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139-428: Radicalization that occurs across multiple reinforcing pathways greatly increases a group's resilience and lethality . Furthermore, by compromising a group's ability to blend in with non-radical society and to participate in a modern, national or international economy , radicalization serves as a kind of sociological trap that gives individuals no other place to go to satisfy their material and spiritual needs. There

278-533: A "revolutionary struggle" against the secular international order to unite the Muslim world under the " rule of God ". The Islamist volunteer organisations which participated in the Soviet–Afghan War of 1979 to 1989 reinforced the rise of jihadism, which has been propagated during various armed conflicts throughout the 1990s and 2000s. Jihadist organizations and rebel groups have become more prominent since

417-471: A "theological playbook used to justify the group's abhorrent acts". He states: Ranging from ruminations on the merits of beheading, torturing, or burning prisoners to thoughts on assassination, siege warfare, and the use of biological weapons, Muhajir's intellectual legacy is a crucial component of the literary corpus of ISIS —and, indeed, whatever comes after it—a way to render practically anything permissible, provided, that is, it can be spun as beneficial to

556-542: A BCP manual is broken down into three periodic activities. Issues found during the testing phase often must be reintroduced to the analysis phase. The BCP manual must evolve with the organization, and maintain information about who has to know what : Specialized technical resources must be maintained. Checks include: Software and work process changes must be documented and validated, including verification that documented work process recovery tasks and supporting disaster recovery infrastructure allow staff to recover within

695-494: A battlefield." The first or the "classical" doctrine of jihad which was developed towards the end of the 8th century, emphasized the "jihad of the sword" ( jihad bil-saif ) rather than the "jihad of the heart", but it contained many legal restrictions which were developed from interpretations of both the Quran and the Hadith , such as detailed rules involving "the initiation, the conduct,

834-714: A bifurcated society and use state's reactions to violence as a justification for further violence. Al-Qaeda 's strategy of luring the West, specifically the United States , into ground wars in Islamic states that polarize the Ummah against the West while avoiding engagements that would allow the American military to draw on its technical superiority is an example of jiujitsu politics. David Kilcullen , Counterinsurgency advisor to David Petraeus during

973-511: A calculus of greed, fear, and perhaps familial loyalty, Berman argues that religious radicalization greatly increases the defection constraints of radical terrorist organizations by requiring outsized demonstrations of commitment to the cause prior to recruiting operatives. Mutual aid is the voluntary and reciprocal exchange of goods within an organization. Examples in various religious antecedents include Judaic Tzedakah , Islamic Zakat , and various Christian institutions of charity, as described in

1112-571: A common set of pathways that translate real or perceived grievances into increasingly extreme ideas and readiness to participate in political action beyond the status quo. Shira Fishman, a researcher at the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism , wrote "Radicalization is a dynamic process that varies for each individual, but shares some underlying commonalities that can be explored." Though there are many end products of

1251-428: A company. In addition to prevention, the goal is to enable ongoing operations before and during execution of disaster recovery . Business continuity is the intended outcome of proper execution of both business continuity planning and disaster recovery. Several business continuity standards have been published by various standards bodies to assist in checklisting ongoing planning tasks. Business continuity requires

1390-496: A convoy as it passes through, sell the goods off, and escape, increases as the value of the convoy increases. The same dynamic applies to attacks; while an individual in a terrorist group may not feel drawn by the reward of alerting the police to an impending low level crime, the reward for alerting the police to an impending high-profile attack, such as a mass bombing, becomes more attractive. While non-radicalized and criminal organizations can only rely on organizational cohesion through

1529-424: A crisis through building resistance. Buzzanell notes that there are five different processes that individuals use when trying to maintain resilience- crafting normalcy, affirming identity anchors, maintaining and using communication networks, putting alternative logics to work and downplaying negative feelings while foregrounding positive emotions. When looking at the resilience theory, the crisis communication theory

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1668-413: A crisis. They are micro (individual), meso (group or organization) and macro (national or interorganizational). There are also two main types of resilience, which are proactive and post resilience. Proactive resilience is preparing for a crisis and creating a solid foundation for the company. Post resilience includes continuing to maintain communication and check in with employees. Proactive resilience

1807-466: A good example. "Group grievance" radicalization dynamics are similar to those that are primed by personal grievances; the difference is that the subject perceives harm inflicted on a group that she belongs to or has sympathy for. This pathway accounts for the larger portion of political and ethnic radical violence, in which action is taken on behalf of the group at large rather than as an act of personal revenge. Radicalization out of sympathy for an outgroup

1946-701: A lawsuit." It has been estimated that a dollar spent in loss prevention can prevent "seven dollars of disaster-related economic loss." A business impact analysis (BIA) differentiates critical (urgent) and non-critical (non-urgent) organization functions/activities. A function may be considered critical if dictated by law. Each function/activity typically relies on a combination of constituent components in order to operate: For each function, two values are assigned: Maximum time constraints for how long an enterprise's key products or services can be unavailable or undeliverable before stakeholders perceive unacceptable consequences have been named as: According to ISO 22301

2085-550: A major force in the Muslim world ." It served to produce foot soldiers, leadership and organization. Abdullah Yusuf Azzam provided propaganda for the Afghan cause. After the war, veteran jihadists returned to their home countries, and from there would disperse to other sites of conflict involving Muslim populations, such as Algeria, Bosnia , and Chechnya , creating a "transnational jihadist stream." An explanation for jihadist willingness to kill civilians and self-professed Muslims on

2224-535: A measurement for the consistency of distributed business data within interlinked systems after a disaster incident. Similar terms used in this context are "Recovery Consistency Characteristics" (RCC) and "Recovery Object Granularity" (ROG). While RTO and RPO are absolute per-system values, RCO is expressed as a percentage that measures the deviation between actual and targeted state of business data across systems for process groups or individual business processes. The following formula calculates RCO with "n" representing

2363-499: A new identity that may include political radicalization. Isolated from friends, family, or other basic needs, individuals may begin to associate with unlike parties, to include political, religious, or cultural radicals. This is especially noted in prison radicalization , where individuals bind together over racial, religious, and gang identity to a greater degree than in the outside world and often bring their newfound radical identity beyond prison to connect with radical organizations in

2502-481: A new way of working that better suits the new environmental conditions. Any event that could negatively impact operations should be included in the plan, such as supply chain interruption, loss of or damage to critical infrastructure (major machinery or computing/network resource). As such, BCP is a subset of risk management . In the U.S., government entities refer to the process as continuity of operations planning (COOP). A business continuity plan outlines

2641-470: A person to an increasing extent accepts the use of undemocratic or violent means, including terrorism, in an attempt to reach a specific political/ideological objective." In a UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) research report on the impact of the Internet and social media on youth and violent extremism , the difficulty of defining radicalization is discussed. A distinction

2780-468: A population of about 12 million, where they enforced their extremist interpretation of Islamic law , managed an annual budget exceeding US$ 1   billion, and commanded more than 30,000 fighters. After a grinding conflict with American, Iraqi, and Kurdish forces, IS lost control of all their Middle Eastern territories by 2019, subsequently reverting to insurgency from remote hideouts while continuing their propaganda efforts . These efforts have garnered

2919-691: A process of socialisation leading to the use of violence. In an initiating report of the European Commission's Expert Group on Violent Radicalisation – based on four deepening studies – the research paradigm has been opened for further scientific research, also flanked by research grants and funding via different security research programs. The UK Home Office , MI5 's parent agency, defines radicalisation as "The process by which people come to support terrorism and violent extremism and, in some cases, then join terrorist groups." The MI5 report closes by saying that no single measure will reduce radicalisation in

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3058-421: A product of "taking the next step". One can begin by participating in nonviolent activities such as mutual aid, wherein the best way to raise one's in-group social status is to demonstrate seriousness about the cause and increase the level of commitment in terms of beliefs and activities. As an individual commits act after act, sunk costs are developed. Even if activity is initially only ideological or only criminal,

3197-967: A prominent leader of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, was an influential promoter of the Pan-Islamist ideology during the 1960s. When he was executed by the Egyptian government under the regime of Gamal Abdel Nasser , Ayman al-Zawahiri formed Egyptian Islamic Jihad , an organization which seeks to replace the government with an Islamic state that would reflect Qutb's ideas about the Islamic revival that he yearned for. The Qutbist ideology has been influential among jihadist movements and Islamic terrorists who seek to overthrow secular governments, most notably Osama bin Laden and Ayman al-Zawahiri of al-Qaeda , as well as

3336-420: A promise of friendship, acceptance, or a sense of purpose." Groups can become radicalized vis-a-vis other groups as they compete for legitimacy and prestige with the general populace. This pathway emphasizes increased radicalization in an effort to outdo other groups, whether that increase is in violence, time spent in religious ritual, economic and physical hardship endured, or all four. Religious movements and

3475-433: A range of disaster scenarios and the steps the business will take in any particular scenario to return to regular trade. BCP's are written ahead of time and can also include precautions to be put in place. Usually created with the input of key staff as well as stakeholders, a BCP is a set of contingencies to minimize potential harm to businesses during adverse scenarios. A 2005 analysis of how disruptions can adversely affect

3614-554: A return to pristine, simple, straightforward Islam, not one school among many, and not interpreting Islamic law historically or contextually, but as the one, orthodox "straight path" of Islam. Unlike the traditional teachings of the jurists, who tolerated and even celebrated divergent opinions and schools of thought and kept extremism marginalized, Wahhabism had "extreme hostility" to "any sectarian divisions within Islam". In Iraq, resentment amongst Sunnis over their marginalization after

3753-457: A sense believe their actions are heroic. Resilience (organizational) Business continuity may be defined as "the capability of an organization to continue the delivery of products or services at pre-defined acceptable levels following a disruptive incident", and business continuity planning (or business continuity and resiliency planning ) is the process of creating systems of prevention and recovery to deal with potential threats to

3892-527: A series of standards which have since been withdrawn and replaced by the ISO standards above. Within the UK, BS 25999-2:2007 and BS 25999-1:2006 were being used for business continuity management across all organizations, industries and sectors. These documents give a practical plan to deal with most eventualities—from extreme weather conditions to terrorism, IT system failure, and staff sickness. In 2004, following crises in

4031-560: A significant following in northern and Sahelian Africa, where IS still controls a significant territory, and the war against the Islamic State continues. The term jihadist is almost exclusively used to describe Sunni extremists . One example is Syria, where there have been thousands of foreign Muslim fighters engaged in the civil war , for example, non-Syrian Shia are often referred to as "militia", and Sunni foreigners as "jihadists" (or "would-be jihadists"). One who does use

4170-507: A struggle for the expansion of Islam and the realization of Islamic ideals." Some of the earlier Islamic scholars and theologians who had profound influence on Islamic fundamentalism and the ideology of contemporary jihadism include the medieval Muslim thinkers Ibn Taymiyyah , Ibn Kathir , and Muhammad ibn ʿAbd al-Wahhab , alongside the modern Islamist ideologues Muhammad Rashid Rida , Sayyid Qutb, and Abul A'la Maududi. Jihad has been propagated in modern fundamentalism beginning in

4309-416: A top-down approach to identify an organisation's minimum requirements to ensure its viability as an entity. An organization's resistance to failure is "the ability ... to withstand changes in its environment and still function". Often called resilience, it is a capability that enables organizations to either endure environmental changes without having to permanently adapt, or the organization is forced to adapt

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4448-604: A totalizing influence over the individual—disapproval would be tantamount to social death, personal isolation, and often a lack of access to the basic services that mutual aid communities fulfill. As an isolated minority, Islamic groups in the West are especially vulnerable to this form of radicalization. Being cut off from society at large through language barriers , cultural difference, and occasionally discriminatory treatment, Muslim communities become more vulnerable to additional pathways of radicalization. One such additional pathway of radicalization of individuals that feel isolated

4587-512: A traditional career path. These young men are more likely to be involved in gang activity, violent crime, and other high-risk behavior. James Pugel conducted a study in which Liberian ex-combatants indicated that their radicalization was motivated by the opportunity to increase their economic and social status within their community. There was a belief that radicalized individuals lived better than non-radicalized individuals. Specifically, extremists groups offered compensatory employment, which provided

4726-413: A vanguard which was modeled after the early Muslims, preaching, and bracing oneself for poverty or even bracing oneself for death in preparation for jihad against what he perceived was a jahili government/society, and the overthrow of them. Qutbism , the radical Islamist ideology which is derived from the ideas of Qutb, was denounced by many prominent Muslim scholars as well as by other members of

4865-538: A variety of strategies such as leafleting, violent rituals, and house parties to recruit, targeting angry and marginalized youth looking for solutions to their problems. But their most effective recruitment tool is extremist music, which avoids monitoring by moderating parties such as parents and school authorities. Risk factors for recruitment include exposure to racism during childhood, dysfunctional families such as divorced parents, physical, emotional, and sexual abuse, neglect, and disillusionment. In 2018, researchers from

5004-406: A young man spends several years in a Yeshiva in order to establish himself within a Haredi community, he foregoes future earnings that would be accessible should he choose a secular education. To quote Berman "As consumption opportunities are limited, work for pay becomes less appealing, freeing up even more time for community activities." This sunk cost figures into future calculations, and raises

5143-529: Is a subculture mainly applied to individuals in developed nations who are recruited to travel to conflict zones on jihad. For example, jihadi rap videos make participants look "more MTV than Mosque", according to NPR , which was the first to report on the phenomenon in 2010. To justify their acts of religious violence , jihadist individuals and networks resort to the nonbinding genre of Islamic legal literature ( fatwa ) developed by jihadi-Salafist legal authorities, whose legal writings are shared and spread via

5282-450: Is a form of religious violence and has been applied to various insurgent Islamic extremist , militant Islamist , and terrorist individuals and organizations whose ideologies are based on the Islamic notion of lesser jihad from the classical interpretation of Islam. It has also been applied to various Islamic empires in history, such as the Rashidun and Umayyad caliphates of

5421-569: Is an act of Shuhada (martyrdom) and it brings you a special place in Heaven , not a special place in Hell ; and the killing of Muslim bystanders (nevermind Non-Muslims ), should not impede acts of jihad. Military and intelligent analyst Sebastian Gorka described the new interpretation of jihad as the "willful targeting of civilians by a non-state actor through unconventional means." Al-Qaeda's splinter groups and competitors, Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad and

5560-500: Is by no means problematic in itself, it becomes a threat to national security when Canadian citizens or residents espouse or engage in violence or direct action as a means of promoting political, ideological or religious extremism. Sometimes referred to as "homegrown terrorism", this process of radicalization is more correctly referred to as domestic radicalization leading to terrorist violence. The Danish Security and Intelligence Service (PET) defines radicalization as "A process by which

5699-451: Is considered to be a collective obligation is sometimes simplified as "offensive jihad" in Western texts. Scholars like Abul Ala Maududi , Abdullah Azzam , Ruhollah Khomeini , leaders of al-Qaeda and others, believe that defensive global jihad is a personal obligation, which means that no caliph or Muslim head of state needs to declare it. Killing yourself in the process of killing the enemy

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5838-499: Is constructed by citizens, families, media system, organizations and governments through everyday talk and mediated conversation. The theory is based on the work of Patrice M. Buzzanell , a professor at the Brian Lamb School of Communication at Purdue University . In her 2010 article, "Resilience: Talking, Resisting, and Imagining New Normalcies Into Being" Buzzanell discussed the ability for organizations to thrive after having

5977-717: Is dealing with issues at hand before they cause a possible shift in the work environment and post resilience maintaining communication and accepting changes after an incident has happened. Resilience can be applied to any organization. In New Zealand, the Canterbury University Resilient Organisations programme developed an assessment tool for benchmarking the Resilience of Organisations. It covers 11 categories, each having 5 to 7 questions. A Resilience Ratio summarizes this evaluation. Plans and procedures are used in business continuity planning to ensure that

6116-455: Is drawn "between a process of radicalization, a process of violent radicalization (legitimizing the adoption of violence), and acts of violence." For the purposes of the UNESCO report, radicalization is defined by these three points: Despite being composed of multifarious pathways that lead to different outcomes and sometimes diametrically opposed ideological purposes, radicalization can be traced to

6255-468: Is evident in more extreme cases, such as those of Charles Manson 's "Family" and other radical cults , it also applies to radicalization in secular and orthodox religious environments. Love can serve as a connection between influential figures, connecting their networks of followers through a combination of attraction and loyalty. This particular force was especially notable in New Left radical groups, such as

6394-587: Is implemented locally by the Local Resilience Forum . The implementation phase involves policy changes, material acquisitions, staffing and testing. The 2008 book Exercising for Excellence , published by The British Standards Institution identified three types of exercises that can be employed when testing business continuity plans. While start and stop times are pre-agreed, the actual duration might be unknown if events are allowed to run their course. Biannual or annual maintenance cycle maintenance of

6533-422: Is no universally accepted definition of radicalization. One of the difficulties with defining radicalization appears to be the importance of the context to determine what is perceived as radicalization. Therefore, radicalization can mean different things to different people. Presented below is a list of definitions used by different governments. The European Commission defined and coined the term "radicalization" in

6672-405: Is not unique to rightist groups. The Weather Underground Organization and Red Army Faction often characterized police officers and government officials as "pigs" worthy of death and subhuman treatment. Martyrdom implies that the person in question died for a cause or is willing to die for a cause. The symbolic impact of martyrdom varies across cultures, but within the field of radicalization

6811-542: Is often used without religious connotations, like the English crusade . The term "jihadism" has been in use since the 1990s, more widely in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks . It was first used by the Indian and Pakistani mass media, and by French academics who used the more exact term " jihadist-Salafist ". Historian David A. Charters defines "jihadism" as "a revolutionary program whose ideology promises radical social change in

6950-476: Is one of many examples. The dynamics of group polarization imply that members of this larger group must either commit to one faction and demonstrate their loyalty through further radicalization, or leave the group entirely. Isolation reinforces the influence of radical thinking by allowing serious and or persuasive members of the group to disproportionately define the body's agenda. When an individual only has access to one in-group social environment, that group gains

7089-552: Is rarer, but can be observed in the Weather Underground's attempted alignment with the Black Panthers and Viet Cong . The tie between radicalization into violent extremism through group grievance and suicide bombing has also been quantifiably demonstrated: perceived threats to proximal identity such as the presence of foreign troops or invasion accounts for the majority of suicide bombings. Some commentators believe that

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7228-531: Is similar to a threshold price-point in that it denotes what rewards would justify the defection of any one individual within the context of an organization . Berman uses the example of a Taliban protection racket for convoys of consumer goods moving through Afghanistan: checkpoints are set up at several points along a trade route, and each checkpoint's team is given a small percentage of the convoy's total value if it arrives safely at its destination. The incentive for any one checkpoint's team deciding to simply hijack

7367-635: Is similar, but not the same. The crisis communication theory is based on the reputation of the company, but the resilience theory is based on the process of recovery of the company. There are five main components of resilience: crafting normalcy, affirming identity anchors, maintaining and using communication networks, putting alternative logics to work, and downplaying negative feelings while foregrounding negative emotions. Each of these processes can be applicable to businesses in crisis times, making resilience an important factor for companies to focus on while training. There are three main groups that are affected by

7506-585: Is the Internet. Utilizing data compiled by the Internet World Stats, Robin Thompson contends that the rate of Middle East and North African Internet usage is "above average" in comparison to other countries, yet in countries where Internet availability is more widespread, individuals are "more likely to be recruited and radicalized via the Internet." Hence, the Internet, specifically social media sites such as extremists' chat rooms and blogs, "lures its users with

7645-715: Is the true successor to Muhammad, while Sunnīs consider Abu Bakr to hold that position. The Kharijites broke away from both the Shīʿas and the Sunnīs during the First Fitna (the first Islamic Civil War); they were particularly noted for adopting a radical approach to takfīr (excommunication), whereby they declared both Sunnī and Shīʿa Muslims to be either infidels ( kuffār ) or false Muslims ( munāfiḳūn ), and therefore deemed them worthy of death for their perceived apostasy ( ridda ). Sayyid Qutb , an Egyptian Islamist ideologue and

7784-566: The Ummah (the collective Muslim world ) from foreign Non-Muslims and those that they perceive as domestic infidels . The term "jihadist globalism" is also often used in relation to Islamic terrorism as a globalist ideology, and more broadly to the War on Terror . The Austrian-American academic Manfred B. Steger , Professor of Sociology at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa , proposed an extension of

7923-516: The Acts of the Apostles . Berman argues that religious organizations experience economic risks by extending mutual aid to all alleged believers—theological assent is cheap, action can be costly. By imposing a series of outwardly visible social rules, such as restrictions (or prescriptions) on dress, diet, language, and social interactions, groups impose a cost on entering into a mutual aid partnership, diminishing

8062-636: The Bush administration 's assertions false, and it made others self-fulfilling. One of these was the insistence on an operational link between Iraq and al-Qaeda... after the fall of the regime, the most potent ideological force behind the insurgency was Islam and its hostility to non-Islamic intruders. Some former Baathist officials even stopped drinking and took to prayer. The insurgency was called mukawama , or resistance, with overtones of religious legitimacy; its fighters became mujahideen , holy warriors; they proclaimed their mission to be jihad ." Originating in

8201-577: The Houthi movement from the Zaidism , is closer to Sunni in theology than other Shi'a sect. According to Shadi Hamid and Rashid Dar, jihadism is driven by the idea that jihad is an "individual obligation" ( fard ‘ayn ) incumbent upon all Muslims . This is in contrast with the belief of Muslims up until now (and by contemporary non-jihadists) that jihad is a "collective obligation" ( fard al-kifaya ) carried out according to orders of legitimate representatives of

8340-569: The Iraq Surge , has called this the "accidental guerrilla syndrome". This tactic is also pillar of Maoist insurgency and serves both the purposes of tactical and ideological advantage. In protracted conflicts the enemy is increasingly seen as less human, such that their common humanity does not readily trigger natural inhibitions against violence. This involves "essentializing" both the self and enemies as respectively good and evil entities. The Islamist use of Takfirism , or ( apostasy ), to justify

8479-586: The Irish National Liberation Army , incorporated communist and socialist ideology into their policies. UNESCO explored the role of the Internet and social media on the development of radicalization among youth in a 2017 research report, Youth and violent extremism on social media: mapping the research . The report explores violent extremism in the countries within Europe, North America, Latin America, and

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8618-514: The Islamic State . They are a transnational Salafi jihadist group and an unrecognised quasi-state . IS gained global prominence in 2014, when their militants conquered large territories in northwestern Iraq and eastern Syria, taking advantage of the ongoing civil war in Syria and the disintegrating local military forces of Iraq. By the end of 2015, their self-declared caliphate ruled an area with

8757-462: The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria , are thought to have been heavily influenced by a 2004 work on jihad entitled Management of Savagery ( Idarat at-Tawahhush ), written by Abu Bakr Naji and intended to provide a strategy to create a new Islamic caliphate by first destroying "vital economic and strategic targets" and terrifying the enemy with cruelty to break its will. Islamic theologian Abu Abdullah al-Muhajir has been identified as one of

8896-570: The Jaish al-Ta'ifa al-Mansurah founded by Abu Omar al-Baghdadi in 2004, the organization (primarily under the Islamic State of Iraq name) affiliated itself with al-Qaeda in Iraq and fought alongside them during the 2003–2006 phase of the Iraqi insurgency . The group later changed their name to Islamic State of Iraq and Levant for about a year, before declaring itself to be a worldwide caliphate , called simply

9035-588: The Muslim world ... [with] a central role to jihad as an armed political struggle to overthrow " apostate " regimes, to expel their infidel allies, and thus to restore Muslim lands to governance by Islamic principles." David Romano, researcher of political science at the McGill University in Montreal, Quebec , has defined his use of the term as referring to "an individual or political movement that primarily focuses its attention, discourse, and activities on

9174-560: The Salafi-jihadi terrorist group ISIL/ISIS/IS/Daesh . Moreover, Qutb's books have been frequently been cited by Osama bin Laden and Anwar al-Awlaki . Sayyid Qutb could be said to have founded the actual movement of radical Islam. Unlike the other Islamic thinkers who have been mentioned above, Qutb was not an apologist . He was a prominent leader of the Muslim Brotherhood and a highly influential Islamist ideologue, and

9313-1025: The United States in the 1970s, and Eastern Europe following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Groups associated with right-wing radicals include white power skinhead gangs, right-wing/far-right hooligans , and sympathizers. Examples of right-wing/far-right radical organizations and individuals include Aryan Nations , Aryan Republican Army (ARA), Atomwaffen Division (AWD), Army of God (AOG), Anders Behring Breivik , Alexandre Bissonnette , Brenton Harrison Tarrant , Cesar Sayoc , Cliven Bundy , Dylann Roof , David Koresh , David Lane , Eric Robert Rudolph , Frazier Glenn Miller , James Mason , James Alex Fields , John T. Earnest , Jim David Adkisson , Ku Klux Klan (KKK), National Action (NA), National Socialist Underground (NSU), Timothy McVeigh , Robert Bowers , Thomas Mair , The Order and Wade Michael Page . From 2008 to 2016, there were more right-wing terror attacks both attempted and accomplished in

9452-505: The United States Department of Homeland Security identified economic and political conditions as leading to a rise in right-wing radicalization and recruitment. The Anti-Defamation League reports that white supremacist propaganda and recruitment efforts on and around college campuses have been increasing sharply, with 1,187 incidents in 2018 compared to 421 in 2017, far exceeding any previous year. Far-right terrorists rely on

9591-584: The early Muslim conquests , and the Ottoman Empire . There were also the Fula jihads in West Africa in the 18th and 19th centuries. Modern jihadism mostly has its roots in the late 19th- and early 20th-century ideological developments of Islamic revivalism , which further developed into Qutbism and related Islamist ideologies during the 20th and 21st centuries. The jihadist ideologues envisioned jihad as

9730-677: The early history of Islam with the emergence of the Kharijites in the 7th century CE. The original schism between Kharijites , Sunnīs , and Shīʿas among Muslims was disputed over the political and religious succession to the guidance of the Muslim community ( Ummah ) after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad . From their essentially political position, the Kharijites developed extreme doctrines that set them apart from both mainstream Sunnī and Shīʿa Muslims. Shīʿas believe ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib

9869-564: The fall of Ba'athist regime led to the rise of jihadist networks in the region, which resulted in the al-Qaeda led insurgency in Iraq . De-Ba'athification policy initiated by the new government led to rise in support of jihadists and remnants of Iraqi Ba'athists started allying with al-Qaeda in their common fight against the United States. Iraq War journalist George Packer writes in The Assassins' Gate : "The Iraq War proved some of

10008-465: The global jihad in Syria and Iraq . The concept of jihad ("exerting"/"striving"/"struggling") is fundamental to Islam and has multiple uses, with greater jihad (internal jihad) meaning internal struggle against evil in oneself, and lesser jihad (external jihad), which is further subdivided into jihad of the pen/tongue (debate or persuasion) and jihad of the sword (warfare). The latter form of jihad has meant conquest and conversion in

10147-423: The maximum tolerable period of disruption (MTPD) which can be allowed. A major cost in planning for this is the preparation of audit compliance management documents; automation tools are available to reduce the time and cost associated with manually producing this information. Planners must have information about: The analysis phase consists of: Quantifying of loss ratios must also include "dollars to defend

10286-564: The 1990s; by one estimate, 5 percent of civil wars involved jihadist groups in 1990 but more than 40 percent in 2014. French political scientist Gilles Kepel has diagnosed a specific Salafist form of jihadism within the Salafi movement of the 1990s. Jihadism with an international, pan-Islamist scope is also known as global jihadism . Studies show that with the rise of the Islamic State , some Muslim volunteers that came both from Western countries and Muslim-majority countries traveled to join

10425-511: The 2002–2003 SARS outbreak, some organizations compartmentalized and rotated teams to match the incubation period of the disease. They also banned in-person contact during both business and non-business hours. This increased resiliency against the threat. Impact scenarios are identified and documented: These should reflect the widest possible damage. SHARE 's seven tiers of disaster recovery released in 1992, were updated in 2012 by IBM as an eight tier model: Two main requirements from

10564-540: The American Weather Underground and the German Red Army Faction . The connections between Bill Ayers and Bernardine Dohrn , or between Gudrun Ensslin and Andreas Baader served as the organizational and intellectual nucleus of these groups. Within a radical group, high-risk behavior, if successful, offers a pathway to status insofar as it becomes re-construed as bravery and commitment to

10703-625: The Caribbean; violent radicalization in the Arab world and Africa; and, violent radicalization in Asia. At this time, more research is available on this issue within Europe, North America, Latin America, and the Caribbean than is available in the Arab world, Africa, and Asia. The report expresses a need for continued research on this topic overall as there are multiple types of radicalization (political, religious, psychosocial) that can be explored in relation to youth and

10842-583: The Data & Society think tank identified the YouTube recommendation system as promoting a range of political positions from mainstream libertarianism and conservatism to overt white nationalism. Many other online discussion groups and forums are used for online right-wing radicalization. Facebook was found to be offering advertisements targeted to 168,000 users in a white genocide conspiracy theory category, which they removed shortly after being contacted by journalists in

10981-565: The Internet. According to Reuven Firestone, Jihadism as commonly used in Western sources describes "militant Islamic movements that are perceived as existentially threatening to the West." The term “jihadism” has been applied to various Islamic empires in history, such as the Arab Umayyad Caliphate and the Ottoman empire , who extensively campaigned against non-Muslim nations in the name of jihad. Islamic extremism dates back to

11120-500: The Muslim Brotherhood, like Yusuf al-Qaradawi . According to Rudolph Peters , scholar of Islamic studies and the history of Islam , contemporary traditionalist Muslims "copy phrases of the classical works on fiqh " in their writings on jihad; Islamic modernists "emphasize the defensive aspect of jihad, regarding it as tantamount to bellum justum in modern international law; and the contemporary fundamentalists ( Abul A'la Maududi , Sayyid Qutb , Abdullah Azzam , etc.) view it as

11259-449: The Muslim community ( Ummah ) has been extinct for several centuries and it has also reverted to jahiliyah (the pre-Islamic age of ignorance) because those who call themselves Muslims have failed to follow the sharia law . In order to restore Islam, bring back its days of glory, and free the Muslims from the clasps of ignorance, Qutb proposed the shunning of modern society, establishing

11398-403: The Muslim community. Jihadist insist all Muslims should participate because (they believe) today's Muslim leaders are illegitimate and do not command the authority to ordain justified violence. Some observers have noted the evolution in the rules of jihad—from the original "classical" doctrine to that of 21st-century Salafi jihadism . According to the legal historian Sadarat Kadri, during

11537-488: The New Economics of Terrorism applies a rational choice model to the process of radicalization, demonstrating that the presence of mutual aid networks increase the resilience of radical groups. When those groups decide to use violence, they also enjoy a heightened level of lethality and are protected from defection and other forms of intervention by states and outside groups. All organizations insofar as they include

11676-594: The UK and that the only way to combat it is by targeting the at-risk vulnerable groups and trying to assimilate them into society. This may include helping young people find jobs, better integrating immigrant populations into the local culture, and effectively reintegrating ex-prisoners into society. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police defines radicalization as "the process by which individuals—usually young people—are introduced to an overtly ideological message and belief system that encourages movement from moderate, mainstream beliefs towards extreme views." While radical thinking

11815-517: The US than Islamist and left-wing attacks combined. Right-wing populism by those who support ethnocentrism (usually white nationalism) and oppose immigration creates a climate of "us versus them" leading to radicalization. The growth of white nationalism in a political climate of polarization has provided an opportunity for both on- and offline radicalization and recruitment as an alternative to increasingly distrusted traditional mainstream choices. In 2009,

11954-506: The United States", or ironically Senator Ted Cruz 's call to "patrol and secure Muslim neighborhoods before they become radicalized". The "Slippery slope" represents gradual radicalization through activities that incrementally narrow the individual's social circle, narrow their mindset, and in some cases desensitize them to violence. This has also been called the "True Believer" syndrome, as a product of which one becomes increasingly serious about their political, social, and religious beliefs as

12093-614: The act or pursuit of martyrdom denotes the absolute value of a radical's way of life. Robert Barrett is one of the leading researchers in field research with Nigerian terrorist groups. Barrett contributes a unique perspective to this type of research because his studies are conducted with current, not former, members of insurgent groups. Barrett's 2008 field research study revealed unique typologies and motivations for radicalization as reported by insurgent groups. For instance, individuals that were radicalized expressed sentiments of volunteerism, yet extremist recruiters conveyed that their objective

12232-553: The anger and suspicion directed toward innocent Muslims living in Western countries after the September 11 attacks and the indignities inflicted upon them by security forces and the general public contributes to radicalization of new recruits. Such "us vs. them" hostility cited by commentators includes political positions such as the Trump travel ban which Donald Trump initially campaigned for as "a total and complete shutdown of Muslims entering

12371-447: The anti-extremism think tank Quilliam , defines jihadism as a violent subset of Islamism : "Islamism [is] the desire to impose any version of Islam over any society. Jihadism is the attempt to do so by force." " Jihad Cool " is a term for the re-branding of militant jihadism as fashionable, or " cool ", to younger people through consumer culture , social media, magazines, rap videos , toys, propaganda videos , and other means. It

12510-431: The cases of Saudi and other Gulf regimes show, states may gain domestic legitimacy through economic development and social change, rather than based on religion and piety". Many Muslims do not use the terms "jihadism" or "jihadist", disliking the association of illegitimate violence with a noble religious concept, and instead prefer the use of delegitimising terms like "deviants". Maajid Nawaz , founder and chairman of

12649-443: The cause. As such, violence or other radical activity provides a pathway to success, social acceptance, and physical rewards that might otherwise be out of reach. Disproportionate involvement in risk taking and status seeking is particularly true of those young men who come from disadvantaged family backgrounds, have lower IQ levels, are of lower socioeconomic status, and who therefore have less opportunity to succeed in society along

12788-405: The classical Islamic interpretation, usually excepting followers of other monotheistic religions , while modernist Islamic scholars generally equate military jihad with defensive warfare. Much of the contemporary Muslim opinion considers internal jihad to have primacy over external jihad in the Islamic tradition, while many Western writers favor the opposite view. Today, the word jihad

12927-484: The conduct of a violent, uncompromising campaign that they term a jihad ". Following Daniel Kimmage, he distinguishes the jihadist discourse of jihad as a global project to remake the world from the resistance discourse of groups like Hezbollah , which is framed as a regional project against a specific enemy. "Jihadism" has been defined otherwise as a neologism for militant , predominantly Sunnī Islamic movements that use ideologically motivated violence to defend

13066-456: The critical organizational operations required to keep an organization running continue to operate during events when key dependencies of operations are disrupted. Continuity does not need to apply to every activity which the organization undertakes. For example, under ISO 22301:2019 , organizations are required to define their business continuity objectives, the minimum levels of product and service operations which will be considered acceptable and

13205-475: The current ruling government. Most left-wing terrorist groups that had operated in the 1970s and 1980s disappeared by the mid-1990s. One exception was the Greek Revolutionary Organization 17 November (17N), which lasted until 2002. Since then, left-wing terrorism has been relatively minor in the Western world in comparison with other forms, and is now mostly carried out by insurgent groups in

13344-502: The defection constraint in a way that non-radicalized group dynamics cannot. Going back to the Taliban convoy example, not only have the two footsoldiers in question have been vetted by demonstrating commitment to the cause, they also have had their exterior options limited such that it would be difficult to blend into a new environment for lack of skills and cultural understanding. As such, the threshold price point to defect, as represented by

13483-500: The developing world. According to Sarah Brockhoff, Tim Krieger and Daniel Meierrieks, while left-wing terrorism is ideologically motivated, nationalist-separatist terrorism is ethnically motivated. They argue that the revolutionary goal of left-wing terrorism is non-negotiable whereas nationalist terrorists are willing to make concessions. They suggest that rigidity of the demands of left-wing terrorists may explain their lack of support relative to nationalist groups. Nevertheless, many on

13622-669: The faith. Dr. Abdul Haqq Baker developed the Convert's Cognitive Development Framework that describes how new converts conceptualize Islam and the stages where they are most vulnerable to radicalization. Radical right-wing terrorism is motivated by a variety of different right-wing / far-right ideologies, most prominently neo-fascism , neo-Nazism , white nationalism and to a lesser extent "Patriot" / Sovereign citizen beliefs and anti-abortion sentiment . Modern radical right-wing terrorism appeared in Western Europe , Central Europe and

13761-568: The first to articulate these anathemizing principles in his magnum opus Fī ẓilāl al-Qurʾān ( In the shade of the Qurʾān ) and his 1966 manifesto Maʿālim fīl-ṭarīq ( Milestones ), which lead to his execution by the Egyptian government. Other Salafi movements in the Middle East and North Africa and Salafi movements across the Muslim world adopted many of his Islamist principles. According to Qutb,

13900-422: The grounds that they were actually apostates ( takfīr ) is the vastly reduced influence of the traditional diverse class of ulama , often highly educated Islamic jurists. In "the vast majority" of Muslim countries during the post-colonial world of the 1950s and 1960s, the private religious endowments ( awqāf ) that had supported the independence of Islamic scholars and jurists for centuries were taken over by

14039-543: The group or community is more important than survival or preservation of oneself". Combatants' express concerns that their basic survival depends on joining extremist groups. Hence, combatants are not motivated by ideologies and their primary objective is self-preservation. Criminals are predominantly motivated by their "freedom to carry out activities that would otherwise be deemed illegal". As such, criminals thrive on instant self-gratification of engaging in violent acts against their enemies. Criminals thrive on conflict and in

14178-408: The group's purpose and preferred tactics. Within a radical group, internal dynamics can contribute to the formation of different factions as a result of internal disillusionment (or, conversely, ambitions) with the group's activities as a whole, especially when it comes to a choice between violent terrorism and nonviolent activism. The Weather Underground 's split with Students for a Democratic Society

14317-500: The impact analysis stage are: This phase overlaps with disaster recovery planning . The solution phase determines: There are many standards that are available to support business continuity planning and management. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has for example developed a whole series of standards on Business continuity management systems under responsibility of technical committee ISO/TC 292 : The British Standards Institution (BSI Group) released

14456-430: The influence of the Internet and social media on radicalizing them are to be studied, there are ethical concerns when it comes to the age of the youth being studied as well as the privacy and safety of these youth. The authors conclude their report with general recommendations as well as recommendations for government entities, the private sector, and civil society. Eli Berman 's 2009 book Radical, Religious, and Violent:

14595-518: The jihad. [...] According to Muhajir, committing suicide to kill people is not only a theologically sound act, but a commendable one, too, something to be cherished and celebrated regardless of its outcome. [...] neither Zarqawi nor his inheritors have looked back, liberally using Muhajir's work to normalize the use of suicide tactics in the time since, such that they have become the single most important military and terrorist method—defensive or offensive—used by ISIS today. The way that Muhajir theorized it

14734-708: The key theorists and ideologues behind modern jihadist violence. His theological and legal justifications influenced Abu Musab al-Zarqawi , al-Qaeda member and former leader of al-Qaeda in Iraq , as well as several other jihadi terrorist groups, including ISIL and Boko Haram . Zarqawi used a 579-page manuscript of al-Muhajir's ideas at AQI training camps that were later deployed by ISIL, known in Arabic as Fiqh al-Dima and referred to in English as The Jurisprudence of Jihad or The Jurisprudence of Blood . The book has been described by counter-terrorism scholar Orwa Ajjoub as rationalizing and justifying "suicide operations,

14873-420: The last couple of centuries, incremental changes in Islamic legal doctrine (developed by Islamists who otherwise condemn any bid‘ah (innovation) in religion), have "normalized" what was once "unthinkable". "The very idea that Muslims might blow themselves up for God was unheard of before 1983, and it was not until the early 1990s that anyone anywhere had tried to justify killing innocent Muslims who were not on

15012-576: The late 19th century, an ideology that arose in the context of struggles against colonial powers in North Africa at that time, as in the Mahdist War in Sudan, and notably in the mid-20th century by Islamic revivalist authors such as Sayyid Qutb and Abul Ala Maududi. The term jihadism (earlier Salafi jihadism ) has arisen in the 2000s to refer to the contemporary jihadi movements, the development of which

15151-623: The means for basic needs to be met such as food and housing. In addition, radicalization provided protection and safety from local violence (i.e. abductions) for their entire family. Other researchers such as Alpaslan Ozerdem and Sukanya Podder contend that radicalization "can become the only route to survival, offering protection from torture, abuse, and politically instigated killing." Furthermore, individuals that do not join radical groups may be subjected to an indefinite "insufferable social burden that included demeaning names and labels". Loss of social connection can open an individual to new ideas and

15290-484: The murder of non-radical Muslims and nonbelievers ( kafir : "pagans") is an example of this. Hannah Arendt , in The Origins of Totalitarianism outlines a similar dynamic that contributed to the ideologies of pan-slavism , Nazism , and antisemitism , where an in-group constructs an exalted self identity for political purposes and mobilizes against out-groups in order to solidify that identity. This dynamic of hatred

15429-403: The mutilation of corpses, beheading, and the killing of children and non-combatants". The Guardian ' s journalist Mark Towsend, citing Salah al-Ansari of Quilliam , notes: "There is a startling lack of study and concern regarding this abhorrent and dangerous text [ The Jurisprudence of Blood ] in almost all Western and Arab scholarship". Charlie Winter of The Atlantic describes it as

15568-722: The number of business processes and "entities" representing an abstract value for business data: RCO = 1 − ( number of inconsistent entities ) n ( number of entities ) n {\displaystyle {\text{RCO}}=1-{\frac {({\text{number of inconsistent entities}})_{n}}{({\text{number of entities}})_{n}}}} 100% RCO means that post recovery, no business data deviation occurs. After defining recovery requirements, each potential threat may require unique recovery steps (contingency plans or playbooks). Common threats include: The above areas can cascade: Responders can stumble. Supplies may become depleted. During

15707-542: The occurrence of free riding. These restrictions have a dual effect in radical groups. Not only do they ensure that an individual is committed to the cause, but they also diminish individual's access to consumption opportunities and social interaction that might persuade them to distance themselves from the cause. As individuals become more involved with radical activities, their social circles become more constrained, which diminishes contact with non-radicalized persons and further entrenches radicalized thinking. For example, when

15846-520: The operations of corporations and how investments in resilience can give a competitive advantage over entities not prepared for various contingencies extended then-common business continuity planning practices. Business organizations such as the Council on Competitiveness embraced this resilience goal. Adapting to change in an apparently slower, more evolutionary manner - sometimes over many years or decades - has been described as being more resilient, and

15985-419: The populace at large and produce domestic blowback that legitimates further violent action. The primary purpose of a radical group using this tactic is not to destroy the enemy outright, but to make the enemy strike at political and ideological moderates, such that the existing political order loses its claim on legitimacy while the radical group gains legitimacy. By destroying moderates, radical groups encourage

16124-429: The populace at large. Insofar as a group is a dynamic system with a common goal or set of values it is possible that the group's mindset as a whole can affect individuals such that those individuals become more radical. Discussion, interaction, and experience within a radical group can result in an aggregate increase in commitment to the cause, and in some cases can contribute to the formation of divergent conceptions of

16263-399: The possibility of free riders by extension experience defection constraints. Within the context of a violent extremist organization, defection means either defection to a counterintelligence or security apparatus, or defection to a non-radical criminal apparatus. Both of these outcomes spoil specific plans to exercise violence in the name of the group at large. The "defection constraint"

16402-543: The preceding years, the UK government passed the Civil Contingencies Act of 2004 : Businesses must have continuity planning measures to survive and continue to thrive whilst working towards keeping the incident as minimal as possible. The Act was separated into two parts: Part 1: civil protection, covering roles & responsibilities for local responders Part 2: emergency powers. In the United Kingdom, resilience

16541-449: The predetermined recovery time objective. Jihadis Political Militant [REDACTED] Islam portal Jihadism is a neologism for militant Islamic movements that seek to base the state on Islamic principles. In a narrower sense, it refers to the belief held by some Muslims that armed confrontation with political rivals is an efficient and theologically legitimate method of socio-political change. It

16680-483: The process of radicalization equates the two such that criminal acts are justified for intellectually radical purposes, and radical purposes are invoked to justify what are ultimately criminal acts. Romantic and familial entanglement is often an overlooked factor in radicalization. Several violent extremist organizations, especially at their origin, owe their structure to a tight-knit group of friends who share religious, economic, social, and sexual bonds. While this example

16819-470: The process of radicalization, to include all manner of extremist groups both violent and nonviolent, a common series of dynamics have been consistently demonstrated in the course of academic inquiry. Jihadis have a "tried and tested model" of contact with different vulnerable , and extremist individuals through online messaging services or social media platforms, and then rapidly manipulating them towards participating in violent action in their name. It

16958-709: The revolutionary left have shown solidarity for national liberation groups employing terrorism, such as Irish nationalists , the Palestine Liberation Organization and the South American Tupamaros , seeing them as engaged in a global struggle against capitalism. Since the nationalist sentiment is fueled by socio-economic conditions, some separatist movements, including the Basque ETA , the Provisional Irish Republican Army and

17097-528: The role the Internet and social media play. One key conclusion of the report is that "social media constitutes a facilitating environment rather than a driving force for violent radicalization or the actual commission of violence." As stated before the authors of the 2017 UNESCO report repeatedly call for the support of more research into the study of online violent radicalization. Especially as it relates to young people and women as available research has been gendered. Gaps in research also apply to specific areas of

17236-522: The state. The jurists were made salaried employees and the nationalist rulers naturally encouraged their employees (and their employees' interpretations of Islam) to serve the rulers' interests. Inevitably, the jurists came to be seen by the Muslim public as doing this. Into this vacuum of religious authority came aggressive proselytizing , funded by tens of billions of dollars of petroleum-export money from Saudi Arabia . The version of Islam being propagated (Saudi doctrine of Wahhabism ) billed itself as

17375-416: The term "Shia jihad" is Danny Postel, who complains that "this Shia jihad is largely left out of the dominant narrative." Other authors see the ideology of "resistance" (Arabic: muqawama ) as more dominant, even among extremist Shia groups. For clarity, they suggest use of the term " muqawamist" instead. Yemen's Houthi rebels have often called for "jihad" to resist Saudi Arabia's intervention , even though

17514-575: The term "jihadist globalism" to apply to all extremely violent strains of religiously influenced ideologies that articulate the global imaginary into concrete political agendas and terrorist strategies; these include al-Qaeda , Jemaah Islamiyah , Hamas , and Hezbollah , which he finds "today's most spectacular manifestation of religious globalism". According to the Jewish-American political scientist Barak Mendelsohn, "the overwhelming majority of Muslims reject jihadi views of Islam. Furthermore, as

17653-404: The term "strategic resilience" is now used to go beyond resisting a one-time crisis, but rather continuously anticipating and adjusting, "before the case for change becomes desperately obvious". This approach is sometimes summarized as: preparedness , protection, response and recovery. Resilience Theory can be related to the field of Public Relations. Resilience is a communicative process that

17792-404: The termination" of jihad, the treatment of prisoners, the distribution of booty, etc. Unless there was a sudden attack on the Muslim community, jihad was not a "personal obligation" ( fard ‘ayn ); instead it was a "collective one" ( fard al-kifaya ), which had to be discharged "in the way of God" ( fi sabil Allah ), and it could only be directed by the caliph , "whose discretion over its conduct

17931-460: The terms maximum acceptable outage and maximum tolerable period of disruption mean the same thing and are defined using exactly the same words. Some standards use the term maximum downtime limit . When more than one system crashes, recovery plans must balance the need for data consistency with other objectives, such as RTO and RPO. Recovery Consistency Objective (RCO) is the name of this goal. It applies data consistency objectives, to define

18070-466: The terrorist elements that form in their name display this characteristic. While in some cases there may be doctrinal or ethnic differences that motivate this kind of competition, its greatest outward sign is an increased demand by the group for commitment to radical actions. Also called "the logic of political violence", Jiujitsu politics is a form of asymmetrical political warfare in which radical groups act to provoke governments to crack down on

18209-1006: The value of the convoy, increases to include both the price of losing their existing support network and non-quantifiable factors such as friends, family, safety, and other goods over the course of their lives. While the overall arch of radicalization usually involves multiple reinforcing processes, scholars have identified a series of individual pathways to radicalization. Clark McCauley and Sofia Mosalenko's 2009 book Friction: How Radicalization Happens to Them and Us identifies 12 following sociological and psychodynamic pathways: This pathway emphasizes revenge for real or perceived harm inflicted upon oneself by an outside party. This initial offense triggers other psychodynamic mechanisms, such as thinking in more stark in-group and out-group terms, lowered inhibitions to violence, and lessened incentives to avoid violence. Chechen " Shahidka " also known as Black Widows, women who have lost husbands, children, or other close family members in conflict with Russian forces are

18348-547: The wake of the 2018 Pittsburgh synagogue shooting . After the March 15, 2019 Christchurch mosque shootings , Facebook announced that they have banned white nationalist and white separatist content along with white supremacy. Left-wing terrorism is terrorism committed with the aim of overthrowing current capitalist systems and replacing them with Marxist–Leninist or socialist societies. Left-wing terrorism can also occur within already socialist states as criminal action against

18487-604: The world. There is a notable absence of research on this topic when it comes to the Arab world, Africa, and Asia. So much so, that the authors of this report had difficulty developing specific conclusions about the connections between the Internet and social media, radicalization, and youth in these three areas of the world. The authors see these multiple gaps in research as opportunities for future studies, but also admit that there are specific challenges in carrying out research in this area successfully. They discuss empirical, methodological, and ethical challenges. For example, if youth and

18626-637: The year 2005 as follows: "Violent radicalisation" is the phenomenon of people embracing opinions, views and ideas which could lead to acts of terrorism as defined in Article 1 of the Framework Decision on Combating Terrorism. The term "violent radicalisation" originated in EU policy circles and was coined after the Madrid bombing of 11 March 2004 . It was not widely used in social science as a concept but it obviously refers to

18765-459: Was all but absolute." (This was designed in part to avoid incidents like the Kharijia 's jihad against and killing of Caliph Ali , since they deemed that he was no longer a Muslim). Martyrdom resulting from an attack on the enemy with no concern for your own safety was praiseworthy, but dying by your own hand (as opposed to the enemy's) merited a special place in Hell . The category of jihad which

18904-415: Was in retrospect traced to developments of Salafism paired with the origins of al-Qaeda in the Soviet–Afghan War during the 1990s. Jihadism has been called an "offshoot" of Islamic revivalism of the 1960s and 1970s. The writings of Sayyid Qutb and Mohammed Abdul-Salam Farag provide inspiration. The Soviet–Afghan War (1979–1989) is said to have "amplified the jihadist tendency from a fringe phenomenon to

19043-518: Was reported that Raffia Hayat of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Association warned that jailed extremists attempt to recruit violent criminals into radical groups so they carry out attacks on the public once released. There have been several notable criticisms of radicalization theories for focusing disproportionately on Islam. There have been concerns that converts to Islam are more susceptible to violent radicalization than individuals born into

19182-495: Was simple—he offered up a theological fix that allows any who desire it to sidestep the Koranic injunctions against suicide. Clinical psychologist Chris E. Stout also discusses the al Muhajir-inspired text in his essay, Terrorism, Political Violence, and Extremism (2017). He assesses that jihadists regard their actions as being "for the greater good"; that they are in a "weakened in the earth" situation that renders Islamic terrorism

19321-417: Was to make "coercion feel like volunteerism." Barrett asserted that the motivations to become radicalized can be characterized as: ideologue, combatant, criminals, pragmatist, soldier, and follower. Ideologues uphold a belief that ethnic supremacy is necessary and violence was the means to achieve this truth. Ideologues maintain a "readiness to die for the ethnic group if necessary; survival and preservation of

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