49-571: General Sir Redvers Henry Buller , VC , GCB , GCMG (7 December 1839 – 2 June 1908) was a British Army officer and a recipient of the Victoria Cross , the highest award for gallantry awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. He served as Commander-in-Chief of British Forces in South Africa during the early months of the Second Boer War and subsequently commanded
98-750: A Companion of the Order of the Bath . He then served in South Africa during the 9th Cape Frontier War in 1878 and the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879. In the Zulu War he commanded the mounted infantry of the northern British column (No. 4 column) under Sir Evelyn Wood . In March 1879 the column met defeat at the Battle of Hlobane . Buller was awarded the Victoria Cross for bravery during this battle. The following day he participated in
147-640: A Buller Road, along with other references to the war: Mafeking Road, Ladysmith Road and Kimberley Road nearby. Buller Road in Exeter is close to Redvers Road, crossed by Nelson Road. Exeter School has a Buller House. In British Columbia Buller Street in Ladysmith is named after him, near Roberts Street and Kitchener Street. The town of Redvers , in Saskatchewan, is named after him. In Ontario , Buller Street in Woodstock
196-448: A French military critic, General Langlois, pointed out that it was Buller, not Roberts, who had the toughest job of the war – and it was Buller who was the innovator in countering Boer tactics. The proper use of cover, of infantry advancing in rushes, co-ordinated in turn with creeping barrages of artillery: these were the tactics of truly modern war, first evolved by Buller in Natal. In England
245-701: A collector, a clerk, delivery man and two boys. One of its compositors also acted as sub-editor. Its circulation by 1840 was 900. On 1 January 1850, it became a daily publication, and three years later the paper was bought back by Thomas's son William Kyffin Thomas as part of South Australia's first media syndicate with Anthony Forster , Edward William Andrews and Joseph Fisher . They also purchased its weekly sister publication, The Adelaide Observer , and established The Evening Journal (January 1869 – September 1912) which morphed into The Journal (October 1912 – July 1923) which then became The News . Its Saturday edition
294-459: A good fount of small pica for printing official documents, and a quantity of general jobbing type" with all the other requirements for editing, setting up, printing and distributing an admittedly small circulation newspaper.) From the start, the paper asserted a strongly independent stance. Stevenson's style was vigorous and provocative, making himself and The Register several enemies. His opposition to Colonel William Light's choice of site for
343-611: A place of safety. Later on, Colonel Buller, in the same manner, saved a trooper of the Frontier Light Horse, whose horse was completely exhausted, and who otherwise would have been killed by the Zulus, who were within 80 yards of him. In an interview to The Register newspaper of Adelaide , South Australia, dated 2 June 1917, Trooper George Ashby of the Frontier Light Horse (also referred to as " Pulleine 's Pets") attached to
392-735: A vain attempt to protect their monopoly and lost about £1,650 a year. His protest that he was authorised by the British Government to do its printing failed and, insolvent, he sold the paper for £600 to James Allen (previously editor of the South Australian Magazine ) in 1842, as Stevenson withdrew from journalism. Thomas also published the weekly Adelaide Chronicle and South Australian Literary Record (10 December 1839 – 18 May 1842). John Stephens , who had in 1843 founded The Adelaide Observer , in 1845 purchased The Register . Anthony Forster became part owner in 1848; With
441-656: A year. After education at Eton , he purchased a commission in the 60th Rifles in May 1858. He served in the Second Opium War and was promoted captain before taking part in the Canadian Red River Expedition of 1870. In 1873–74, he was the intelligence officer under Lord Wolseley during the Ashanti campaign , during which he was slightly wounded at the Battle of Ordabai . He was promoted to major and appointed
490-496: Is a memorial to Buller, in the form of his recumbent effigy, in the north transept of Winchester Cathedral , England. The inscription reads, "A great leader – Beloved of his men." A bronze equestrian statue of Buller by Adrian Jones (1905) is situated in Exeter at the junction of New North Road and Hele Road, on the route between the city and Buller's home at Downes, Crediton , and since 1970 it has stood outside Exeter College . In January 2021, Exeter City Council voted to move
539-613: Is named after him. Buller Street in Port of Spain is one of seven streets bearing the names of officers of the British Army who distinguished themselves during the Second Boer War : Roberts , Kitchener , Baden-Powell , Buller, Methuen , MacDonald and William Forbes Gatacre. His Victoria Cross is displayed at the Royal Green Jackets (Rifles) Museum in Winchester , England. There
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#1733085279471588-534: Is now only awarded as an honorary rank. The rank of general has a NATO-code of OF-9 , and is a four-star rank . It is equivalent to a full admiral in the Royal Navy or an air chief marshal in the Royal Air Force . Officers holding the ranks of lieutenant-general and major-general may be generically considered to be generals. A general's insignia is a crossed sword and baton. This appeared on its own for
637-594: The First Boer War of 1881 he was Sir Evelyn Wood 's chief of staff and the following year was again head of intelligence, this time in the Egypt campaign, and was knighted. He had married Audrey, the daughter of the 4th Marquess Townshend , in 1882 and in the same year was sent to the Sudan in command of an infantry brigade and fought at the battles of El Teb and Tamai , and the expedition to relieve General Gordon in 1885. He
686-738: The Great Depression had severely reduced its fortunes, forcing it to become largely pictorial. Significant events in the newspaper's history are as follows: The proclamation of government in South Australia was printed for the governor on 30 December – the first printing job in the new province. The South Australian Gazette and Colonial Register volume 1, issue 2 is published on 3 June 1837. Although subscribers were promised weekly publication, subsequent issues were published on 8 July, 29 July, 12 August, 16 September, 4 October, 19 October and 11 November. Price: 6 pence per issue. Early in
735-515: The National Library of Australia , its pages contain "one hundred years of births, deaths, marriages, crime, building history, the establishment of towns and businesses, political and social comment". All issues are freely available online, via Trove . The Register was conceived by Robert Thomas , a law stationer, who had purchased for his family 134 acres (54 ha) of land in the proposed South Australian province after being impressed by
784-1102: The Royal Corps of Transport barracks at Aldershot is named after him, as is a road in North Camp between Farnborough and Aldershot, and Buller Court in Farnborough (built upon the site of Buller House). Two adjacent roads near the underground station in Wood Green , London, namely Redvers Road and Buller Road (adjacent to Mafeking Road), bear his name, as do a road in Brighton , Redvers Buller Road in Chesterfield , Derbyshire (adjacent to Baden Powell Road and Lord Roberts Road (after Lord Roberts of Kandahar )), Buller Street in Derby , Buller Road in Croydon and Buller Street and Mews in Bury, Lancashire (yards from
833-453: The 24th Regiment gave an account of his rescue by Col. Buller: ... it was discovered that the mountain was surrounded by a vast horde of Zulus. An attempt was made to descend on the side opposite to the pass. Cpl. Ashby and his little party endeavoured to fight their way down, and at last he and a man named Andrew Gemmell, now living in New Zealand, were the only ones left. With their faces to
882-690: The Boers would take to guerrilla warfare. Later he was successful in flanking Boer armies out of positions at Biggarsberg , Laing's Nek and Lydenburg . It was Buller's veterans who won the Battle of Bergendal in the war's last set-piece action. Buller was also popular as a military leader amongst the public in England, and he had a triumphal return from South Africa with many public celebrations, including those on 10 November 1900 when he went to Aldershot to resume his role as General Officer Commanding Aldershot District, later to be remembered as "a Buller day". He spent
931-571: The British Army by Lord Rosebery 's government on the retirement of the Duke of Cambridge in 1895, this did not happen because the government was replaced and Lord Wolseley was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the Army instead. On 24 June 1896 Buller was promoted to full General . Buller became head of the troops stationed at Aldershot in 1898. He was sent as commander of the Natal Field Force in 1899 on
980-584: The British victory at the Battle of Kambula . After the Zulu attacks on the British position were beaten off, he led his mounted troops in a ruthless pursuit of fleeing Zulu fighters. In June 1879, he again commanded mounted troops at the Battle of Ulundi , the Zulu capital. This decisive British victory effectively ended the war. His VC citation, for actions taken during the Battle of Hlobane, reads: For his gallant conduct at
1029-557: The Colonel stayed with him, and, Cpl. Ashby having picked up a rifle and ammunition from a fallen comrade, the two men retired, firing whenever a foeman showed himself. They eventually reached the main camp, and for this service, as well as for saving the lives of two fellow-officers on the same occasion, Col. Buller received the Victoria Cross. Out of 500 men who made the attack on the Zjilobane Mountain, more than 300 met their death." In
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#17330852794711078-526: The army in Natal until his return to England in November 1900. Buller was the second son and eventual heir of James Wentworth Buller (1798–1865), MP for Exeter, by his wife Charlotte Juliana Jane Howard-Molyneux-Howard (d.1855), third daughter of Lord Henry Thomas Howard-Molyneux-Howard , Deputy Earl Marshal and younger brother of Bernard Howard, 12th Duke of Norfolk . Redvers Buller was born on 7 December 1839 at
1127-443: The bad jokes of Victorian military history", and quotes a famous verdict that he was "an admirable captain, an adequate major, a barely satisfactory colonel and a disastrous general". Viscount Esher called him "a gallant fellow but no strategist". Wolseley praised his "stern determination of character". At least one recent historian has been kinder to his reputation: Buller's achievements have been obscured by his mistakes. In 1909,
1176-465: The death of Stephens in 1850, his share was taken over by John Taylor. Forster's share was taken over by Joseph Fisher in 1853, then sold to John Howard Clark in 1865. The paper, having been printed sporadically previously, became weekly in June 1838 and later twice-weekly from February 1843. By 1840, The Register employed a staff of 21. These were an editor, three pressmen, ten compositors, two binders,
1225-589: The defeated Boers, the Minister for War, St. John Brodrick and Lord Roberts sought a scapegoat. The opportunity was provided by the numerous attacks in the newspapers on the performance of the British Army. The matter came to a head when a virulent piece written by The Times journalist Leo Amery was publicly answered by Buller in a speech on 10 October 1901. Brodrick and Roberts saw their opportunity to pounce and, summoning Buller to an interview on 17 October, Brodrick, with Roberts in support, demanded his resignation on
1274-673: The family estate of Downes , near Crediton in Devon, inherited by his great-grandfather James Buller (1740–1772) from his mother Elizabeth Gould, the wife of James Buller (1717–1765), MP. The Bullers were an old Cornish family, long seated at Morval in Cornwall until their removal to Downes. The family estates, including Downes, inherited in 1874 by Redvers Buller from his unmarried elder brother James Howard Buller (1835–1874) included 1,191 hectares (2,942 acres) of Devon and 880 hectares (2,174 acres) of Cornwall, which in 1876 produced an income of £14,137
1323-537: The family seat, Downes House, Crediton, Devon, and is buried in the churchyard of Holy Cross Church in Crediton. The entire western side of the chancel arch inside the church forms an elaborate monument to Sir Redvers. As he died without male progeny he was succeeded in the family estates by his next surviving younger brother Arthur Tremayne Buller (born 1850), his father's fifth son. Historian Richard Holmes (1946–2011) commented that Buller has gone down as "one of
1372-400: The foe, firing as they retired, they kept the Zulus at bay. Then an unfortunate thing happened, Cpl. Ashby's rifle burst, but, fortunately for him, Col. Buller, afterwards Sir Redvers Buller, who was one of the party, came galloping by, and offered to take him up behind him. Col. Buller was a heavy man, and his horse was a light one, and realizing this, Cpl. Ashby declined his generous offer. But
1421-690: The following months giving lectures and speeches on the war, was promoted to a Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) in Nov 1900, and received the Honorary Freedom of the Borough of Plymouth in April 1901. However, his reputation had been damaged by his early reverses in South Africa, especially within the Unionist government. When public disquiet emerged over the continuing guerrilla activities by
1470-503: The grounds of breaching military discipline. Buller refused and was summarily dismissed on half pay on 22 October. His request for a court martial was refused, as was his request to appeal to the King . There were many public expressions of sympathy for Buller, especially in the West Country, where in 1905 by public subscription a notable statue by Adrian Jones of Buller astride his war horse
1519-509: The ideas of Edward Gibbon Wakefield . The first issue (printed by William Clowes & Sons , Duke-street, Stamford-street, Lambeth, London), appeared in London on 18 June 1836 with his friend and partner, George Stevenson , as editor. Thomas embarked for South Australia aboard the Africaine later that year, arriving on 10 November 1836 with his family and equipment to set up a printing plant. It
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1568-521: The lower general officer ranks) is the highest rank achievable by serving officers of the British Army . The rank can also be held by Royal Marines officers in tri-service posts, for example, Generals Sir Gordon Messenger and Gwyn Jenkins , former and current Vice-Chief of the Defence Staff . It ranks above lieutenant-general and, in the Army, is subordinate to the rank of field marshal , which
1617-570: The more egalitarian Advertiser was the latter's dramatic price reduction from 2d. to 1d., and hiring an army of canvassers, on commission, to peddle the paper. The Register was slow to respond, the Advertiser started putting its circulation figures on the masthead. By the time the Register cut its price the die was cast. The Advertiser bought out The Register and closed it down in February 1931 after
1666-537: The new capital and J.H. Fisher as Resident Commissioner, led them and others to found the Southern Australian in direct competition with The Register . The paper's antagonism of Governor Gawler led to The Register losing government business notably the South Australian Government Gazette . The printers Thomas & Co. had disengaged themselves from editorial content in June 1839 in
1715-532: The nickname "Reverse Buller" among troops. He remained as second-in-command and suffered two more setbacks in his attempts to relieve Ladysmith at the battles of Spion Kop and Vaal Krantz . On his fourth attempt, Buller was victorious in the Battle of the Tugela Heights , lifting the siege on 28 February 1900, the day after Piet Cronje at last surrendered to Roberts at Paardeberg. After Roberts took Bloemfontein (13 March 1900), Buller correctly predicted that
1764-543: The now obsolete rank of brigadier-general . A major-general has a pip over this emblem; a lieutenant-general a crown instead of a pip; and a full general both a pip and a crown. The insignia for the highest rank, that of Field Marshal , consists of crossed batons within a wreath and surmounted by a crown. The Register (Adelaide) The Register , originally the South Australian Gazette and Colonial Register , and later South Australian Register ,
1813-407: The old Lancashire Fusiliers Wellington Barracks on Bolton Road). Chatham also has a Redvers Road and a Buller Road next to each other, opposite a Natal Road, and adjacent to roads and avenues named after some other Boer War Generals: Haig , Kitchener , Symons and White . Leicester also has a Buller Road adjacent to other streets named after Anglo Boer War Generals. Brighton also has a Redvers and
1862-417: The outbreak of the Second Boer War . On seeing the list of troops which would make up his Corps Buller is said to have remarked "well, if I can't win with these, I ought to be kicked." By early September 1899 he had serious thoughts that the Boers could not easily be browbeaten, and that White 's forces in Natal might receive some punishment if they deployed too far forward. He arrived at the end of October. He
1911-567: The plinth. The entire western side of the chancel arch inside Holy Cross Church in Crediton forms an elaborate monument to Buller, designed by William Douglas Caröe with sculpture of St George by Nathaniel Hitch (1845–1938). A brass mural tablet was erected in Crediton Church by his only daughter Georgiana Buller. The public house at 37 High Street in Crediton, originally a Wetherspoons , bears his name. General (United Kingdom) General (or full general to distinguish it from
1960-603: The post of Principal Warden of the Goldsmiths' Company which he held until his death in 1908. In 1882, aged 43, he married Lady Audrey Jane Charlotte Townshend (d. 1926), widow of Greville Howard (son of Charles Howard, 17th Earl of Suffolk ) by whom she had issue, and daughter of John Townshend, 4th Marquess Townshend by his wife Elizabeth Jane Crichton-Stuart, daughter of Lord George Stuart, younger son of John Crichton-Stuart, 1st Marquess of Bute . By his wife he had issue an only child and daughter: Buller died on 2 June 1908, at
2009-428: The retreat at Inhlobana, on the 28th March, 1879, in having assisted, whilst hotly pursued by Zulus, in rescuing Captain C. D'Arcy , of the Frontier Light Horse, who was retiring on foot, and carrying him on his horse until he overtook the rear guard. Also for having on the same date and under the same circumstances, conveyed Lieutenant C. Everitt, of the Frontier Light Horse, whose horse had been killed under him, to
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2058-411: The statue away from the college on the grounds that its connection to "British imperialism" meant it was "inappropriate" to be "outside an educational establishment which includes young people from diverse backgrounds". In February 2021, the council abandoned plans to move the statue, though temporary information boards will be installed and the council will consider removing the words "He saved Natal" from
2107-497: The year, the newspaper was enlarged from 6 pages to 8. On 29 August the page size increased Demy to broadsheet . Publication increased to twice weekly. The paper moved to larger premises in Hindley Street. Stephens died on 28 November; publication was taken over by William Kyffin Thomas. Andrew Garran joined as editor; after 2 years he moved to Sydney . Gas lighting was installed, from their own generator until town gas
2156-447: Was South Australia 's first newspaper. It was first published in London in June 1836, moved to Adelaide in 1837, and folded into The Advertiser almost a century later in February 1931. The newspaper was the sole primary source for almost all information about the settlement and early history of South Australia. It documented shipping schedules, legal history and court records at a time when official records were not kept. According to
2205-480: Was called The Saturday Journal (July 1923 – April 1929). The Register outlasted many competitors throughout its long history, holding a monopoly on the market at various stages, but it ultimately met its match in The Advertiser . The Advertiser , founded in 1858, first emerged as a serious challenger to the paper in the 1870s. The defining move which swung Adelaide readership from the conservative Register to
2254-480: Was defeated at the Battle of Colenso , during what was later to become known as Black Week . Defeats at the Battle of Magersfontein and Battle of Stormberg also involved forces under his command. Because of concerns about his performance and negative reports from the field he was replaced in January 1900 as overall commander in South Africa by Lord Roberts . Defeats and questionable ability as commander soon earned him
2303-560: Was erected in Exeter on the road from his home town of Crediton (facing away from Crediton to the annoyance of its inhabitants). He received the Honorary Freedom of the borough of Blandford on 1 December 1902. Buller described himself as a Whig and a Liberal Unionist , but declined a number of offers, from both sides, to stand for Parliament at the 1906 election . Buller continued his quiet retirement, until on 29 May 1907 he accepted
2352-542: Was promoted to major-general. He was sent to Ireland in 1886, to head an inquiry into moonlighting by police personnel. He returned to the Army as Quartermaster-General to the Forces the following year and in 1890 promoted to Adjutant-General to the Forces , becoming a Lieutenant general on 1 April 1891. He was appointed Honorary Colonel of the 1st (Exeter and South Devon) Volunteer Battalion, Devonshire Regiment , on 4 May 1892. Although expected to be made Commander-in-Chief of
2401-484: Was six months before the first colonial edition of The Register was printed on 3 June 1837 in a small mud hut on Town Acre No. 56 in Hindley Street , near what is now named Register Place. (The colloquialism "mud hut" would seem to be an understatement for a substantial pisé building in which was operated a demy Stanhope press , an ancient wooden press, and racks holding "half a ton of bourgeois and brevier type,
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