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47-659: Iglesias was born in Ferrol son to Pedro Iglesias and Juana, humble parents who called him Paulino. He attended school between the ages of six and nine, when his father, a municipal laborer, died. Manuel, his younger brother, and their mother put their possessions in a small covered cart and walked with it to live in Madrid. Pablo's mother survived there by begging, and both boys entered the Hospicio of San Fernando . They completed primary schooling there, and Pablo learned printing. Aged twelve he left

94-595: A humid oceanic climate , characterised by year-long mild temperatures, rainy winters, and relatively dry summers, although it is slightly wetter than the typical Spanish Mediterranean climate during the summer season. Histogram of population evolution of Ferrol from 1877. (From: Censos de población INE [1] ) Ferrol is twinned with: Province of A Coru%C3%B1a The province of A Coruña ( Galician : provincia da Coruña [pɾoˈβinθjɐ ðɐ koˈɾuɲɐ] ; Spanish : provincia de La Coruña [la koˈɾuɲa] ; historical English: Corunna )

141-400: A personal reward to Fernan Perez de Andrade , in 1371, Henry II gave the town to the powerful Andrade family. In 1568 a fire reduced the old medieval town to rubble; in the same period some parts of the existing fortifications at the entrance of the estuary were built. The town was considered more important as a royal arsenal at this time than as a harbour. With the arrival of

188-538: A population of just 10,000 civilians and about 6,000 military personnel (stationed locally, if not permanently, at least during most of the year). Its mathematical school for marine artillerists, the pilot school, and the Spanish Royal Academy of Naval Engineers were almost completely empty, in stark contrast to the glorious years of abundance before the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805. Ferrol built only two ships of

235-514: A position he held for 36 years until his death. In 1890, when the day of struggle was celebrated for the first time in Madrid on 1 May, he headed a demonstration. He led the representation to the Government of demands for legislative reforms, such as the 8-hour working day. In 1905 he first joined the City Council of Madrid . Republicans had opposed Iglesias, but a Republican-Socialist alliance paved

282-623: A strike and the last time in 1910 when he was sixty. He always rejected offers of clemency, and as an ex-convict some employers would deny him work. More than once, only the newspaper The Socialist he had founded on 12 March 1886, and his wage as its printer, editor and director, kept him from starving. On 12 August 1888 the Spanish General Workers Union (UGT) was founded in Barcelona, its name proposed by Iglesias. The Congress of 1889 named him president of its national committee ,

329-572: Is a city in the province of A Coruña in Galicia , Spain . It is located in the Rías Altas , in the vicinity of Strabo 's Cape Nerium (modern day Cape Prior ). According to the 2021 census, the city has a population of 64,785, making it the seventh largest settlement in Galicia. With Eume to the south and Ortegal the north, Ferrol forms the comarca of Ferrolterra , and together with A Coruña forms

376-412: Is possible, since the bay of Ferrol was such a well guarded port, that the old fishing village was named after the metal by traders reaching the enclave. Alternatively, the name may derive from the legend of a Breton saint, Ferreol , who supposedly arrived there on a ship amid a chorus of seven sirens. Another tradition says that Ferrol comes from farol, alluding to the heraldic figure that appears on

423-579: Is probably the local evolution of the genitive form of the Latin name Ferreolus; Ferrol was probably, in origin, the estate of one Ferreolus. In 1982 the government of Spain officially adopted the name Ferrol in accordance with its long history and tradition. Another theory about the etymology of the name Ferrol posits some relation to the Latin word ferro ( iron ), as the area has long been rich in metals, especially iron and tin , but also gold and silver . It

470-600: Is the northwesternmost province of Spain , and one of the four provinces which constitute the autonomous community of Galicia . This province is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to the west and north, Pontevedra Province to the south and Lugo Province to the east. The history of this province starts at the end of the Middle Ages during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain . During those years this province

517-572: The 1869 Constitution , the Spanish section of the International Workingmen's Association (AIT) organized a series of conferences in Madrid. Iglesias attended, and in 1870, was invited to enter the printers section. The appearance of Solidarity , newspaper of the International, started him on the intense journalistic career that occupied the rest of his life. Iglesias in 1873 applied to join

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564-543: The Ancient Greeks , is well documented by such classical historians as Herodotus , Strabo , Pomponius Mela , and Ptolemy . In Roman times, in the 1st century BC, a fishing port existed which also traded in metals (like silver, gold, tin and iron ), and wild horses. Near Ferrol there is a place called Naraío (famous for its medieval castle), whose name bears a phonetic resemblance Strabo's Nerium, modern day Cape Prior . In ancient Hispania , these parts of

611-729: The Bourbons in the 18th century, Ferrol became a leading naval centre. Ferrol was made capital of the Maritime Department of the North, formed under Ferdinand VI and Charles III for the defence of the Spanish Colonial Empire in America . Rapid improvements followed, notably under the leadership of the Marquis of Ensenada , and the position of Ferrol was made almost unassailable from the sea,

658-525: The Ferrol Expedition , after the defences had been reduced, a British fleet of 109 vessels landed troops on the beach of Doniños to take the Castle of San Felipe. Although only equipped with meagre artillery, the castle's small defence force under the command Count Donadio, together with a sizable number of volunteer citizens of Ferrol, successfully resisted the attack and the fleet withdrew. The alliance with

705-682: The Iberia were dominated by the Artabri (or Arrotrebae ), who gave their name to the Portus Magnus Artabrorum ("Great Port of the Artabri"), formed not only by the bay of Ferrol but the three rias of Ferrol, Betanzos and A Coruña. Ferrol was then, as it is today, a first class natural harbour in the treacherous waters of the Atlantic, and very well guarded. Historically, it has often been described as

752-705: The United Kingdom during the Peninsular War of 1808–1814 failed to prevent the deterioration in the town's fortunes. The arsenals and fortresses were abandoned and they were easily occupied by the French in 1809. When the war with Napoleonic France was over, many of the South American colonies chose to pursue independence from Spain and the shipyards of Ferrol went into a serious decline, losing most of their civilian, clergy and military population. By 1824, Ferrol had

799-414: The arrival of democracy in 1978 did little to arrest Ferrol's economic decline, and from 1982 to the early 1990s, the city faced numerous problems due to the waning of the naval sector . The beginning of the new millennium, however, has been a time of economic expansion and prosperity in general. A new motorway and an outer-port have been built, as have numerous arcades and shopping centres, mostly in

846-611: The Association of Art Printers and the following year was chosen as its president. From this platform he began several years of secret work preparing to start the world's second workers party. On 22 May 1879, at a renowned clandestine banquet of international brotherhood in Madrid, twenty-five people (led by Iglesias) founded the Spanish Socialist Workers Party (PSOE - Partido Socialista Obrero Español). Political activism repeatedly put Iglesias in jail, first in 1882 after

893-550: The Ferrol Terminus railway station was given the green light to begin construction, and aims to move large numbers modern containers in and out of Ferrol, distributing goods throughout Galicia and the rest of Spain and Europe. A small railway local branch operated here in the early years of the 20th century. At that time, Ferrol itself and its ports were intended solely for the Royal Navy and its shipyards, and hence were not open to

940-467: The Hospicio to work and to help support his mother. He worked as a printer, gradually improving his wages. While he was rendered unemployed by a strike, his brother died of tuberculosis . He attended evening classes and learned French . This let him read classic works of French political science, translate the works of French socialists and participate successfully in international congresses . Protected by

987-558: The Royal Dockyards of Ferrol were launching Spain's first steam propelled ship, which was also its first iron-hulled sailing ship . The second half of the 19th century brought to the Royal Dockyards of Ferrol not only employment, but also concomitant social and political tensions, which culminated in the failed republican uprising of 1872. Steamers between Ferrol and the port of Havana in Spanish Cuba were in frequent operation at

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1034-649: The Spanish Navy and Spanish shipbuilding industry, hired the Spanish Society for Naval Construction , whose major investors were a British-Spanish conglomerate taking contracts In the following proportions: 40% Vickers Sons and Maxim , 30% Marquis of Comillas of the Spanish Transatlantic Company , and 30% Biscay Furnace Company . All the previously state-owned shipbuilding yards, workshops , foundries and dry docks at Ferrol were handed over to

1081-788: The Thames Embankment in London, UK. It arrived in Ferrol on 19 October 1877 after almost sinking off the west coast of France five days earlier. A plaque commemorating the event and those who died can be seen at the base of the Needle in London. Ten years after the Spanish–American War of 1898, in which Spain lost Cuba and the Philippines , the Antonio Maura government, in an attempt to restore

1128-474: The beginning of the war, the shipbuilding yards, workshops, foundries and dry docks in Ferrol were taken over by the state. They were fully nationalized in 1945 under the name "Bazán", later renamed "IZAR", and, from January 2005, Navantia . The town was the birthplace of Francisco Franco , after whom the city was officially known as El Ferrol del Caudillo from 1938 to 1982. The end of the Spanish State and

1175-787: The best natural port in Europe. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire the whole Iberian Peninsula , including Ferrol, was raided by the Vandals and incorporated in 411 to the Suebic Kingdom of Galicia ; their kingdom was incorporated in 584 by Leovigild to the Visigothic Kingdom . Following the collapse of the Suebic-Visigothic state, these Christian parts of Iberia saw very little change in comparison with other parts of

1222-541: The civil cemetery in Madrid. The Spanish liberal philosopher José Ortega y Gasset praised him as a "secular saint". In For Whom the Bell Tolls , Ernest Hemingway wrote, "God pity the Spanish people. Any leader they have will muck them. One good man, Pablo Iglesias, in two thousand years...." (Chapt. 35). Ferrol, Spain Ferrol ( Galician: [feˈrɔl] , Spanish: [feˈrol] )

1269-492: The coat of arms of the city. However, according to experts, the coat of arms of Ferrol dates back only to the eighteenth century. The existence of prehistoric human settlements in the area that would later become Ferrol is suggested by the abundance of burial chambers and megalithic monuments , as well as petroglyphs and other archaeological findings. The Phoenicians established in this area several dried and salted cod stations and their presence, together with that of

1316-593: The dictator Miguel Primo de Rivera (1923–1930). The arrival of the British coincided with the construction of a local tram system (1924–1961). In view of the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War , and due to the fear of social unrest in the naval station, the Foreign Office in London organized a ship to repatriate all the remaining British citizens. On 22 July 1936, HMS Witch left Ferrol bound for Britain. At

1363-475: The difficulties of disembarking troops on its precipitous coast being strengthened by a renewed line of fortresses and newly built castles, including that of San Carlos. The Royal Dockyards of A Graña and Ferrol, built between 1726 and 1783, produced ships protected with copper sheets from the rolling mills of Xubia. In 1772, The Spanish Royal Academy of Naval Engineers of Ferrol, the first such academy in Spain,

1410-473: The general commerce per se. Historically, however, there have been many exceptions, with local businesses including PEMSA ( timber ), PYSBE ( dried and salted cod ) and HISPANIA ( pencils ), in addition to manufacturers of hats , paper and leather , plus naval and hardware stores. Items such as corn , wine , brandy , vinegar , pilchards and herrings (and other produce from Ferrol's own fisheries) have also been exported. Like much of Galicia, Ferrol has

1457-574: The history of Pomponius Mela , a Roman historian who in the year AD 43 detailing a description of the Portus Magnus Artabrorum , the "great port of the Artabri ". The current toponym Ferrol, though, can only be traced back to the Middle Ages; a document from 1087 mentions sancto Iuliano de Ferrol, near the monastery of San Martín de Jubia (12th century, in Romanesque style ), where Ferrol

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1504-670: The last, The Working Class Will Win in Freedom on 5 December 1925. Iglesias was one of the best propagandists among Spanish socialist idealists; few workers' leaders wrote so much of interest. Characterised by vehement defense and furious attack, his works make an ethically coherent call for regeneration and hope. On his death, an office drawer contained a parting gift of 1,000 pesetas from Iglesias for The Socialist , to which he had been linked from its birth. There were widespread posthumous tributes to him. With Government authorization, more than 150,000 workers accompanied his funeral procession to

1551-431: The line between 1794 and 1845, although nine frigates and a considerable number of smaller warships were also constructed in this period. After half a century of decreased activity, it lost its title of capital under Ferdinand VII . However, there was a massive renovation during the leadership of Cardinal Alberoni and in just a few years fourteen great line-of-battle-ships were launched. New activities sprang up and Ferrol

1598-577: The line from Madrid to nearby A Coruña, was sanctioned by the Cortes in Madrid as early as 1865 but was not finally inaugurated until 1904. A century later, the High Speed AVE Railway suffered similar delays, eventually opening in 2013. In September 2017, a new local railway branch serving the outer port of Ferrol (known as the Canelinas-Ferrol container port), the inside of the bay docks and

1645-527: The outskirts of the city between Ferrol and Naron. Young shoppers and their families frequent the stores and enjoy weekend days out with amenities like bowling, cafeterias, fast food outlets, cinemas and sports facilities. The Spanish Navy Spanish Squadron still takes part in naval demonstrations and in June 2008 Ferrol hosted the large NATO Maritime Exercise Loyal Mariner ( RN ). The Ferrol Terminus railway station, connecting Lugo to Ferrol, branching off from

1692-671: The peninsula, becoming part of the Kingdom of Asturias as early as 750AD. Over time, the Kingdom of Asturias would split into further Christian kingdoms, causing the area to change hands several times between Galicia , Leon , and finally Castile . Ferrol served as a strategic safe port during the Hundred Years' War and sided with the House of Trastamara during the Castilian Civil War . As

1739-548: The religious and cultural centre of the entire region. The University of Santiago de Compostela was the only university in North-western Spain until the arrival of democracy after the death of General Francisco Franco . The cathedral of Santiago de Compostela is the destination of the Way of St. James , a major historical pilgrimage route since the Middle Ages which still gathers thousands of pilgrims each year from all over

1786-460: The second largest conurbation in Galicia, with a total population of 640,000 in 2016. The harbour, for depth, capacity and safety, has few equals in Europe. The entrance is very narrow, commanded by forts, and may even be shut by a boom . The city has been a major naval shipbuilding centre for most of its history, being the capital of the Spanish Navy 's Maritime Department of the North since

1833-419: The technical expertise of some of the finest British shipbuilders; John Brown , Vickers and Armstrong were now in charge of building the new Spanish fleet. For a period of sixteen years, the technicians were exclusively British, and the situation was not altered till 1925, when management was taken over by Spanish engineers. This was one of the new policies introduced by the newly installed government of

1880-458: The time of the early Bourbons . Before that, in the 17th century , Ferrol had the largest arsenal in Europe. Today, the city contains some of the major shipbuilding yards of the Navantia Group. Ferrol was the birthplace of the dictator Francisco Franco in 1892. The municipality was officially named after him as "El Ferrol del Caudillo " from September 1938 to December 1982. It

1927-595: The time, such that shipyard workers who got into trouble with the local authorities in Ferrol often fled to the Spanish Main . From the days of the Armada to the present, the Bay of Ferrol has attracted numerous ships seeking repairs or refuge after meeting with disaster or rough waters trying to cross the Bay of Biscay in bad weather. Such was the case of Cleopatra, carrying one of the two Cleopatra Needles, which stands today on

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1974-456: The treacherous north coast of Spain towards the Costa da Morte (Coast of Death), where they had no safe haven. The geography of Ferrol meant that an entire Spanish fleet could slip out on a single tide. By the time the British were able to resume the blockade, the Spanish would be safely away and out to sea. Despite these advantages, a decline set in during the reign of Charles IV , and in 1800, during

2021-629: The way for the 1910 elections to make him the first socialist deputy in the Spanish Parliament. Worsening health prevented him attending many parliamentary sessions after 1914, limiting his parliamentary career. 1923 saw him elected a deputy for the last time. Despite his sparse theoretical background, he produced many excellent intellectual works in Spain and internationally. He published more than two thousand newspaper articles in Spain between his first, The War , on 5 December 1870 in Solidarity , and

2068-744: Was also the birthplace of the founder of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), Pablo Iglesias , in 1850. The city is one of the starting points of the English Way path of the Camino de Santiago . Because of the modern requirement that pilgrims must travel 100 km by foot in order to be officially recognized, Ferrol is the preferred starting point for pilgrims traversing the English Way. The first historical mention of this settlement, then called Burum or Arotebrarum Portum , appears in

2115-572: Was created. For the most laborious work, six hundred galley slaves were employed in the harbour. Ferrol is famous in the history of the struggle between the Spanish Empire and the British for being one of the only enclaves in the world, together with Cartagena de Indias , that always resisted occupation successfully; Ferrol was virtually impossible to blockade in the age of sail , as strong westerly winds would take any blockading force away along

2162-526: Was employing 2,000 workmen in its foundries, now in full operation. A School of Naval Engineers was established where 40 students were taught the scientific principles of their profession by competent instructors educated in England and France. So successful in bringing the world's most advanced technologies was the administration of the Marquis de Molina , the Spanish Minister for Naval affairs, that by 1858

2209-453: Was far smaller than today. This is because in the 1833 territorial division of Spain the entire Province of Betanzos together with half of the Mondoñedo were amalgamated into one single province with its capital city in A Coruña . Since 1833, the province has always been the one with the largest population and largest coast. Until the second half of the 20th century, this province was both

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