, sinologists often described China as an enlightened kingdom, comparing it to Europe, which had just emerged from

6048-712: The Dictionary and II. Selection and Definition of Entries; and User's Guide with I. Arrangement of Entries, II. Orthography , III. Explanatory Notes and Examples, IV. Works Consulted, and V. Abbreviations. The dictionary proper gives alphabetically arranged lexical entries and English translation equivalents, from " a * 啊 part. [i.e., particle ] used as phrase suffix ① ( in enumeration ) … ② ( in direct address and exclamation ) … ③ ( indicating obviousness/impatience … ④ ( for confirmation )" to " zúzūn 族尊 n. clan seniors". The ABC Dictionary has nine Appendices: I. Basic Rules for Hanyu Pinyin Orthography [promulgated by

6156-523: The People's Republic of China in 1949, China studies developed along diverging lines. The rise of Area studies , the role of China watchers , and the growth of university graduate programs has changed the role of sinology. Funding for Chinese and Taiwanese studies comes from a variety of sources; one prominent source is the Chiang Ching-kuo Foundation . The Area studies approach, especially in

6264-559: The Royal Asiatic Society ), and sinology ( China Review International ). Most reviewers criticized certain aspects, such as the difficulty of looking up a traditional Chinese character, but also highly evaluated the innovative dictionary. Here are three representative examples of praise: "the most extraordinary Chinese–English dictionary I have ever had such pleasure to look Chinese words up in and to read their English definitions"; "The thorough scholarship and fresh outlook make it

6372-605: The School of Information Technology and Systems. Like most Australian universities , University of Canberra derives the majority of its revenue from the Australian Government through the Commonwealth Grant Scheme , student fees, research grants and contracts, commercial activities, and donations. The ACT Government provides around one percent of the university's operating budget. The University's budget in 2022

6480-1018: The State Language Commission in 1988]; II. Historical Chronology [from the Shang Dynasty c. 1700–1045 BC to the Republic of China "1912–1949" [ sic ] and People's Republic of China 1949–]; III. Analytic Summary of Transcription Systems [for Pinyin , Wade-Giles , Gwoyeu Romatzyh , Yale Romanization , and Zhuyin Fuhao ]; IV. Wade-Giles/Pinyin Comparative Table; V. PY/WG/GR/YR/ZF Comparative Table; VI. Radical Index of Traditional Characters, Notes on Kangxi Radicals , Kangxi Radical Chart, Kangxi Radical Index; VII. Stroke Order List of Recurrent Partials; VIII. Stroke Order Index of Characters with Obscure Radicals; IX. Radical Index of Simplified Characters, with Notes on Selected CASS Radicals [viz.

6588-401: The United States, challenged the dominance of classical sinology. Scholars such as John King Fairbank promoted the "study of China within a discipline," an approach which downplayed the role of philological sinology and focused on issues in history and the social sciences. One of the earliest American scholars of Cold War China and Sino-American relations was Chinese-American Tang Tsou of

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6696-532: The University of Canberra under sponsorship of Monash University in 1990. The foundation stone was unveiled by Prime Minister John Gorton on 28 October 1968. The stone is displayed near Building 1 on the Bruce campus. The inscription reads: This Stone was unveiled by the right honourable J.G. Gorton, M.P., Prime Minister of Australia, on 28 October 1968, to mark the establishment of the Canberra College of Advanced Education. An annual celebration, called Stone Day,

6804-522: The assumption that there is "some implicit hostility between 'Sinology' and the disciplines of history and social sciences." Sinology, he continued, is used in too a wide range of meanings to be so confined: During the Cold War , China Watchers centered in Hong Kong , especially American government officials or journalists. Mutual distrust between the United States and China and the prohibition of travel between

6912-537: The book "Zheng He, Chinese Emperor of the Seas". The book covers the history and adventures of a Chinese commander by the name Zheng He whose fleet went round the known world in seven voyages between the years 1415 and 1432. He also wrote before that the novel "The Fleet of the Sun" inspired by the story of the Chinese commander. It was considered the first Arabic novel with a Chinese as the central character, thus it achieved some fame in

7020-779: The chair of Chinese at the Collège de France for over 40 years, starting his studies with Rémusat and succeeding him in 1833. He was notable for his translations not only of classical texts but also works of vernacular literature, and for his knowledge of Manchu. Édouard Chavannes succeeded to the position after the death of Marquis d'Hervey-Saint-Denys in 1893. Chavannes pursued broad interests in history as well as language. The image of China as an essentially Confucian society conveyed by Jesuit scholars dominated Western thought in these times. While some in Europe learned to speak Chinese, most studied written classical Chinese. These scholars were in what

7128-527: The character up, the index gives the pinyin pronunciation instead of the page. Footnotes Sinology Sinology , also referred to as China studies , is a subfield of area studies or East Asian studies involved in social sciences and humanities research on China. It is an academic discipline that focuses on the study of the Chinese civilization primarily through Chinese language , history , culture , literature , philosophy , art , music , cinema , and science . Its origin "may be traced to

7236-445: The countries meant they did not have access to press briefings or interviews. They therefore adopted techniques from Kremlinology , such as the close parsing of official announcements for hidden meanings, movements of officials reported in newspapers, and analysis of photographs of public appearances. But in the years since the opening of China, China watchers can live in China and take advantage of normal sources of information. Towards

7344-436: The critical need for an alphabetically arranged Chinese dictionary and to enlist their help in making it a reality, and to suggest that all new sinological reference tools should at least include alphabetically ordered indices. "Someone who already knows the pronunciation of a given expression but not its meaning should not be cruelly burdened by having to fuss with radicals, corners, strokes, and what not. Let him go directly to

7452-419: The dictionary such as the " dīshì 的士 ⟨ loan ⟩ taxi" entry, which might imply the borrowing came directly from English, when it actually is a loanword from Cantonese dik si 的士 transcribing taxi . But this is a minor point, "merely meizhong-buzu 美中不足 (defined in ABC as "blemish in sth. otherwise perfect") that should not detract from the great value of this important work … which

7560-405: The end of the century, many of those studying China professionally called for an end to the split between sinology and the disciplines. The Australian scholar Geremie Barmé , for instance, suggests a "New Sinology", one which "emphasizes strong scholastic underpinnings in both the classical and modern Chinese language and studies, at the same time as encouraging an ecumenical attitude in relation to

7668-641: The examination which Chinese scholars made of their own civilization." The academic field of sinology often refers to Western scholarship. Until the 20th century, it was historically seen as equivalent to philology concerning the Chinese classics and other literature written in the Chinese language . Since then, the scope of sinology has expanded to include Chinese history and palaeography , among other subjects. The terms sinology and sinologist were coined around 1838, derived from Late Latin Sinae , in turn from

7776-509: The family and ritual. The Russian school of sinology was focused mainly on learning classical Chinese texts. For example, the contribution of the Russian sinologist Julian Shchutsky was especially valuable. The best full translation of the I Ching ( Book of Changes ) was made by him in 1937. Later his translation was translated in English and other European languages. After the proclamation of

7884-550: The first and last words begin with the same character and the middle word with another. The present dictionary has several titles: The ABC Chinese–English Dictionary comprises three main sections: an 18-page front matter , the 833-page body matter of alphabetically arranged entries, and 64-page back matter with nine appendices. The front matter includes a Table of contents ; Dedication to "China's Staunchest Advocates of Writing Reform"; Editor's Call to Action; Acknowledgments ; Introduction with I. Distinctive Features of

7992-495: The first important secular sinologists in these two countries were James Legge and Hans Georg Conon von der Gabelentz . In 1878, a professorship of Far Eastern languages, the first of its kind in the German-speaking world, was created at the University of Leipzig with von der Gabelentz taking the position. Scholars like Legge often relied on the work of ethnic Chinese scholars such as Wang Tao . Stanislas Julien served as

8100-619: The first syllable, for instance, línchǎnpǐn 林产品 "forest products", línhǎi 林海 "immense forest", and línyè 林業 "forestry". The ABC Dictionary includes lín 林 "① forest; woods; grove ② forestry…" as one of 6 characters pronounced lín , followed by alphabetically listed lin -initial headwords from línbā 淋巴 "lymph" to línfēng 臨風 "facing against the wind", but then ling -initial words begin to appear with líng 〇 "zero", and only after another three pages will one find lìngzūn 令尊 "(courteous) your father" followed by línhǎi "immense forest". DeFrancis' ABC Chinese–English Dictionary

8208-521: The first syllable. While pronunciation determines the placement of words within the unconventional ABC Dictionary , Chinese characters still determine the position of words within a standard dictionary. Comparing a Chinese character-based dictionary with the pinyin-based ABC Dictionary illustrates the difference. The Chinese–English Dictionary locates the head character entry lín 林 "① forest; woods; grove ② circles …" as one of 14 characters pronounced lín , and alphabetically lists 17 words with lín as

8316-521: The following locations [1] : The governing body of the University of Canberra is its University Council. The current chancellor is Lisa Paul , AO PSM , a former senior Australian public servant and policymaker who was a long-serving Secretary of the Department of Education and Training. Professor Stephen Parker is the interim vice-chancellor (VC), having previously served as VC 2007–2016. Parker took over from Professor Lucy Johnston who

8424-474: The former PRC President Li Xiannian ), names of automobiles (like Xiàlì 夏利 " Charade "), and many toponyms ( Xiàwēiyí 夏威夷 " Hawaiʻi ", spelled with the ʻokina ). Yanfang Tang, professor of Chinese at the College of William and Mary , says the ABC Chinese–English Comprehensive Dictionary "stands above its peers as one of the most comprehensive, informative, and useful tools in the study of and dealing with

8532-622: The institute to teach Chinese to missionaries en route to China. In 1814, a chair of Chinese and Manchu was founded at Collège de France . Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat , who taught himself Chinese , filled the position, becoming the first professor of Chinese in Europe. By then the first Russian sinologist, Nikita Bichurin , had been living in Beijing for ten years. Abel-Rémusat's counterparts in England and Germany were Samuel Kidd (1797–1843) and Wilhelm Schott (1807–1889) respectively, though

8640-598: The level of teachers and staff. The Bourguiba Institute for Modern Languages was also opened in Tunisia, and it specializes in the Chinese language in 1977. Cairo University also established the Chinese Language Department in September 2004 becoming a major center for Sinology is North Africa . Arab scholars sought to delve deeper into Sinology for academic, political, cultural and diplomatic purposes in order to build

8748-458: The main concourse. Each building is numbered and many do not hold any title or namesake. At the northern end of the campus is the University of Canberra Hospital which focuses on rehabilitation. The Refectory is located in Building 1, operated by UCX (the student union). It provides a food court, general shop, pool tables, and lounges, and is also a concert venue. Upstairs there are study rooms which can be booked by students and staff. The Hub

8856-416: The melodies of spoken Chinese alive. Michael Sawer, professor of Chinese at the University of Canberra , says using the ABC Dictionary does not make it easy to quickly find all the words beginning with the same Chinese character; but it does enable readers to easily find all those pronounced the same (disregarding tonal differences), as well as which among homophonous words is used most frequently. Taking

8964-457: The modern Chinese practice of incorporating the Latin alphabet in coining Sino-alphabetic words like BP-jī BP机 "pager; beeper". In contrast to most Chinese–English dictionaries, DeFrancis' emphasizes multisyllabic cí "words" rather than monosyllabic zì "characters". It only includes monosyllabic character entries that are likely to be encountered as free forms or unbound morphemes (according to

9072-479: The most comprehensive one-volume dictionary of Chinese. DeFrancis (posthumously) and Zhang Yanyin, professor of Applied Linguistics and Educational Linguistics at the University of Canberra , edited the bidirectional paperback ABC English–Chinese, Chinese–English Dictionary (2010, 1240 pp., 19 cm.). It contains 67,633 entries: 29,670 in the English–Chinese section, 37,963 in the Chinese–English section, which

9180-630: The myriad tasks of processing dictionary entries, such as defining, inputting, checking, and proofreading. The University of Hawaiʻi Press published the ABC Chinese–English Dictionary in September 1996. UHP republished the original paperback ABC Chinese–English Dictionary , which had a total 916 pages and was 23 cm. high, into the ABC Chinese–English Dictionary: Pocket Edition (1999, 16 cm.) and hardback ABC Chinese–English Dictionary: Desk Reference Edition (2000, 23 cm.). In Shanghai, DeFrancis' dictionary

9288-531: The object of his search instead of having to make endless, insufferable detours in an impenetrable forest of graphs." In DeFrancis' Acknowledgements, he says "This dictionary owes its genesis to the initiative of Victor H. Mair", who after unsuccessful attempts to obtain financial support for the compilation of an alphabetically based Chinese–English dictionary, in 1990 organized an international group of scholars who volunteered to contribute towards compiling it. However, "agonizingly slow progress" made it apparent that

9396-443: The other hand, replied that the disciplines were too often treated as ends in themselves. Sinology had its backers. Frederick W. Mote , a specialist in traditional China, replying to Skinner, spoke up for sinology, which he saw as a field or discipline in itself. Another specialist in traditional China, Denis Twitchett , in reply to the back and forth of this debate, issued what he called "A Lone Cheer for Sinology". He did not accept

9504-588: The other two dictionaries) is all the words listed beginning with yì 意 . ABC gives grammatical information with around 30 tags, including both parts of speech ("V." for verb) and other tags ("ID." for idiom). CED provides just 11 grammatical tags, while CCD only marks numerals and classifiers. The comprehensive grammatical tags in ABC are "a most valuable feature", especially for learners of Chinese, and many words have more than one grammatical function (e.g., xuéxí 学习 [學習] v. study; learn; emulate ◆ n. learning"). Another useful ABC grammatical tag

9612-523: The people of China, their culture, economy, literature and philosophy have been translated into Arabic by the (House of Wisdom) company located in the Ningxia Hui region, northwest China since its establishment in 2011. University of Canberra The University of Canberra ( UC ) is a public research university with its main campus located in Bruce, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory . The campus

9720-555: The pilgrimage to Mecca, in addition to the flourishing of land and sea trade. All this led to the advancement of their studies in geography and thus, new knowledge about China found its way to the Arab world. Up to the twelfth century, the Arabs possessed exclusive knowledge about the East, and they were contributing to the transmission of knowledge to the West, which contributed to the advancement of Islamic civilization and its impact on world culture. Arabs such as Abu al-Hasan Ali al-Masoudi, who

9828-410: The power to write on a range of topics and to criticize in damning detail the mistakes of other scholars. Maspero expanded the scope of sinology from Confucianism to include Daoism, Buddhism, and popular religion, as well as art, mythology, and the history of science. The contribution of Granet was to apply the concepts of Emile Durkheim , a pioneer sociologist, to the society of ancient China, especially

9936-422: The reason for this is due to the fact that the purpose of the visits was often to trade or to spread Islam. At the beginning of the seventh century until the eighth century, the power of the Arabs increased due to the expansion of Islam and its spread throughout the world, and their control expanded to the east and west. Their power was strengthened by their vast lands, their advanced network of postal stations, and

10044-479: The renowned pioneer Matteo Ricci . Ricci arrived in Guangzhou in 1583, and would spend the rest of his life in China. Unlike most of his predecessors and contemporaries, Ricci did not view the Chinese firstly as pagans or idolators, but as "like-minded literati approachable on the level of learning". Like Chinese literati, he studied the Confucian classics in order to present Catholic doctrine and European learning to

10152-439: The saying goes Tā shuō ~: "..." He said: "..." ② think; suppose (1996: 113) This concise entry uses a superscript on dào to denote 道 as the second most commonly occurring unbound character pronounced dào , gives six English translation equivalents, distinguishes syntactic uses as a measure word and a verb, and gives two characterless usage examples chángyán dào 常言道 and Tā shuōdào 他說道 . Tone sandhi (tone change)

10260-484: The social sciences to make more use of China, but wrote "In recent years the cry has gone up: Sinology is dead; long live Chinese studies!" and concluded that "Sinology, a discipline unto itself, is being replaced by Chinese studies, a multidisciplinary endeavour with specific research objectives." Joseph Levenson , a historian, went further. He doubted that sinology was a tool that social scientists would still find useful, while another historian, Benjamin I. Schwartz , on

10368-423: The transcription (see a * 啊 above), for instance, " lìguǐ 厉鬼 n. ferocious ghost" and " lìguì* 立柜 n. clothes-closet; wardrobe; hanging cupboard". While frequency information is useful for students learning vocabulary, the ABC Dictionary chiefly provides it in order to help determine the default items in computer usage. "Our unique combination of letters, tone marks, and raised numbers provides

10476-451: The words and expressions I have tried to look up; this I regard as quite remarkable since I cannot say the same about other dictionaries I have been consulting over my more than 25 years of working on Chinese". Sean Jensen says alphabetical collation is "truly iconoclastic" in the tradition-rich world of Chinese lexicography and describes experimenting with using the dictionary. I am used to the "old style" dictionaries based on radicals, and I

10584-599: Was A$ 312.84 million (2022). In 2024, the University of Canberra is expecting a $ 36 million deficit which triggered emergency spending constraints. The deficit is partly attributed to a decline in international student enrolments. The financial situation lead to the announcement in October 2024 of urgent and significant cost-saving measures, including an estimated 200 job cuts by the middle of 2025. The university has several research centres relating to its areas of research strength. These are: The University of Canberra Library

10692-454: Was France, where Chinese studies were popularized owing to efforts from Louis XIV . In 1711, he appointed a young Chinese man named Arcadio Huang to catalog the royal collection of Chinese texts. Huang was assisted by Étienne Fourmont , who published a grammar of Chinese in 1742. In 1732, Matteo Ripa , a missionary of the Neapolitan "Sacred Congregation" ( De propaganda fide ) founded

10800-459: Was a popular Canberra entertainment event and one of Australia's most popular music festivals. In 2000, the festival became Stonefest. Beginning in 2012, Stonefest was not held for a number of years at the University of Canberra. In 2014, UC created a mini-music Stonefest festival with a DJ and numerous activities, however it was not received well. In 2019, Stonefest returned, with both local and international acts, but did not run in 2020-2021 due to

10908-485: Was a well-known and highly regarded Arabic historical material. The book had two separate parts, the first part was "History of Indian and Chinese Affairs" by an unknown author, and the second part was "A Collection of Rumors of India and China" by Abu Zayd. The first part was a selection from Solomon's "Chinese experiences" and other anonymous sources, written and recorded in 851, together with their experiences in India. During

11016-542: Was approximately 71 in 2012. An independent radio station, 87.8 UCFM is run by students from the main UC campus. The University has several sporting partnerships including sponsoring the University of Canberra Capitals , a professional women's basketball team, the ACT Brumbies , a professional rugby union team, and the University of Canberra Firebirds , an amateur American football club. On Saturday 17 June, 2023, UC announced

11124-409: Was disposed to approach the ABC Dictionary with some skepticism. But having used it for two months I have so(sic) say that it is nothing short of wonderful! It is a pleasure to be able to use a Chinese dictionary in the same way that one uses a French or German dictionary. The typography is exceptionally clear, and the sheer quantity of words per page, arranged alphabetically, has the effect of bringing

11232-467: Was first held in 1971. It has since evolved into a popular music festival. Stone Day traditionally took place after classes finished at the end of Semester 2, but before exams. The day before was known as Stone Eve. Stone Day involved a music festival with local bands. Over the years, the Stone Day program grew larger, expanding to a whole week in 1976, and became Stoneweek. In the 1980s and 1990s, Stoneweek

11340-425: Was incorporated into Wenlin 4.0 (2011), which includes 300,000 Chinese–English entries, 73,000 Chinese character entries, and 62,000 English–Chinese entries. Prior to the alphabetically arranged ABC Chinese–English Dictionary , virtually every Chinese dictionary was based upon character head entries, arranged either by character shape or pronunciation, that subsume words and phrases written with that head character as

11448-665: Was known as kangaku . It was contrasted with the study of Japan ( kokugaku ) as well as with the study of the West (first rangaku , then more broadly yōgaku ). This historical field is distinguished from modern sinology. In modern China, the studies of China-related subjects is known as "national studies" ( 国学 ; 國學 ; guóxué ), and foreign sinology is translated as "Han studies" ( 汉学 ; 漢學 ; Hànxué ). The earliest Westerners known to have studied Chinese in significant numbers were 16th-century Portuguese, Spanish, and Italian missionaries. All were either Jesuits or Dominicans seeking to spread Catholic Christianity to

11556-534: Was published under the title Han-Ying Cidian: ABC Chinese–English Dictionary (Hanyu Dacidian Chubanshe, 1997). For reasons of political correctness , the Shanghai edition amended the entry for Lin Biao . It altered the original American edition's "veteran Communist military leader and Mao Zedong's designated successor until mysterious death" to "veteran Communist military leader; ringleader of counterrevolutionary group (during

11664-601: Was the interim VC following the sudden departure of Professor Paddy Nixon who served as VC from 6 April 2020 to 15 December 2023. The incoming VC, from February 2025, is Bill Shorten . Prior to Professor Nixon, Professor Deep Saini was VC from 1 September 2016 to 21 December 2019. The five faculties are: Arts and design specialises in architecture , landscape architecture , graphic design , communication studies , culture and heritage, journalism , creative writing and poetry , international studies , and media arts . The faculty has two schools: School of Design and

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