130-620: Pedro Sánchez (acting) PSOE Pedro Sánchez PSOE The November 2019 Spanish general election was held on Sunday, 10 November 2019, to elect the 14th Cortes Generales of the Kingdom of Spain . All 350 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 208 of 265 seats in the Senate . The election was held as provided under article 99.5 of the Spanish Constitution , as
260-498: A party crisis , dubbed by some in the media as the "war of the roses", after Sánchez called a special PSOE congress for the autumn to settle the issue. This prompted half of the PSOE executive committee to resign, and on Saturday, 1 October 2016, Sánchez lost a vote in the PSOE federal committee to support his proposals for an autumn congress; he immediately resigned as Secretary-General and was replaced by an interim "caretaker committee" while
390-413: A snap election , provided that no motion of no confidence was in process, no state of emergency was in force and that dissolution did not occur before one year had elapsed since the previous one. Additionally, both chambers were to be dissolved and a new election called if an investiture process failed to elect a prime minister within a two-month period from the first ballot. Barred this exception, there
520-416: A supermajority , such as two-thirds or three-fifths. A suspensory veto, also called a suspensive veto, can be overridden by a simple majority, and thus serves only to delay the law from coming into force. A package veto, also called a "block veto" or "full veto", vetoes a legislative act as a whole. A partial veto, also called a line item veto , allows the executive to object only to some specific part of
650-416: A "centrist" and " social liberal " platform, before moving further left in his successful 2017 bid to return to the leadership, during which he stood for a "re-foundation of social democracy ", to transition to a "post-capitalist society", ending " neoliberal capitalism ". One key idea posed in his 2019 Manual de Resistencia book is "the indissoluble link between 'social democracy' and 'Europe'". Sánchez
780-409: A PSOE candidate, under the local leadership of Trinidad Jiménez . He was 23rd on the proportional representation list, but missed out as the PSOE won only 21 seats. Sánchez joined the council a year later by co-option when two of the PSOE councillors resigned. He quickly rose to become a close confidante of Trinidad Jiménez, who sought the leadership of the council. In 2005, he was seconded to help lead
910-458: A bill from being brought before the plebeian assembly. The consuls also had the power of veto, as decision-making generally required the assent of both consuls. If they disagreed, either could invoke the intercessio to block the action of the other. The veto was an essential component of the Roman conception of power being wielded not only to manage state affairs but to moderate and restrict the power of
1040-625: A change in government policy . Veto points are the institutional opportunities that give these actors the ability to veto. The theory of veto points was first developed by Ellen M. Immergut in 1990, in a comparative case study of healthcare reform in different political systems. Breaking with earlier scholarship, Immergut argued that "we have veto points within political systems and not veto groups within societies." Veto player analysis draws on game theory . George Tsebelis first developed it in 1995 and set it forth in detail in 2002 Veto Players: How Political Institutions Work . A veto player
1170-765: A degree in business leadership from IESE Business School in the University of Navarra , a private university and apostolate of the Opus Dei , and a diploma in Advanced Studies in EU Monetary Integration from the Instituto Ortega y Gasset in 2002. In 2012, Sánchez received his Doctorate in Economics from Camilo José Cela University, where he lectured in economics. In 2003, Sánchez stood for Madrid City Council as
1300-533: A fresh leadership election could be organised. Soon after his resignation, the PSOE caretaker committee decided to abstain in the investiture vote, which would enable the PP's Mariano Rajoy to be re-elected as prime minister. Saying that he could not obey this directive as it would mean "betraying his word" not to allow Rajoy to be re-elected, Sánchez resigned his seat in the Congress of Deputies, and declared he would stand in
1430-597: A government, to do what we think is best for our country, its coexistence, stability and progress" and the Catalan conflict needs "that the word, dialogue, coexistence and the capacity for reunion take on a leading role that should never have been lost". Following the 2023 general election , the Congress of Deputies passed the Organic Law 1/2024, of amnesty for the institutional, political and social normalization in Catalonia ,
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#17328841301871560-610: A law guaranteeing equal pay between the sexes, before dissolving the Congress of Deputies and holding a general election. However, he also said he would uphold the 2018 budget that had already been passed by the Rajoy Government, a condition that the Basque Nationalist Party required to vote for the motion of no confidence. Sánchez also announced he would only propose other measures if they had considerable parliamentary support, re-affirming his government's compliance with
1690-458: A letter in the X social network that he was considering his resignation from the position of prime minister, citing a right-wing media offensive to wear him down. Several media noted how Manos Limpias' charges against Sánchez's wife were based on press headlines and fake news, a fact that the trade union acknowledged as possible. On 26 April 2024 and in a joint investigation, elDiario.es , El País and La Vanguardia newspapers revealed
1820-500: A majority. After talks to form a government failed, Sánchez again won the most votes at the November 2019 general election , forming a minority coalition government with Unidas Podemos , the first national coalition government since the country's return to democracy. After the PSOE suffered significant losses in regional elections in May 2023, Sánchez called a snap general election , which saw
1950-543: A plot by the PP, dating back to Mariano Rajoy 's government in 2014, to spy and produce information on Sánchez's and Gómez's relatives to "politically kill him" by using Manos Limpias to present criminal charges. On 27 April, thousands gathered outside the PSOE's headquarters in Calle Ferraz, Madrid, in an effort to persuade Sánchez not to resign. The case has drawn comparisons to António Costa 's resignation in Portugal over
2080-472: A reduction veto, the reduction simply becomes law, while if the legislature takes no action on an amendatory veto, the bill dies. A pocket veto is a veto that takes effect simply by the executive or head of state taking no action. In the United States, the pocket veto can only be exercised near the end of a legislative session; if the deadline for presidential action passes during the legislative session,
2210-398: A remarkable result in the 26 May Madrilenian regional election —into a national alliance under the newly created brand of Más País , comprising a number of regional parties and former Podemos and United Left (IU) allies, such as Coalició Compromís , Equo or Chunta Aragonesista (CHA), while also seeing an exodus of a number of Podemos officials into Errejón's new party. Voter turnout
2340-554: A report, in which it communicated to the court that there are multiple indications of misappropriation in the registry in Begoña's name of a software of the University. The report also denounces that contracts and expenses have been issued in the name of the University without Begoña being authorized to do so. Gómez replied by arguing that she signed the software's register because the University explicitly required her to do so. On 22 July,
2470-460: A requirement for his 2023 investiture by Catalan pro-independence parties Together for Catalonia and Republican Left of Catalonia , which aimed at pardoning all those sentenced or prosecuted between 2011 and 2023 for Catalan independence, becoming the second amnesty law after the Law 46/1977, of amnesty . Notwithstanding as of November 2024, no politician has benefitted from the law. Sánchez took
2600-646: A result of the failure in government formation negotiations between the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) and Unidas Podemos following Pedro Sánchez 's failed investiture voting on 23–25 July 2019. On 17 September 2019, King Felipe VI declined to propose any candidate for investiture ahead of the 23 September deadline as a result of the lack of agreement between parties, with a new general election scheduled for 10 November. The failure in negotiations prompted Podemos founder Íñigo Errejón to turn his regional Más Madrid platform—which had obtained
2730-750: A seat in the Congress. As Leader of the Opposition, Sánchez joined Mariano Rajoy in opposing the 2017 Catalan independence referendum , and supported the Spanish Government's decision to dismiss the Catalan Government and impose direct rule on Catalonia in October 2017 following the crisis. Throughout 2017 and 2018, the Gürtel trial caused controversy for the Rajoy Government; finally, after critical verdicts were announced in May 2018, Sánchez announced that
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#17328841301872860-404: A series of pro-independence and regionalist political parties, the Congress of Deputies re-elected Sánchez as Prime Minister on 16 November 2023; he was formally appointed to a third term the following day, sparking protests . Following weeks of political tensions, which saw Sánchez accepting an amnesty law for Catalan pro independence politicians convicted or investigated for events related to
2990-475: A system known as "begged" or expat vote ( Spanish : Voto rogado ). For the Congress of Deputies, 348 seats were elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation , with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes—which included blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Seats were allocated to constituencies, corresponding to the provinces of Spain , with each being allocated an initial minimum of two seats and
3120-667: A teenager, Sánchez spent time in Dublin to learn English. In 1993, Sánchez first joined the PSOE, following the victory of Felipe González in that year's general election . He earned a licentiate degree from the Real Colegio Universitario María Cristina , attached to the Complutense University of Madrid , in 1995. Following his graduation, he moved to New York City to work for a global consulting firm. In 1998, Sánchez moved to Brussels to work for
3250-778: A temporary refugee camp in the air base of Torrejón de Ardoz , which was later visited by officials from the European Union, including President of the European Commission Ursula von der Leyen and President of the European Council Charles Michel . Von der Leyen praised the Sánchez Government's initiative, stating that the actions of Spain represented "a good example of the European soul at its best". US President Joe Biden spoke with Sánchez to allow
3380-580: A very active role in the international sphere, particularly in the European Union, saying that "Spain has to claim its role" and declaring himself "a militant pro-European". On 16 January 2019, in a speech before the European Parliament , he said that the EU should be protected and turned into a global actor, and that a more social Europe is needed, with a strong monetary union. He stated in a speech in March 2019 that
3510-424: A veto power include Slovenia and Luxembourg , where the power to withhold royal assent was abolished in 2008. Countries that have some form of veto power include the following: In political science, the broader power of people and groups to prevent change is sometimes analyzed through the frameworks of veto points and veto players . Veto players are actors who can potentially exercise some sort of veto over
3640-536: A wave of violent protests throughout Catalonia, and particularly in Barcelona, throughout the ensuing days. The table below shows registered vote turnout on election day without including voters from the Census of Absent-Residents (CERA). On 11 November, the day after the election, Albert Rivera resigned as leader of Citizens (Cs) after the party lost over 80% of its seats in the Congress and one-third of its seats in
3770-495: A way of comparing very different political systems, such as presidential and parliamentary systems. Veto player analyses can also incorporate people and groups that have de facto power to prevent policy change, even if they do not have the legal power to do so. Some literature distinguishes cooperative veto points (within institutions) and competitive veto points (between institutions), theorizing competitive veto points contribute to obstructionism . Some literature disagrees with
3900-515: Is a Spanish politician who has served as Prime Minister of Spain since 2018. He has also been Secretary-General of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) since 2017, having previously held that office from 2014 to 2016, and was elected President of the Socialist International in 2022. Sánchez began his political career in 2004 as a city councillor in Madrid, before being elected to
4030-472: Is a list of the main parties and electoral alliances which contested the election: The November 2019 Spanish general election was the first to apply the new electoral procedures introduced for election re-runs as a result of the experience of the 2015–2016 political deadlock leading to the June 2016 election . This consisted of a special, simplified process, including a shortening of deadlines, electoral campaigning,
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4160-514: Is a political actor who has the ability to stop a change from the status quo. There are institutional veto players, whose consent is required by constitution or statute; for example, in US federal legislation, the veto players are the House, Senate and presidency. There are also partisan veto players, which are groups that can block policy change from inside an institutional veto player. In a coalition government
4290-406: Is a veto power exercised by a legislative body. It may be a veto exercised by the legislature against an action of the executive branch, as in the case of the legislative veto in the United States , which is found in 28 US states. It may also be a veto power exercised by one chamber of a bicameral legislature against another, such as was formerly held by members of the Senate of Fiji appointed by
4420-629: Is also a strong opponent of prostitution and has advocated for its abolition. Sánchez married Begoña Gómez in 2006 and have two daughters. The civil wedding was officiated by Trinidad Jiménez . Sánchez is an atheist . Aside from Spanish, Sánchez speaks fluent English and French. He is the first Spanish Prime Minister to be fluent in English while in office (former Prime Minister José María Aznar became fluent in English after leaving office). Foreign languages were not widely taught in Spanish schools until
4550-430: Is not limited in this way is known as a "policy veto". One type of budgetary veto, the reduction veto, which is found in several US states, gives the executive the authority to reduce budgetary appropriations that the legislature has made. When an executive is given multiple different veto powers, the procedures for overriding them may differ. For example, in the US state of Illinois, if the legislature takes no action on
4680-516: Is one of the main tools that the executive has in the legislative process , along with the proposal power . It is most commonly found in presidential and semi-presidential systems . In parliamentary systems , the head of state often has either a weak veto power or none at all. But while some political systems do not contain a formal veto power, all political systems contain veto players , people or groups who can use social and political power to prevent policy change. The word "veto" comes from
4810-400: The 2014 European Parliament election , Sánchez launched his campaign to succeed him on 12 June 2014. He was elected as PSOE Secretary-General on 13 July, winning 49% of votes against his opponents Eduardo Madina and José Antonio Pérez Tapias . He was formally appointed Secretary-General after an Extraordinary Congress of the PSOE was held on 26 July to ratify the result, becoming Leader of
4940-569: The 2017–2018 Spanish constitutional crisis and the 2019–2020 Catalan protests , he was able to secure enough support to be re-elected as prime minister by an absolute majority on 16 November 2023. Sánchez's re-election and amnesty law proposal sparked protests . Sánchez criticized Israel's actions in the Gaza Strip during the 2023 Israel–Hamas war . He promised to "work in Europe and in Spain to recognise
5070-514: The COVID-19 pandemic in March and its political and economical consequences, including the worst worldwide recession since the Great Depression resulting from the massive lockdowns enforced to reduce the spread of SARS-CoV-2 . The Spanish Cortes Generales were envisaged as an imperfect bicameral system. The Congress of Deputies had greater legislative power than the Senate , having
5200-569: The Communist Party of Spain (PCE), aged 89 at that moment, put himself forward to be an independent candidate for prime minister if a Vox -proposed motion of no confidence were successful. The motion failed on 22 March with 52 votes in favour (Vox plus one independent), 91 abstentions ( People's Party plus one independent) and 201 votes against. Pedro S%C3%A1nchez Pedro Sánchez Pérez-Castejón ( Spanish pronunciation: [ˈpeðɾo ˈsantʃeθ ˈpeɾeθ kasteˈxon] ; born 29 February 1972)
5330-469: The Congress of Deputies in 2009. In 2014, he was elected Secretary-General of the PSOE, becoming Leader of the Opposition . He led the party through the inconclusive 2015 and 2016 general elections , but resigned as Secretary-General shortly after the latter, following public disagreements with the party's executive . He was re-elected in a leadership election eight months later, defeating internal rivals Susana Díaz and Patxi López . On 1 June 2018,
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5460-581: The Constitutional Court of Spain , acting upon the 2020 appeal by Vox , sentenced by a narrow majority (6 votes in support vs. 5 votes against) that the state of alarm was unconstitutional in the part of suppressing the freedom of movement established by the Article 19 of the Constitution of Spain . After the PSOE suffered heavy losses in a series of regional and local elections across Spain, with
5590-622: The Cortes Generales —the Congress and the Senate—expired four years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. The election decree was required to be issued no later than the twenty-fifth day prior to the date of expiry of parliament and published on the following day in the Official State Gazette (BOE), with election day taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication. The previous election
5720-564: The Great Council of Chiefs . In certain political systems, a particular body is able to exercise a veto over candidates for an elected office. This type of veto may also be referred to by the broader term " vetting ". Historically, certain European Catholic monarchs were able to veto candidates for the papacy , a power known as the jus exclusivae . This power was used for the last time in 1903 by Franz Joseph I of Austria . In Iran,
5850-658: The Guardian Council has the power to approve or disapprove candidates, in addition to its veto power over legislation. In China, following a pro-democracy landslide in the 2019 Hong Kong local elections , in 2021 the National People's Congress approved a law that gave the Candidate Eligibility Review Committee , appointed by the Chief Executive of Hong Kong , the power to veto candidates for
5980-613: The Hong Kong Legislative Council . In presidential and semi-presidential systems, the veto is a legislative power of the presidency, because it involves the president in the process of making law. In contrast to proactive powers such as the ability to introduce legislation , the veto is a reactive power, because the president cannot veto a bill until the legislature has passed it. Executive veto powers are often ranked as comparatively "strong" or "weak". A veto power may be considered stronger or weaker depending on its scope,
6110-608: The Latin for "I forbid". The concept of a veto originated with the Roman offices of consul and tribune of the plebs . There were two consuls every year; either consul could block military or civil action by the other. The tribunes had the power to unilaterally block any action by a Roman magistrate or the decrees passed by the Roman Senate . The institution of the veto, known to the Romans as
6240-481: The Nuclear Safety Council . In December 2013, after publishing a book outlining a new policy direction, with numerous leading PSOE figures such as Elena Valenciano , Trinidad Jiménez , Miguel Sebastián , and José Blanco López attending the launch, his began to be considered a future candidate for the PSOE leadership. After the resignation of PSOE leader Alfredo Pérez Rubalcaba , following poor results at
6370-513: The Operation Influencer investigation, which attracted criticism for several mistakes. On 29 April, Sánchez announced that he would not be resigning despite a "harassment and bullying operation" and that he would be fighting "even harder" as prime minister. His spouse Begoña Gómez is charged with crimes of influence peddling and corruption in business and was called to testify on 19 July 2024. She refused to testify. Witnesses in
6500-466: The PP and Vox winning a large number of seats, Sánchez surprised many by announcing a snap general election for 23 July. In a speech confirming the election, Sánchez stated that it was important to listen to the will of the people, but stressed the need to persevere with post-COVID economic recovery measures implemented by his government, and that he would seek to prevent the formation a PP-Vox Government. At
6630-710: The PSdG (PSOE's sister party in Galicia ) campaign in the Galician regional election , which saw the PSdG win enough seats to allow their leader, Emilio Pérez Touriño , to become President of Galicia. As well as his career as a Madrid City Councillor, Sánchez also worked as a university lecturer at the Universidad Camilo José Cela (UCJC) in 2008, lecturing on Economic Structure and History of Economic Thought. Via co-option, Sánchez
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#17328841301876760-610: The People's Party (PP), who won with 123 seats. As the PP could not form a government, Sánchez was formally requested by the King in January 2016 to attempt to form a coalition, but he could not win the support of a majority of representatives. This led to a snap general election in June 2016, where the PSOE lost several seats and remained second to the PP. Following the 2016 general election, Sánchez argued
6890-717: The Tetuán district, he went on to study at the Colegio Santa Cristina. According to Sánchez himself, he frequented breakdancing circles in AZCA when he was a teenager. He moved from the Colegio Santa Cristina to the Instituto Ramiro de Maeztu, a public high school where he played basketball in the Estudiantes youth system , with links to the high school, reaching the U-21 team. As
7020-693: The Washington summit in July 2024, Sánchez urged NATO members to avoid "double standards" regarding the wars in Ukraine and Gaza, saying, "If we demand respect for international law in Ukraine, we must demand it in Gaza as well." On 24 April 2024, due to a court investigation of his wife, Begoña Gómez , for alleged influence peddling charges presented by Manos Limpias , a far-right proxy trade union, Sánchez announced through
7150-507: The intercessio , was adopted by the Roman Republic in the 6th century BC to enable the tribunes to protect the mandamus interests of the plebeians (common citizenry) from the encroachments of the patricians , who dominated the Senate. A tribune's veto did not prevent the senate from passing a bill but meant that it was denied the force of law. The tribunes could also use the veto to prevent
7280-413: The partitioning and the dissolution of the Polish state in the late 18th century. The modern executive veto derives from the European institution of royal assent , in which the monarch's consent was required for bills to become law. This in turn had evolved from earlier royal systems in which laws were simply issued by the monarch, as was the case for example in England until the reign of Edward III in
7410-452: The veto power in the United States , were qualified vetoes that the legislature could override. But this was not always the case: the Chilean constitution of 1833, for example, gave that country's president an absolute veto. Most modern vetoes are intended as a check on the power of the government, or a branch of government , most commonly the legislative branch. Thus, in governments with a separation of powers , vetoes may be classified by
7540-403: The 14th century. In England itself, the power of the monarch to deny royal assent was not used after 1708, but it was used extensively in the British colonies. The heavy use of this power was mentioned in the U.S. Declaration of Independence in 1776. Following the French Revolution in 1789, the royal veto was hotly debated, and hundreds of proposals were put forward for different versions of
7670-443: The 2007 Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples , which requires the "free, prior and informed consent" of Indigenous communities to development or resource extraction projects on their land. However, many governments have been reluctant to allow such a veto. Vetoes may be classified by whether the vetoed body can override them, and if so, how. An absolute veto cannot be overridden at all. A qualified veto can be overridden by
7800-418: The 2007 Historical Memory Law to allow for the exhumation of Franco's remains from the Valley of the Fallen. After a year of legal battles with Franco's descendants, the exhumation took place on 24 October 2019, and Franco was reburied at Mingorrubio Cemetery in El Pardo with his wife Carmen Polo . After the 2019 sentence of Catalonian independence leaders , Sánchez confirmed his government's support of
7930-428: The Civil Guard report appreciates clear indications of a crime. The Spanish Attorney General , Álvaro García Ortiz , appointed by Pedro Sánchez, , was charged with the crime of revealing secrets by leaking e-mails from the Prosecutor's Office to the boyfriend of the president of the Community of Madrid , Isabel Díaz Ayuso . His official office has been searched and his phones and computers tapped. Both Ortiz and
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#17328841301878060-415: The Congress from Madrid (one from the PSOE and one from Podemos), while the leftist and Catalan nationalist Popular Unity Candidacy (CUP) gained its first seats in the national legislature after choosing to participate at the national level for the first time. On 7 January 2020, Pedro Sánchez was confirmed as prime minister by the Congress of Deputies. In February 2023, Ramón Tamames , a former member of
8190-468: The Congress to guarantee passage of the motion. On Friday, 1 June 2018, 180 Deputies supported the motion of no confidence, clearing the required threshold of 176, leading to Rajoy's resignation and recommendation of Sánchez to succeed him. Sánchez was formally installed as Prime Minister of Spain by King Felipe VI on 2 June 2018. Outlining his priorities, Sánchez said he would form a short-term government that would increase unemployment benefit and propose
8320-415: The Congress. He subsequently enrolled at the UCJC to study a Doctorate in Economics, earning his PHD 18 months later by writing a dissertation entitled Innovaciones de la diplomacia económica española: Análisis del sector público (2000–2012) (English translation: Innovations of Spanish Economic Diplomacy: Analysis of the Public Sector (2000–2012)), supervised by María Isabel Cepeda González. In 2018, Sánchez
8450-432: The EU deficit requirements. As Sánchez swore his oath of office to the Spanish Constitution , no Bible or crucifix were used for the first time in modern Spanish history, due to Sánchez's atheism. On 18 June 2018, the Sánchez Government announced its intention to remove the remains of former dictator Francisco Franco from the Valley of the Fallen . On 24 August the Cabinet approved a decree modifying two aspects of
8580-423: The French royal veto became moot. The presidential veto was conceived in by republicans in the 18th and 19th centuries as a counter-majoritarian tool, limiting the power of a legislative majority. Some republican thinkers such as Thomas Jefferson , however, argued for eliminating the veto power entirely as a relic of monarchy. To avoid giving the president too much power, most early presidential vetoes, such as
8710-412: The Ministry of Culture's Instituto Nacional de las Artes Escénicas y de la Música ( lit. ' National Institute of the Performing Arts and Music ' ). He later became the owner of an industrial packing company. His mother also worked as a civil servant, in the social security system, and later studied to become a lawyer, ultimately graduating alongside her son at the same university. Raised in
8840-422: The Opposition . Presenting a platform based on political regeneration, Sánchez called for constitutional reforms establishing federalism as the form of administrative organisation of Spain to ensure that Catalonia would remain within the country; a new progressive fiscal policy; extending the welfare state to all citizens; increasing the membership of labour unions to strengthen economic recovery; and regaining
8970-451: The PSOE called a vote of no confidence against Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy , successfully passing the motion after winning the support of Unidas Podemos , as well as various regionalist and nationalist parties. Sánchez was appointed prime minister by King Felipe VI the following day. He went on to lead the PSOE to gain 38 seats in the April 2019 general election , the PSOE's first national victory since 2008 , although they fell short of
9100-423: The PSOE hold all of its seats; despite finishing second behind the People's Party , Sánchez was able to again form a coalition government , and was appointed to a third term as Prime Minister on 17 November 2023. Pedro Sánchez Pérez-Castejón was born in 1972 in Madrid to well-off parents, Pedro Sánchez Fernández and Magdalena Pérez-Castejón. His father was a public administrator who spent most of his career at
9230-491: The PSOE should refuse to allow the PP to form a government, which would break the national political deadlock. Susana Díaz , the President of Andalusia , began to lead criticism of Sánchez's leadership, arguing that his hardline position on government formation was harming the party. After poor results for the PSOE in the September Basque and Galician regional elections , numerous PSOE figures followed Díaz in calling for Sánchez's resignation. The situation quickly developed into
9360-489: The PSOE would file a motion of no confidence against Rajoy. Under the Spanish Constitution, such motions are constructive , meaning those bringing the motion must simultaneously propose a replacement candidate for prime minister. Accordingly, the PSOE nominated Sánchez as the alternative prime minister. Sánchez led negotiations with other political parties, and ultimately secured the support of enough minor parties in
9490-656: The PSOE's delegation to the European Parliament , including as an assistant to the MEP Bárbara Dührkop . He also spent time working in the staff of the United Nations High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina , Carlos Westendorp . Combining studies with his employment, he earned a second degree, in Politics and Economics, in 1998, graduating from the Université libre de Bruxelles . He also earned
9620-585: The Palestinian state". Along with Leo Varadkar of Ireland, he has been widely recognized as one of the most pro-Palestine voices and critics with the Israeli actions within the European Union. Spain officially recognized the State of Palestine on 28 May 2024, with the borders established in 1967, in coordination with Ireland and Norway. On 6 June 2024 Spain joined South Africa's genocide case against Israel . Speaking at
9750-588: The Senate (mainly to Vox and the PP), and announced his intention to give up the Congress seat to which he had been elected, and retire from politics entirely. The PP recovered around one-third of the seats it had lost in the Congress in the April 2019 election, and almost half of the Senate seats it had lost on that occasion. The right-wing nationalist Vox party saw its seats in the Congress more than double, and it won its first directly elected Senate seats. Más País gained two seats in
9880-460: The Spanish government argued that the leak came from the Madrid government's office in order to create a fake news piece on Ayuso's boyfriend agreements with the Prosecutor's Office, and that Ortiz's behaviour was directed at debunking the hoax. The Supreme Court has partially acknowledged that Ortiz did not reveal any new secret that was not already revealed, but maintained the charges to investigate
10010-547: The Spanish government closed down the monument to the public on 11 October in order to prepare for the exhumation—finally scheduled for 22 October at latest, so for the removal to be over by 25 October—to uphold the Supreme Court's ruling. On 13 October, the leaders of the Catalan independence movement involved in the events of October 2017 were sentenced by the Supreme Court for sedition and embezzlement to convictions ranging from 9 to 13 years in jail. The ruling unleashed
10140-556: The United Kingdom have unstable policies because they have few veto players. While the veto player and veto point approaches complement one another, the veto players framework has become dominant in the study of policy change. Scholarship on rational choice theory has favored the veto player approach because the veto point framework does not address why political actors decide to use a veto point. In addition, because veto player analysis can apply to any political system, it provides
10270-741: The United Nations Security Council , the five permanent members ( China , France , Russia , the United Kingdom , and the United States ) have an absolute veto over any Security Council resolution . In many cases, the veto power can only be used to prevent changes to the status quo. But some veto powers also include the ability to make or propose changes. For example, the Indian president can use an amendatory veto to propose amendments to vetoed bills. The executive power to veto legislation
10400-599: The ability to vote confidence in or withdraw it from a prime minister and to override Senate vetoes by an absolute majority of votes. Nonetheless, the Senate possessed a few exclusive (yet limited in number) functions—such as its role in constitutional amendment —which were not subject to the Congress' override. Voting for the Cortes Generales was on the basis of universal suffrage , which comprised all nationals over 18 years of age and in full enjoyment of their political rights. Additionally, Spaniards abroad were required to apply for voting before being permitted to vote,
10530-601: The biggest budget in the country's history – in 2021, after he had won the support of the Catalan pro-independence Republican Left of Catalonia . Following the fall of Kabul and the subsequent de facto creation of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan , the Prime Minister offered Spain as a hub for Afghans who collaborated with the European Union, who would later be settled in various countries. The Spanish Government created
10660-436: The bill will simply become law. The legislature cannot override a pocket veto. Some veto powers are limited in their subject matter. A constitutional veto only allows the executive to veto bills that are unconstitutional ; in contrast, a "policy veto" can be used wherever the executive disagrees with the bill on policy grounds. Presidents with constitutional vetoes include those of Benin and South Africa. A legislative veto
10790-509: The branch of government that enacts them: an executive veto, legislative veto , or judicial veto . Other types of veto power, however, have safeguarded other interests. The denial of royal assent by governors in the British colonies, which continued well after the practice had ended in Britain itself, served as a check by one level of government against another. Vetoes may also be used to safeguard
10920-433: The caretaker committee for allowing the investiture of Rajoy, on Sunday, 21 May 2017, Sánchez was re-elected Secretary-General by the party membership, taking 50.2% of the vote, and defeating his rival Susana Díaz, who took 39.94%, as well as Patxi López , who won 9.85%; his position was affirmed at a PSOE executive meeting on 17 June, and the following day he was confirmed as Leader of the Opposition, despite no longer holding
11050-476: The combined strength of PP, Vox and Cs; consequently, both parties agreed to set aside their political feuds and successfully negotiated a government shortly after the election, to become the first governing coalition in Spain since the Second Spanish Republic . The tenure of the newly formed government, which was formally appointed on 13 January 2020, would be quickly overshadowed by the outbreak of
11180-399: The commitment of embezzlement, arguing that some of the accusations were due to a "calculation error", and that it could not establish the origin of the initiative for the creation of the public office. The post was created in October 2016, at a time when Pedro Sánchez had been expelled by his own party as leader following the 2016 PSOE crisis . The judge has charged David Sánchez because
11310-420: The composition of the parliamentary groups in both chambers at the time of dissolution. The electoral law allowed for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry , coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election were required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of
11440-403: The confidence of former Socialist voters disenchanted by the measures taken by Zapatero during his term as prime minister amid an economic crisis. He also opposed the grand coalition model supported by the former PSOE Prime Minister Felipe González , who lobbied in favour of adopting a more German system to prevent political instability, by instructing his European party caucus not to support
11570-563: The consensus candidate Jean-Claude Juncker of the European People's Party for the role of President of the European Commission . Upon taking office as PSOE's Secretary-General, Sánchez quickly faced a political crisis following the formation of a new left-wing party, Podemos . Polling approximated that 25% of PSOE supporters would switch their support to Podemos. Sánchez responded by pushing his proposed federal model to replace
11700-460: The country's constitution . Veto powers are also found at other levels of government, such as in state, provincial or local government, and in international bodies. Some vetoes can be overcome, often by a supermajority vote: in the United States , a two-thirds vote of the House and Senate can override a presidential veto. Some vetoes, however, are absolute and cannot be overridden. For example, in
11830-466: The devolution model, and calling for the further secularisation of Spain's education system, including the removal of religious-affiliated public and private schools. He later named César Luena as his deputy leader. On Sunday, 21 June 2015, Sánchez was officially announced as the PSOE candidate for prime minister in the upcoming general election . At the election on 20 December, the PSOE won 90 seats, ahead of Podemos who won 69 seats, but coming second to
11960-459: The election call, whereas groupings of electors needed to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they sought election, disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates. Concurrently, parties, federations or coalitions that had not obtained a mandate in either chamber of the Cortes at the preceding election were required to secure
12090-492: The election, the PP gained 48 seats, finishing first, but the PSOE gained one seat, and Vox lost over one third of its seats; this meant that PP leader Alberto Núñez Feijóo was not able to form a government. After the Congress of Deputies formally rejected Feijóo's bid to be invested in September 2023, King Felipe VI appointed Sánchez to form a government. After obtaining the support of the left-wing Sumar alliance, as well as
12220-687: The enemies of Europe are "inside of the European Union". During his second government , he continued strengthening the pro-European profile of his ministers, including by appointing José Luis Escrivá , the Chair of the Independent Authority for Fiscal Responsibility and former chair of the EU Independent Fiscal Institutions Network , as his Minister for Social Security. In June 2020, the Sánchez Government proposed Deputy Prime Minister and Economy Minister Nadia Calviño to be
12350-535: The failure of the left to agree on a government following the April election. Más País was joined by several other parties, such as Coalició Compromís , Chunta Aragonesista and Equo , the latter of which voted for breaking up its coalition with Unidas Podemos in order to join Errejón's platform. The leadership of Podemos in the Region of Murcia also went on to joint Más País. The platform went on to poll at 6% as soon as it
12480-421: The far-right Vox party at the expense of Citizens (Cs), which suffered one of the largest electoral setbacks in the history of Spanish elections following the party scoring its best historical result in the April 2019 general election, signalling the end of Albert Rivera 's active political career. Both PSOE and Unidas Podemos saw slight decreases in both popular vote and seats, but were still able to outperform
12610-423: The independence of Kosovo . In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic , on 13 March 2020, Sánchez announced a declaration of a national state of alarm , for only the second time in Spain's democratic history, and the first time for such a period. The Cabinet agreed a nationwide lockdown , banning all trips that were not force majeure, and announced it may intervene in companies to guarantee supplies. In July 2021,
12740-433: The interests of particular groups within a country. The veto power of the ancient Roman tribunes protected the interests of one social class (the plebeians) against another (the patricians). In the transition from apartheid , a "white veto" to protect the interests of white South Africans was proposed but not adopted. More recently, Indigenous vetoes over industrial projects on Indigenous land have been proposed following
12870-612: The judge summoned Pedro Sánchez to testify as a witness, but he exercised his right not to testify as the husband of the person under investigation. Vox denounced Pedro Sánchez and the Minister of Justice for using the State Attorney's Office against the judge investigating his wife; as of November 2024, the Supreme Court accumulated the complaints of Vox, Hazte Oir and Iustitia Europa against Sánchez and her wife before deciding whether to investigate them or not. Another investigation
13000-418: The law while allowing the rest to stand. An executive with a partial veto has a stronger negotiating position than an executive with only a package veto power. An amendatory veto or amendatory observation returns legislation to the legislature with proposed amendments, which the legislature may either adopt or override. The effect of legislative inaction may vary: in some systems, if the legislature does nothing,
13130-525: The lifting of signature requirements if these had been already met for the immediately previous election and the possibility of maintaining lists and coalitions without needing to go through the same pre-election procedures again. The key dates are listed below (all times are CET . The Canary Islands used WET ( UTC+0 ) instead): The pre-campaign period saw the rise of a new left-wing electoral platform, Más País , founded by former Podemos co-founder Íñigo Errejón around his Más Madrid platform, following
13260-574: The line-item veto in US state government have not found any consistent effect on the executive's ability to advance its agenda. Amendatory vetoes give greater power to the executive than deletional vetoes, because they give the executive the power to move policy closer to its own preferred state than would otherwise be possible. But even a suspensory package veto that can be overridden by a simple majority can be effective in stopping or modifying legislation. For example, in Estonia in 1993, president Lennart Meri
13390-405: The mid-1970s, and former Prime Ministers had become known for struggling with them as a result. [REDACTED] Media related to Pedro Sánchez at Wikimedia Commons Veto A veto is a legal power to unilaterally stop an official action. In the most typical case, a president or monarch vetoes a bill to stop it from becoming law . In many countries, veto powers are established in
13520-612: The next Chair of the Eurogroup . In September 2018, Defence Minister Margarita Robles cancelled sales of laser-guided bombs to Saudi Arabia over concerns relating to the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen . Overruling Robles, Sánchez ordered the sale to proceed, allegedly due to a promise made to Susana Díaz to help protect jobs in the shipyards of the Bay of Cádiz , highly dependent on
13650-399: The partisan veto players are typically the members of the governing coalition. According to Tsebelis' veto player theorem, policy change becomes harder the more veto players there are, the greater the ideological distance between them, and the greater their internal coherence. For example, Italy and the United States have stable policies because they have many veto players, while Greece and
13780-578: The proceedings have stated that Begoña Gómez met with businessmen at the Palace of Moncloa . Pedro Sánchez was said to be also present at two of these meetings, but no other details were offered other than his presence in one of them being a brief "greeting" and another one being in the context of a round of meetings with innovation businessmen. The European Public Prosecutor's Office opened an investigation against Begoña Gómez for alleged influence peddling in European funds. The Complutense University issued
13910-586: The reform murdered Gracchus and several supporters, setting off a period of internal political violence in Rome. In the constitution of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 17th and 18th centuries, all bills had to pass the Sejm or "Seimas" (parliament) by unanimous consent, and if any legislator invoked the liberum veto , this not only vetoed that bill but also all previous legislation passed during
14040-418: The remaining 248 being distributed in proportion to their populations. Ceuta and Melilla were allocated the two remaining seats, which were elected using plurality voting . The use of the electoral method resulted in an effective threshold based on the district magnitude and the distribution of votes among candidacies. As a result of the aforementioned allocation, each Congress multi-member constituency
14170-531: The royal veto, as either absolute, suspensive, or nonexistent. With the adoption of the French Constitution of 1791 , King Louis XVI lost his absolute veto and acquired the power to issue a suspensive veto that could be overridden by a majority vote in two successive sessions of the Legislative Assembly, which would take four to six years. With the abolition of the monarchy in 1792, the question of
14300-403: The sentence, and denied the possibility of any pardon, proclaiming that the sentence should be served by the convicts in its entirety. Sánchez would, however, eventually grant a partial pardon to most convicts in 2021, stressing that despite the pardon there would never be a referendum for the independence of Catalonia, with then Spokesperson María Jesús Montero that "We will not renounce, as
14430-404: The session, and dissolved the legislative session itself. The concept originated in the idea of "Polish democracy" as any Pole of noble extraction was considered as good as any other, no matter how low or high his material condition might be. The more and more frequent use of this veto power paralyzed the power of the legislature and, combined with a string of weak figurehead kings, led ultimately to
14560-461: The signature of at least 0.1 percent of electors in the aforementioned constituencies. The electoral law provided for a special, simplified process for election re-runs, including a shortening of deadlines, electoral campaigning, the lifting of signature requirements if these had been already met for the immediately previous election and the possibility of maintaining lists and coalitions without needing to go through pre-election procedures again. Below
14690-700: The specific leak of the e-mails. The European Union has warned the government of Spain that it has to end its attacks on the judiciary. On 3 November 2024, Pedro Sánchez, King Felipe, Queen Letizia and Valencian president Carlos Mazón were violently confronted during a meeting with people affected by the October 2024 Spain floods in Paiporta in the Valencian Community , who threw mud and objects at them and injured two bodyguards. In 2014, Sánchez ran to be PSOE Secretary-General under what has been described as
14820-502: The state's high officials and institutions. A notable use of the Roman veto occurred in the Gracchan land reform , which was initially spearheaded by the tribune Tiberius Gracchus in 133 BC. When Gracchus' fellow tribune Marcus Octavius vetoed the reform, the Assembly voted to remove him on the theory that a tribune must represent the interests of the plebeians. Later, senators outraged by
14950-426: The time limits for exercising it and requirements for the vetoed body to override it. In general, the greater the majority required for an override, the stronger the veto. Partial vetoes are less vulnerable to override than package vetoes, and political scientists who have studied the matter have generally considered partial vetoes to give the executive greater power than package vetoes. However, empirical studies of
15080-520: The upcoming leadership election. 15 PSOE MPs broke party discipline in response, by refusing to abstain in the investiture vote and voting against Rajoy, yet as Rajoy only needed an abstention from 11 PSOE MPs out of 84, he easily won the vote to be invested as prime minister. After resigning as Secretary-General and from the Congress, Sánchez began a national tour, driving his own car around to visit party members throughout different parts of Spain. After an energetic campaign, during which he criticised
15210-499: The use of the military bases of Rota and Morón to temporarily accommodate Afghan refugees, while praising "Spain's leadership in seeking international support for Afghan women and girls". Sánchez condemned the Russian invasion of Ukraine and expressed Spain's full support for Ukraine. In August 2022, during his state visit to Serbia as part of his overall visits to Balkan countries, Sánchez reaffirmed Spain's non-recognition of
15340-538: The veto power of the head of state is typically weak or nonexistent. In particular, in Westminster systems and most constitutional monarchies , the power to veto legislation by withholding royal assent is a rarely used reserve power of the monarch. In practice, the Crown follows the convention of exercising its prerogative on the advice of parliament. European countries in which the executive or head of state does not have
15470-685: The vetoed bill fails, while in others, the vetoed bill becomes law. Because the amendatory veto gives the executive a stronger role in the legislative process, it is often seen as a marker of a particularly strong veto power. Some veto powers are limited to budgetary matters (as with line-item vetoes in some US states, or the financial veto in New Zealand). Other veto powers (such as in Finland) apply only to non-budgetary matters; some (such as in South Africa) apply only to constitutional matters. A veto power that
15600-450: The €1.813 billion contract with Saudi Arabia to deliver five corvettes . In response to the killing of Saudi dissident journalist Jamal Khashoggi in October 2018, Sánchez defended the decision to continue arms sales to Saudi Arabia and insisted on his government's "responsibility" to protect jobs in the arms industry . Under Sánchez's premiership, the Congress approved a total central government budget of 196 billion euros –
15730-427: Was able to successfully obtain amendments to the proposed Law on Aliens after issuing a suspensory veto of the bill and proposing amendments based on expert opinions on European law. Globally, the executive veto over legislation is characteristic of presidential and semi-presidential systems , with stronger veto powers generally being associated with stronger presidential powers overall. In parliamentary systems ,
15860-467: Was accused by the ABC newspaper of plagiarism in his doctorate. Refuting the allegations, Sánchez published his full thesis online. However, these allegations have been disputed by Markus Goldbach, CEO of Plagscan, a plagiarism checker software previously presented as evidence. In January 2013, Sánchez returned to Congress representing Madrid, replacing Cristina Narbona , who resigned to accept appointment at
15990-635: Was allocated four seats, whereas for insular provinces, such as the Balearic and Canary Islands , districts were the islands themselves, with the larger— Majorca , Gran Canaria and Tenerife —being allocated three seats each, and the smaller— Menorca , Ibiza – Formentera , Fuerteventura , La Gomera , El Hierro , Lanzarote and La Palma —one each. Ceuta and Melilla elected two seats each. Additionally, autonomous communities could appoint at least one senator each and were entitled to one additional senator per each million inhabitants. The term of each chamber of
16120-484: Was elected to the Spanish Congress of Deputies for Madrid to replace the retiring Pedro Solbes , who has served as Finance Minister under PSOE Prime Minister José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero . However, his first period in the Congress would be short, as at the 2011 general election , the PSOE suffered a large defeat and only elected 10 deputies for Madrid; with Sánchez 11th on the proportional list, he lost his seat in
16250-426: Was entitled the following seats: For the Senate, 208 seats were elected using an open list partial block voting system , with electors voting for individual candidates instead of parties. In constituencies electing four seats, electors could vote for up to three candidates; in those with two or three seats, for up to two candidates; and for one candidate in single-member districts. Each of the 47 peninsular provinces
16380-579: Was formed. On 24 September, the Spanish Supreme Court ruled in favor of the PSOE's plan to remove the remnants of Francisco Franco from the Valle de los Caídos , a key policy of Pedro Sánchez during the previous legislature. The prior of the Valle de los Caídos' abbey, Santiago Cantera, initially announced his intention to disregard the Supreme Court's ruling and not authorize Franco's exhumation; however,
16510-527: Was held on 28 April 2019, which meant that the legislature's term would have expired on 28 April 2023. The election decree was required to be published in the BOE no later than 4 April 2023, with the election taking place on the fifty-fourth day from publication, setting the latest possible election date for the Cortes Generales on Sunday, 28 May 2023. The prime minister had the prerogative to dissolve both chambers at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call
16640-463: Was no constitutional requirement for simultaneous elections for the Congress and the Senate. Still, as of 2024 there has been no precedent of separate elections taking place under the 1978 Constitution. The Cortes Generales were officially dissolved on 24 September 2019 after the publication of the dissolution decree in the BOE, setting the election date for 10 November and scheduling for both chambers to reconvene on 3 December. The tables below show
16770-786: Was opened in the court of Badajoz against Pedro Sánchez's brother, David Sánchez, for the crimes of embezzlement , influence peddling , prevarication , crimes against the Public Treasury and crimes against the Public Administration; crimes for which David Sánchez has been charged and has been called to testify on 9 January 2025. A report issued by the Central Operating Unit of the Civil Guard in November 2024 determined that no evidence could be found that linked David Sánchez to
16900-419: Was the lowest since the transition to democracy in 1975, with just 66.2% of the electorate casting a ballot, which was lower than the previous negative record set in the 2016 election (66.5%), the only other occasion in Spanish democracy that an election was triggered as a result of the failure of a government formation process. The election saw a partial recovery for the People's Party (PP) and large gains for
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