The Panyols are a pardo or moreno (tri-racial) ethnic group in Trinidad and Tobago of Afro-Spanish-Indigenous descent, primarily of mixed South American Amerindian , Trinidad and Tobago Amerindian , Afro-Trinidadian , Afro-Venezuelans and Spanish descent. The name is a derivation of the word 'español', as well as the community's settlement in what became predominantly cocoa cultivated regions of Trinidad. Also referred to as Pagnols or Payols , the panyol communities draw cultural influence from both sides of the Gulf of Paria , and are predominantly found within the Northern Range rainforest mountains and valleys of Trinidad, with South American cultural influences most predominantly derived from regions around the Orinoco , and Caura River , Venezuela.
48-652: Trinidadian Spanish ( castellano trinitense or castellano trinitario ) refers to the Spanish natively spoken by Cocoa Panyols in Trinidad and Tobago which is very close to extinction. The current situation of Spanish in Trinidad and Tobago is complex due to the recent influx of Venezuelan migrants and a misguided popular belief that there was never a hispanophone presence on the island, resulting in all Spanish speakers are labeled as Venezuelan or "Spanish". Most native Spanish speakers in Trinidad were historically found in
96-519: A diverse population that reflects its colorful history and the peoples that have resided there throughout. The historic amalgam of the different main groups forms the basics of Venezuela's current demographics: European immigrants, Amerindian peoples , Africans , Asians (including the Arabs/West Asians ) and other recent immigrants. The autosomal DNA genetic composition of population in Venezuela,
144-636: A high number of other Europeans brought in were from Portuguese , Italian , and German immigrants to the region in the middle 20th century by the Petroleum Growth , and in much smaller numbers of French , English , Portuguese , Polish , Russian , Greek , Scandinavian , Romanian , Ukrainian and Hungarian communities who immigrated during the Second World War and the Cold War . 300,000 Italians and an equal numbers of Spaniards and immigrated in
192-413: A lesser extent other Spanish-speaking countries, mostly Colombia, Venezuela's neighbor) and Trinidad. These include the ' bozal ' Spanish-speaking African Slaves from Spanish America, descendants of Trinidadians who migrated from El Callao and Güiria and migrants from Maracaibo for the petroleum and cocoa industry. In the 21st century, this migration was induced by the economic decline in Venezuela and
240-564: A major wave of 2.1 million European immigrants, being the third country in Latin America to have received Europeans, behind Argentina and Brazil. Writing was not used in pre-Columbian times, a historical stage where various groups began to move throughout the Americas, thus making it difficult to find evidence of the people who began to populate this land. However, archaeological excavations show evidence of certain periods that were taking place on
288-488: A modern and friendly twist to Venezuelan identity, being introduced by local communities in english speaking countries as they welcome newcomers from Venezuela. Venezuela is a diverse and multilingual country, home to a melting pot of people of distinct origins, as a result, many Venezuelans do not regard their nationality with ethnicity, but with citizenship or allegiance. Venezuela as Argentina and Brazil, received most immigrants, during 1820s to 1930s Venezuela received
336-411: A process of "fusion" between the different racial groups: The "brown" were descendants of the unions between Whites, Indians and Blacks and by the 18th century were the largest racial and social group being more than 60% of the population. This process is currently responsible for the majority of Venezuelans who are of mixed race. This number, however, would continue to decrease after the economic boom in
384-599: Is 60.60% of European contribution, 23% of Amerindian contribution, and 16.30% of African contribution. Many of the indigenous peoples were absorbed into the Moreno population, because of the heavy mixture of European and African people. They represent over half of the country's population (about 51.6%). This proportion is beginning to decrease, though, as mixed lower income Venezuelans are more likely to flee to other South American countries. Early European settlers and post-independence immigrants were mostly Spanish colonists, but
432-723: Is a result of encounters between Europeans, Africans and Indigenous Amerindians in Trinidad. Families of African and Amerindian descent are recorded as far back as 1841 within the Cocoa Estates Community. The Panyols were part of the Cedula of Populations, and included workers attracted from Venezuela after the 1838 Abolition of Slavery, for labour within the cocoa industry. Migrants from Venezuela settled and intermarried, in particular in Diego Martin with Africans of Sierra Leonese descent, and with that community formed an integral part of
480-650: Is around 60,000 Syrian-Venezuelans living in Syria. More than 200,000 people from the Sweida area carry Venezuelan citizenship and most are members of Syria's Druze sect, who immigrated to Venezuela in the past century. According to a 2011 poll, 88.3 percent of the population is Christian, primarily Roman Catholic (71%), 17 percent Protestant , and the remaining 0.03 percent Mormons ( LDS Church ). The Venezuelans without religion are 9% ( atheist 2%, agnostic or indifferent 6% and doesn't know/doesn't respond 1% ), almost 3% of
528-557: Is the fact that virtually there are no pure blacks nor indigenous people in Venezuela. With the exception of direct descendants of immigrants or specific indigenous tribes. In addition, according to a genetic autosomal DNA study conducted in 2008 by the University of Brasilia (UNB), the composition of the population of Venezuela is: 60.60% European, 23% of Native American contribution and 16% of Africa's contribution. The population of approximately 28 million people (in 2011) made Venezuela
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#1732883563002576-480: The Panyols so was quickly dropped by many descendants or not taught at all for fear of passing on bad English . Due to socioeconomic factors and geographic isolation, Spanish, the local variety especially, was not adopted or even heard by large parts of the population. Except from these two larger migrations, throughout Trinidad's history, there have been movements of people in smaller numbers between Venezuela (and to
624-668: The patois word for Spanish , espagnol , and the Spanish word español , and reflects the historical association between the group and the cultivation of cacao in Trinidad . Panyols were most prevalent in the forested mountain regions of the Northern Range including (Caura, Lopinot , Arima , Santa Cruz and Maraval), and the Central Range (especially the Montserrat and Tortuga districts). Also, large communities of panyols resided in
672-742: The Aroa Valley , Litoral varguense , Eastern Falcon state ; Gibraltar , Bobures and Palmarito in the Sur del Lago Region; and in areas where slaves would run away during Colonial Venezuela and formed cumbes, communities in mountainous and isolated areas, such as, the Sierra de Falcón , Barlovento Region ( Acevedo , Andrés Bello , Brión , Buroz and Páez municipalities), Ocumare de La Costa , Choroní ; El Callao and Paria Peninsula (where Afro-Trinidadian also migrated); and through Los Llanos , well dispersed in small to decent percents. They represent 3.6% of
720-836: The Northern Range Rain Forest Mountains Valleys, of Trinidad. They traveled over the Chaguaramas Peninsula and Mountains of Diego Martin into the Rain Forest of the Northern Mountain Range of Trinidad and formed Villages high and deep in various parts of the Mountains to the Caura region, and via Caura River Trinidad, in past history and later generations during the Cédula de Población . The Panyol identity
768-718: The Roman Catholic , Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Rite Catholic Churches . There are few Muslims . Israel has been chosen by many Venezuelan Jews , along with the United States and other countries. According to the Venezuelan Institute of Statistics, about one million Venezuelans have Syrian origins and more than 20,000 Venezuelans are registered in the Venezuelan Embassy in Damascus. Other sources stated that there
816-468: The Santa Cruz , Caura Valley , Paramin , Lopinot and other rural communities working in and around the cocoa industry. The local dialect of Trinidadian Spanish is almost completely lost due to its social status (as a language for the poor or migrants), the prestige of English under British rule and larger influxes of non-Hispanic communities: East Indians , Chinese , Portuguese , Syrians, etc. But due to
864-479: The United States , Canada and Peru . Arab immigration to Venezuela started as early as the 19th and 20th centuries. They came mostly from Western Asia, particularly Lebanon , Syria , and Palestine . They are mostly located in the most important urban areas and Margarita Island , representing around 5% of the population in Venezuela. In religion, the majority of Arab-Venezuelans are Christians who belong to
912-517: The Venezuelan ancestry of Panyol landowners were referred to as Cocoa Panyols (or Cocoa Payols ). The present-day Panyols of Trinidad and Tobago are descendants of those Venezuelan, Colombian, and Spanish Settlers, whose ancestors originated from Canary Islands , and Gulf of Paria and neighboring region ethnic indigenous Amerindians communities on both sides of the Gulf of Paria, its Peninsulas, and into
960-560: The 1940s and 1950s, and earlier who were fleeing from the Spanish Civil War (1930s). Up to 95% of Venezuelans live principally in important urban areas like Greater Caracas , Maracaibo , Maracay , Valencia , Lecheria , Barquisimeto / Cabudare , Colonia Tovar , Punto Fijo ; the Andean States , Margarita Island and Araya Peninsula . They represent almost half of the population with 43.6% self-identifying as ‘blanco’ (white) in
1008-478: The 2011 census. African people were brought as slaves , mostly to the coastal lowlands, beginning early in the 16th century, and continuing into the mid 19th century. Although they are located in almost the entire country, the Black and African population are concentrated in places where they used to be enslaved and worked as farm hands on subsistence farms of plantains , cocoa , tobacco , sugar cane and cotton in
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#17328835630021056-674: The Christmas period. Traditional music from the Northern Range, Parang a galicismo of Parranda, uses the Joropo , Gaita and Polo music styles among others and is sung in Spanish. More recent Soca Parang and Chutney Parang have been performed in English. Pastelles , or pasteles in Spanish, are also eaten. Trinidadian Spanish is closely related to the Spanish found in the east of Venezuela ( Sucre , Caribbean Coast ) and Margarita Island and shares many features with Caribbean Spanish in general. Due to
1104-589: The Cold War. Black Africans were brought as slaves, mostly coastal lowlands, beginning early in the sixteenth century and continuing into the nineteenth century. Other immigrant populations are Asian and Middle East, particularly Lebanon, Syria and the Arab world, some Jews from southern Spain, Israel and Central European nations, Dominicans, Trinidadians and Tobagonians, Haitians, Cubans, Peruvians, Argentines, Uruguayans, Chileans, Ecuadorians, Guyaneses and Colombians, this being
1152-458: The Cédula de Población, French Creole took over as lingua franca among the newly arrived peoples, then replaced by English after 1797 when Britain officially took the island. The second wave of Spanish speakers came in the form of peons , eastern Venezuelan agricultural workers who arrived in the early 19th century. Due to their low economic and social status, Spanish was stigmatized as a language of
1200-616: The Estate Lands settlers in that Region. Among the larger families of their descendants today are the Emmanuel, Herrera, Tardieu, George, Felix, Hospedales and Thomas families of Maraval, Paramin and Diego Martin. They became an integral part of the Cocoa Farms Estate owners and settled many of the lands and regions in Maraval, Paramin, St. Ann's, and Diego Martin. The name 'panyol' comes from
1248-518: The Hispanic and Spanish. Venezuelans Irreligion , Deism , Agnosticism and Atheism : (8.0%) Venezuelans ( Spanish : venezolanos ) are the citizens identified with the country of Venezuela . This connection may be through citizenship, descent or cultural. For most Venezuelans, many or all of these connections exist and are the source of their Venezuelan citizenship or their bond to Venezuela. In recent years, after mass emigrations,
1296-761: The Paramin region of Maraval, in the Northern Range, there was significant integration into the French Patois-speaking communities, giving rise to the Parang tradition in Paramin and the blending of Venezuelan and French Creole cultures. The community in Trinidad originated in the late seventeenth century (see History of Trinidad and Tobago ). After the Island fell under British control in 1797, Spanish-speaking Venezuelans continued to settle in Trinidad, usually in connection with
1344-713: The St. Ann's Hills. They played an important role in the development of the cocoa industry in Trinidad and Tobago, running the Cocoa Estates, and are not to be confused with the free community of mixed-heritage born during slavery, or the Native Indian Groups in the lower regions that suffered through so much beneath the Mountains, and families of intermarriages with that community on both sides over generations. The Panyols are primarily of ancestry from Colombian , Venezuelan , and Spaniard ancestors from Spain and thus referred to as
1392-453: The Venezuelan presence in Trinidad, it is likely that the local dialect of spoken Spanish will become ever more venezolano or sucrense . The Spanish claimed Trinidad in 1498 and settled on the island in 1560. Spanish speakers on the island have been present in some form ever since. European settlers were small in number but the indigenous people were taught and proselytized in Spanish. After
1440-523: The Venezuelans live in urban areas – a figure significantly higher than the world average. The literacy rate (98 percent) in Venezuela is also well above the world average, and the rate of population growth slightly exceeds the world average. A large proportion of Venezuelans are young, largely because of recent decreases in the infant mortality rate. While 30 percent of the people are 14 years old or younger, just 4 percent are aged 65 or older. The country has
1488-579: The areas of Moruga, such as La Lune. The relocation of the village of Caura for the planned Caura Dam (which was never constructed) led to a major disruption of panyol communities. Many families relocated to the Lopinot Valley, but others moved into urban areas and were absorbed into the mainstream of Trinidadian life. Some panyols merged into the French Creole , Afro-Trinidadian , East Indian communities and Dougla communities through intermarriage. In
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1536-603: The civil wars and revolutions which followed the Bolivarian revolution . The rise of cocoa cultivation in Trinidad was largely achieved through the importation of Venezuelan peasant farmers. These farmers were employed to clear the forest and establish cocoa seedlings. After five to seven years, they were paid for each mature cocoa tree on the plot of land. Then, they moved on to a new plot of land, repeating this process. They are also credited with establishing parang in Trinidad. The present descendants of Panyol in Trinidad are born of
1584-580: The coast and spread to some nearby islands, trying to find new feeding alternatives. On August 2, 1498 (516 years), Christopher Columbus , and the Spanish colonizers' ships, first landed on the American mainland in what is currently Venezuelan territory. Colonization was rapid despite small local indigenous rebellions, and the Spaniards manage to conquer the territory. During this period, the most significant crossbreeding process took place. One that will later define
1632-555: The communities thereof, and a few that intermarried with the indigenous lines of the surrounding regions, on both sides of the Caura River, and a relatively small community of interrelated families over generations with those of the larger Cocoa Estate and Venezuelan Free Community prior to and after 1838 in Diego Martin, Maraval and Paramin. Some intermarried with the Portuguese as well of Port-of-Spain and St. Ann's and settled lands in
1680-469: The continent were probably from East Asia to 15,000 years. C. These early migrants (called forth by the generic name "Indians") came at first to be located in North America, later moving to the territory of present Venezuela. During this period, various mammals were disappearing by climatic changes already beginning to take place from 5000 years ago, so the population in the mainland, starts to move towards
1728-526: The continent. Venezuela was probably first settled by humans 16,000 years ago, due to migration flows from other indigenous cultures of America, from the south to the Amazon, from the west through Los Andes and north by the Caribbean Sea . There are four periods of diversity that develop in the current Venezuela, which also entering a new period, it did not mean the end of the previous. The first migrations to
1776-578: The country's proximity to the coast of Venezuela, the country is currently slowly developing a relationship with Spanish-speaking peoples, and therefore the government requires that Spanish be taught in secondary education. Specifically, in 2004, when the government appointed Spanish as the first foreign language, launched in March 2005, the East Indians, Chinese, Portuguese, Syrians, etc. study Spanish. The last vestiges of Hispano-Trinidadian culture can be seen in
1824-521: The crown, representing only 15% of the population. Another group of whites who were born in Venezuela were originally called "Creole", representing 20% of the population: they were mostly from the Canary Islands and they worked mainly in petty trade. The other two smaller groups were the original inhabitants and indigenous blacks brought from Africa: they were about 5% of the population. Soon the original groups started to have interbreedings and this created
1872-567: The greatest social impact due to a large number of displaced individuals who entered the Venezuelan territory during the armed conflict in that country; which generated a high supply of labor, personnel and domestic economy informal. As of 1981, according to the critic D'Ambrosio and other academics, about 51.6% of Venezuelans are mestizos or mulattos (called Criollos : the 40% of them are with mostly white features, 20% with mostly black features and 10% with mostly Indians features), 45% are white, 2% are black and 1% Indians. According to these scholars,
1920-547: The island's close proximity and flights to other locations. The lexicon of Trinidadian Spanish is very similar to that of Eastern Venezuelan and Margaritan Spanish, with some words borrowed from Cariban, Arawakan, English, Patois, Caribbean Hindustani, and Portuguese. It is most developed in the aspects of life that were traditionally most in the Panyol culture: Cocao, farming, hunting, religion, and food. Cocoa Panyols The Venezuelan and Colombian peasant cocoa-farm workers of
1968-508: The mid 20th century. The country has a diverse population that reflects its rich history and the people that have lived here since antiquity to the present. The historic amalgam of different principal groups form the basis of the current demographics of Venezuela: the European immigrants, the Amerindian peoples, African, and other recent immigrants. Many of the indigenous peoples were absorbed by
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2016-472: The mixed population, but the remaining 500,000 currently represent more than 85 different cultures. European immigrants were mainly Spanish colonists, but another large and growing number are descendants of Europeans ( Portuguese , Italians , Germans and Americans ) who migrated to the region in mid-twentieth century during the oil growth in the country. Small numbers are descendants of French , English and Polish , as they emigrated during World War II and
2064-462: The population. Before the Spanish colonization of the region that would become the country of Venezuela, the territory was the home to many different indigenous peoples . Today more than fifty different indigenous ethnic groups inhabit Venezuela. Most of them speak languages belonging to the Arawakan , Cariban , and Chibchan languages families. Pure indigenous Amerindians comprise around 2 percent of
2112-874: The population. There are 101 languages listed for Venezuela in the Ethnologue database, of which 80 are spoken today as living languages. Today, they're mostly located south of the Orinoco , in the Guayana Region , an area that covers half of the country but the population represents just 2.7% of Venezuelans; other important regions where they're located are on Zulia state, Apure state, the Eastern Region and Orinoco Delta . The largest sub-groups are immigrants or descendants of immigrants from Mainland China, Philippines, India, Japan and Korea. The first wave of immigrants began in 1847 and consisted of mainly Cantonese immigrants; then
2160-415: The second wave during beginning of the 1940s and 1950s, consisted of Chinese and Japanese immigrants; reaching a peak in the mid-1970s in connection with the oil boom , where Korean and Indian immigrants (mostly Indo-Caribbeans ) formed a new group to the country. Asian people represent around 1% of the Venezuelan population. The Chinese in Venezuela are the 4th largest diaspora in the Americas after
2208-616: The sixth-most populous country in Latin America (after Brazil , Mexico , Colombia , Argentina and Peru ). Approximately more than one million (4-6% of the total population) are living in other countries. Due to the worsening economic conditions in Venezuela, there are 100,000 Venezuelans living in neighbouring Guyana and larger numbers living in Peru, Colombia, Brazil, Ecuador, the USA, Trinidad and Tobago, Chile and Panama. More than ninety percent of
2256-572: The social profile of the country. With the passage of time, and the introduction of the African continent, a third race, the Africans, started to integrate into the population, creating heterogeneity in the faces of the society of the time. During colonial centuries in Venezuela began to settle the "peninsular whites", coming directly from the Iberian Peninsula and which were those who held positions in
2304-493: The term " Venzies " has emerged as a playful and affectionate nickname for Venezuelan men, while " Venuzzies " is sometimes used to refer to Venezuelan women, drawing inspiration from the Roman goddess Venus to emphasize elegance and femininity. These terms parallel other friendly demonyms like “Aussies” for Australians or “Kiwis” for New Zealanders, reflecting a trend of using lighthearted names to show warmth and familiarity. They add
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