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138-590: Lord Randolph Henry Spencer-Churchill (13 February 1849 – 24 January 1895) was a British aristocrat and politician. Churchill was a Tory radical and coined the term ' Tory democracy '. He participated in the creation of the National Union of the Conservative Party. He became Secretary of State for India, and later was Chancellor of the Exchequer. As Chancellor, he attracted both admiration and criticism across

276-514: A duel in the South of France . Eventually, Lord Aylesford does not attempt to seek a divorce from his wife, and Lord Blandford does not elope with Lady Aylesford. Lord Randolph sends a note of apology to the Prince, which is merely acknowledged. Disgraced, Lord Randolph and his wife leave for America. Other notable appearances include the film Young Winston , in which he was portrayed by Robert Shaw , and

414-480: A micron deep. This inscription helps distinguish Forevermark diamonds from other natural diamonds though, similarly to when distinguishing natural diamonds from synthetic diamonds , it requires specialist detection equipment to view. The inscription also helps maintain scarcity: the Forevermark website boasts that only a tiny percentage of diamonds qualify for the Forevermark brand. De Beers Diamond Jewellers (DBDJ)

552-407: A German immigrant to Britain and later South Africa who had earlier founded mining company Anglo American with American financier J. P. Morgan , was elected to the board of De Beers. He built and consolidated the company's global monopoly over the diamond industry until his death in 1957. During this time, he was involved in several controversies, including price fixing and trust behaviour, and

690-471: A biography of him in 1906. Born at 3 Wilton Terrace , Belgravia , London, Spencer was the third son of John Spencer-Churchill, Marquess of Blandford and his wife the Marchioness of Blandford ( née Lady Frances Vane ). His parents became the (seventh) Duke and Duchess of Marlborough upon the death of John's father in 1857. As the younger son of a marquess, Randolph had the courtesy title "lord"; as

828-540: A chambermaid at the family seat of Blenheim Palace shortly after his marriage in 1874 . Lord Randolph is known to have thought nothing of aristocratic men imposing themselves upon female members of staff: when the marriage of some friends of Lord and Lady Churchill was breaking up over the husband’s behaviour with female staff, Lord Randolph expressed amazement, asking: “What does one occasional cook or housemaid matter?” . An attempted round-the-world journey failed to cure Lord Randolph of his debilitating illness. He started in

966-626: A commoner, he could sit in the House of Commons . Churchill attended Tabor's Preparatory School, Cheam , then from 1863 Eton College , where he remained until 1865. He did not stand out either at academic work or sport while at Eton; his contemporaries described him as a vivacious and rather unruly boy. Among the lifelong friendships he made at school were with Arthur Balfour and Archibald Primrose (later Lord Rosebery). In October 1867, Churchill matriculated at Merton College, Oxford . At Oxford, Primrose – now with his own courtesy title of Lord Dalmeny –

1104-469: A compilation album, Diamond Music , released in 1996, which features the 'Palladio' suite. A 2010 commercial for Verizon Wireless parodied the De Beers spots. In May 2018, De Beers introduced a new brand of jewellery called "Lightbox" made with synthetic diamonds . The synthetic stones start at $ 200 for a quarter carat to $ 800 for a full carat diamond. The new lab-grown diamonds retail for about one-tenth

1242-562: A conciliatory position between Blue Tories and Red Tories. The term " Pink Tory " is also used by Canadian politics as a pejorative term to describe a conservative party member who is perceived as liberal. In the United Kingdom, the Conservative and Unionist Party is often colloquially referred to as the Tories , both by themselves and by opponents, and also in the media. Members and voters of

1380-586: A conspicuous part throughout the parliament of 1880–85, targeting William Ewart Gladstone as well as the Conservative front bench, some of whose members, particularly Sir Richard Cross and William Henry Smith , he singled out for attack when they opposed the reduced Army estimates. This would be the ostensible cause for his resignation because Salisbury failed to support his Chancellor in cabinet. They opposed his unionist politics of 'economising' by Tory tradition, making Randolph grow to hate cabinet meetings. From

1518-603: A contemporary political term. In Canada, a Tory refers to a member of the Conservative Party of Canada , while the party as a whole are colloquially referred to as the Tories . It is also used to refer to the party's predecessor, including the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada . In addition to the federal Conservative Party, the terms have also been used to describe provincial Conservative/Progressive Conservative parties and their members. LGBTory

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1656-574: A gun named Long Cecil in the company workshops. In 1898, diamonds were discovered on farms near Pretoria , Transvaal. One led to the discovery of the Premier Mine . The Premier Mine was registered in 1902 and the Cullinan Diamond , the largest rough diamond ever discovered, was found there in 1905. (The Premier Mine was renamed the Cullinan Mine in 2003.) However, its owner refused to join

1794-764: A hostile description by the Federalists' foes of whom Jefferson was one and not a name used by the Federalists themselves. The Federalist Party was dissolved in 1835 with no successor parties. Later the Democratic-Republican Party splintered in different parties, with the two dissidences being the National Republican Party and the Whig Party . The rest of the party would become the Democratic Party . The National Republican Party would then merge with

1932-594: A liking for hunting, but was also a well-read historian. He took a second in jurisprudence and modern history in 1870. Churchill experienced no early doubts but made mistakes, as alluded to in Rosebery's biography. He never regretted being an early friend and admirer of the Disraelis. His behaviour was, however, the later cause of dissension in his relations with a colder, more aloof, disciplinarian Salisbury . In 1871 Churchill and his elder brother George were initiated into

2070-681: A member of the Conservative Party or for the party in general in Canada and the UK, and can be used interchangeably with the word Conservative . In the United States, Tory is often used as a historical term to describe supporters of Great Britain during the American Revolution. However, in Canadian parlance, British supporters during the revolution are called Loyalists , with the term Tory being used as

2208-552: A mnemonic name, an idiosyncratic appearance, and good delivery, whether on the platform or in the House of Commons. In addition he had sporadic charm, although intermingled with offensive and often pointless rudeness. Jenkins compares his youth to that of William Pitt the Younger : "Pitt was Prime Minister for 19 of his 46 years. Churchill had 11 months in office and was without rival in attracting so much attention and achieving so little." In

2346-561: A more notable role. Along with Henry Drummond Wolff , John Gorst and occasionally Arthur Balfour , he made himself known as the audacious opponent of the Liberal administration and the unsparing critic of the Conservative front bench. The " fourth party ", as it was nicknamed, at first did little damage to the government, but awakened the opposition from its apathy; Churchill roused the Conservatives by leading resistance to Charles Bradlaugh ,

2484-543: A new province of the Indian Raj as a "New Year present" for Queen Victoria on New Year's Day 1886. Not only is the war itself widely regarded as a piece of blatant imperialism , but the continuing guerrilla war lasted into the later 1880s and cost the Indian taxpayer ten times Churchill's original financial estimates. In the autumn election of 1885 he contested Birmingham Central against John Bright , and though defeated here,

2622-567: A pejorative manner, although both later became acceptable terms to use in literary speech to describe either political party. The suffix -ism was quickly added to both Whig and Tory to make Whiggism and Toryism, meaning the principles and methods of each faction. During the American Revolution , the term Tory was used interchangeably with the term " Loyalist " in the Thirteen Colonies to refer to colonists who remained loyal to

2760-651: A reputation for progressive views on India, Churchill 's tenure was, in the words of the historian and biographer R.F. Foster, 'traditionally reactionary', and many of his policies focused on exploiting, not developing India. He enthusiastically supported a trade policy which favoured British imports over Indian goods; increased spending on the Indian Army at the expense of public works such as railways, roads and irrigation (all sharply reduced under his secretaryship); and re-directed money which had been set aside for future famine relief to help balance his budget. His attitude towards

2898-412: A serious statesman?": Undoubtedly, he had some high political talents. He had a gift for mordant, wounding, sometimes very funny phrases. And, having thought up the most outrageous attack he had the nerve to deliver it, without fear of offending taste or friends or damaging his own repute....He was strong on insolence. He also had other attributes necessary to make his words resound, and his fame increase:

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3036-506: A somewhat different connotation in the United States. By the early 1980s, there was no clear neoconservative in the Tory leadership cadre, but Brian Mulroney (who became leader in 1983) eventually came to adopt many policies from the Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan governments. As Mulroney took the Progressive Conservative Party further in this direction, with policy initiatives in

3174-585: A strong Tory tradition and political culture. Thereafter in the 1990s, the Progressive Conservatives were a small party in the House of Commons of Canada and could only exert legislative pressure on the government through their power in the Senate of Canada . Eventually, through death and retirements, this power waned. Joe Clark returned as leader, but the schism with the Reformers effectively watered down

3312-795: A term derived from the Irish language , that was first used in English politics during the Exclusion Crisis of 1678–1681. It also has exponents in other parts of the former British Empire , such as the Loyalists of British America , who opposed secession during the American War of Independence . Loyalists who fled to the Canadas at the end of the conflict, known as the United Empire Loyalists , formed

3450-457: Is a three-year, $ 3 million deal. In September 2017, De Beers partnered with UN Women to help the advancement of women within the company and the countries it operates in. In 2018, the two entities launched a program to support 500 women micro-entrepreneurs in Blouberg and Musina communities, near De Beers's Venetia diamond mine . In May 2018, De Beers's group company Element Six launched

3588-442: Is an advocacy group for LGBT supporters of the Conservative Party of Canada and provincial conservative parties. The terms " Blue Tory " and " Red Tory " describe two factions of Canada's federal and provincial conservative parties. The former leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario , Tim Hudak , adopted the term " Purple Tory " to characterize himself, aiming to avoid the strong ideological stance and instead provide

3726-563: Is made up of a series of joint ventures and wholly owned operations. The joint ventures are: The wholly owned operations are in southern Africa and Canada. Also wholly owned are Forevermark , De Beers Jewellers, the International Institute of Diamond Valuation, De Beers Ventures, the International Institute of Diamond Grading & Research and Element Six (Umicore has a 40% stake in Element Six's abrasives division). Forevermark

3864-539: Is occasionally used as a pejorative term by members of the Australian Labor Party to refer to conservative members of the Liberal Party of Australia and National Party of Australia parties (who are in a long-standing coalition ). The term is not used anywhere near as often as in the UK and Canada, and it is rare – though not unheard of – for members of those parties to self-describe as 'Tories'. Writing in

4002-650: The Australian Dictionary of Biography , Michael Persse notes the impact of 'Liberal Toryism' on the colonial era Australian statesman William Charles Wentworth when he was in Britain. Chief Justice Garfield Barwick titled his memoir A Radical Tory . The newspaper of the University of Sydney Conservative Club is named The Sydney Tory . A moderate faction of the Australian Greens has been pejoratively dubbed

4140-615: The British Embassy in Paris on 15 April 1874 to Jennie Jerome , daughter of Leonard Jerome , an American businessman. The couple had two sons: In January 1875, about a month after Winston's birth, Randolph made repeated visits to Dr Oscar Clayton . He had twenty years to live, but suffered from debilitating illness, particularly in his last decade. Quinault, writing in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , theorises that Randolph

4278-591: The De Beers cartel. Instead, the mine started selling to a pair of independent dealers named Bernard and Ernest Oppenheimer , thereby weakening the De Beers stronghold. Francis Oats , who became Chairman of De Beers in 1908, was dismissive of the threats from the Premier Mine and the finds in German South West Africa . However, production soon equalled all of the De Beers mines combined. Ernest Oppenheimer

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4416-466: The Democratic-Republican Party ) described the conservative Federalist Party as "[a] political Sect [...] believing that the executive is the branch of our government which the most needs support, [who] are called federalists, sometimes aristocrats or monocrats, and sometimes Tories, after the corresponding sect in the English Government of exactly the same definition". However, that was clearly

4554-689: The Earl of Rochester , the second by Lord Belasyse . A significant faction took part in the Glorious Revolution the military coup d'état that ousted James II with the Whigs to defend the Church of England and definitive Protestantism . A large but dwindling faction of Tories continued to support James in exile and his Stuart heirs to the throne, especially in 1714 after the Hanoverian Succession by George I ,

4692-761: The Family Compact and the Château Clique , an elite within the governing classes and often members within a section of society known as the United Empire Loyalists . The United Empire Loyalists were American loyalists from the Thirteen Colonies who resettled elsewhere in British North America during or after the American Revolutionary War . In post-Confederation Canada, the terms " Red Tory " and " Blue Tory " have long been used to describe

4830-600: The Marquess of Blandford . He threatens to expose letters from the Prince to Lady Aylesford, so scandalous, so he says, that if they were to be exposed, "the Prince of Wales would never sit on the throne of England." Outraged, the Princess goes to see the Queen , who is equally indignant. Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli informs the Prince, who is so angry that he challenges Lord Randolph to

4968-790: The Scottish Labour Party (especially those from the " Blairite and Brownite " factions) may be referred to as Red Tories by traditional Labour members and advocates of an independent Scotland such as members and supporters of the Scottish National Party , the Alba Party (formerly Solidarity ), the Scottish Socialist Party and the Scottish Greens . Similarly, Labour supporters have referred to SNP members and supporters as being Tartan Tories . In Australia, Tory

5106-1163: The Snap Lake mine in the Northwest Territories , Canada; this was the first De Beers mine outside Africa and was Canada's first completely underground diamond mine. However, production was suspended when the mine was put on care and maintenance in 2015. De Beers opened the Victor mine in Ontario , Canada, the same year, a day after Snap Lake. This was followed by the opening of the company's third mine in Canada, Gahcho Kue , in September 2016. Trading of rough diamonds takes place through two channels – De Beers Global Sightholder Sales (GSS) and De Beers Auction Sales. GSS sells about 90% of De Beers's rough diamonds, by value, and features wholly owned and joint venture operations in South Africa (De Beers Sightholder Sales South Africa), Botswana (DTCB), and Namibia (NDTC). They sort, value and sell 33% (2013) of

5244-502: The Transvaal and Rhodesia , making notes on the politics and economics of the countries, shooting lions, and recording his impressions in letters to a London newspaper, which were afterwards republished under the title of Men, Mines and Animals in South Africa . He attacked Gladstone 's Second Home Rule Bill for Ireland with energy, and gave fiery pro-Union speeches in Ireland. Referring to

5382-766: The Tree Tories by the hard left faction. De Beers The De Beers Group is a South African–British corporation that specializes in the diamond industry, including mining, exploration, retail, inscription, grading, trading and industrial diamond manufacturing. The company is active in open-pit, underground, large-scale alluvial and coastal mining. It operates in 35 countries with mining taking place in Botswana , Namibia , South Africa, and Canada. It also has an artisanal mining business, Gemfair , which operates in Sierra Leone . From its inception in 1888 until

5520-412: The "crowning dishonour to Tory principles", and the "supreme violation of political honesty". Lord Randolph's attitude, and the vituperative fluency of his invective, made him a parliamentary figure of some importance before the dissolution of the 1874 parliament, though he was not yet taken quite seriously, owing to his high-pitched hysterical laugh. In the new parliament of 1880 he speedily began to play

5658-595: The "organiser of victory". In Lord Salisbury's "caretaker" cabinet of 1885, Churchill was appointed Secretary of State for India , assuming office on 24   June 1885. As the price of entry he demanded that Sir Stafford Northcote be removed from the Commons, despite being the Conservative leader there. Salisbury was more than willing to concede this, and Northcote went to the Lords as the Earl of Iddlesleigh. Despite entering office with

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5796-436: The 'trilogy ring' (meant to represent the past, present, and future of a relationship) and the 'right hand ring' (meant to be bought and worn by women as a symbol of independence). De Beers ran television advertisements featuring silhouettes of people wearing diamonds, set to the music of ' Palladio ' by Karl Jenkins . The campaign, titled "Shadows and Lights" first ran in the first quarter of 1993. The song would later inspire

5934-535: The 12,000-tonne, 113-metre-long SS Nujoma, built at a cost of $ 157 million and named after Sam Nujoma, Namibia's founding president. This vessel, the world's most advanced diamond exploration and sampling vessel, began full operations in June 2017. De Beers Consolidated Mines is responsible for the De Beers mining in South Africa . It is 74% owned by De Beers and 26% by a board-based black economic empowerment partner, Ponahalo Investments. There are two mines – Venetia and Voorspoed. In 2008, De Beers began production at

6072-404: The 1680s, emerging as a pejorative term to describe supporters of James II of England during the Exclusion Crisis and his hereditary right to inherit the throne despite his Catholic religion. After this, the term Tory began to be used as a colloquial term, alongside the word Whig , to describe the two major political factions/parties in British politics. Initially, both terms were used in

6210-486: The 1830s, as Robert Peel 's followers began to re-interpret elements of Tory tradition under a banner of support for social reform and free trade. The party was eventually succeeded by the Conservative and Unionist Party , with the term Tory enduring to become an interchangeable phrase with Conservative . Provincial Provincial The term Tory was first used to designate the pre-Confederation British ruling classes of Upper Canada and Lower Canada , known as

6348-414: The 1980s to 29.5% in 2019. Seeing these developing trends, the Oppenheimer family announced in November 2011 its intention to sell its entire 40% stake in De Beers to Anglo American plc , thereby increasing Anglo American's ownership of the company to 85% (with the remaining 15% owned by the Government of the Republic of Botswana). The transaction was worth £3.2 billion (US$ 5.1 billion) in cash and ended

6486-417: The Catholic Duke of York. The Tory political faction originally emerged within the Parliament of England to uphold the legitimist rights of James II to succeed his brother Charles II to the thrones of the three kingdoms. James became a Catholic at a time when the state institutions were fiercely independent from the Catholic Church —this was an issue for the Exclusion Crisis supporting Patricians ,

6624-399: The Confederates, Southern Unionists symbolized a direct challenge to their political aspirations and were viewed as "traitors to the white race". Conversely, Unionists regarded Southern Unionists as a loyal segment of the Southern population, swept by the tide of succession, and whom the foundations of Reconstruction would be built. In Texas in 1832–1836, support for the Texas Revolution

6762-459: The Crown during the conflict. The term contrasts the colloquial term used to describe supporters of the revolution, " Patriots " or "Whigs". Towards the end of Charles II 's reign (1660–1685) there was some debate about whether his brother, James, Duke of York , should be allowed to accede to the throne because of James's Catholicism. "Whigs", originally a reference to Scottish cattle-drovers (stereotypically radical anti-Catholic Covenanters ),

6900-489: The ITV historical drama series Edward the Seventh , Lord Randolph (played by Derek Fowlds ) is featured as a more natural character, sociably similar to Albert Edward, Prince of Wales and his other friends. His downfall is represented when he confronts Alexandra, Princess of Wales and demands she use her influence with the Prince to stop Lord Aylesford proceeding with a divorce from his wife, Lady Aylesford, after she had planned to elope with Lord Randolph's elder brother,

7038-459: The Lower Chamber, and when the second Salisbury administration was formed after the general election of 1886 he became Chancellor of the Exchequer and Leader of the House of Commons . At the end of his political career he was Chancellor of the Exchequer. However, he became a relatively isolated figure in the cabinet and did consult his supporters and building a base in Commons; instead, he decided to use public support to impose his positions on

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7176-430: The Mulroney government proved unpopular, some of the provincial-rights elements moved towards Reform as well. In 1993, Mulroney resigned rather than fight an election based on his record after almost nine years in power. This left the Progressive Conservatives in disarray and scrambling to understand how to make Toryism relevant in provinces such as Quebec , Saskatchewan , Alberta and British Columbia that had never had

7314-494: The Oppenheimer dynasty's 80-year ownership of De Beers. In 2020, the De Beers Company released a statement of a values change, promising the world that it is committed to not using slave labor within the company. De Beers successfully advertised diamonds to manipulate consumer demand. One of the most effective marketing strategies has been the marketing of diamonds as a symbol of love and commitment. Copywriter Frances Gerety (1916–1999) working for N. W. Ayer & Son coined

7452-525: The Parliament of Confederate Ireland. It was later used to refer to dispossessed Catholic Irish in Ulster following the Restoration . Tory was also used to refer to a rapparee and later applied to Confederates or Cavaliers in arms. The term Tory was first introduced in England by Titus Oates , who used the term to describe individuals from Ireland sent to assassinate him and his supporters. Oates continued to refer to his opponents as Tories until his death. The word entered English politics during

7590-484: The Prime Minister in both domestic and foreign affairs. He decided to demonstrate to the public that the Conservatives could be as economical in budgetary matters as Gladstone had been. He proposed a budget with expenditure reductions that surprised and annoyed the Conservative MPs. They were willing to compromise, but he insisted on additional cuts in the Army and Navy that alarmed the service ministers. Churchill decided to threaten resignation but it proved to be one of

7728-403: The Queen of Churchill's "energy and natural flow". Churchill was a friend of Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild , and received "extensive loans" from the Rothschilds. He reported on the mining industry in South Africa on their behalf, where their agent Cecil Rhodes was consolidating mining deposits which ultimately led to the creation of De Beers . Lord Randolph Churchill was married at

7866-473: The Republic of Botswana. It operates four mines – Jwaneng, Orapa, Letlhakane and Damtshaa, though Damtshaa was put on care and maintenance in 2015. In Namibia, mining is carried out through Namdeb Holdings , a 50–50 joint venture with the Government of the Republic of Namibia. Namdeb Holdings is made up of Debmarine Namibia (covering offshore mining) and Namdeb Diamond Corporation (land-based coastal mining). For offshore mining, motor vessels are used, including

8004-505: The United Nations. The initial focus of the UN's investigation was on Jonas Savimbi 's UNITA movement in Angola, which was found to have bartered uncut diamonds for weaponry despite international economic and diplomatic sanctions being in effect through United Nations Security Council Resolution 1173 . In 1999, De Beers Group stopped all outside buying of diamonds in order to guarantee the conflict-free status of their diamonds effective from 26 March 2000. In December 2000, following

8142-407: The Whig Party, giving rise to what would be called the Second Party System . Although the Whig Party adopted its name from its British counterpart, the term "Tories" had already completely fallen out of favour in the US. During the American Civil War , Confederate forces commonly referred to Southern Unionists as Tories , drawing a parallel with the Tories of the American Revolutionary War. To

8280-423: The administration, and was particularly bitter in his criticism of the Kilmainham Treaty and the rapprochement between the Gladstonians and the Parnellites . By 1885 he had formulated the policy of progressive Conservatism which was known as " Tory Democracy ". He declared that the Conservatives ought to adopt, rather than oppose, popular reforms, and to challenge the claims of the Liberals to pose as champions of

8418-409: The aim of providing a range of services and equipment in the field of diamond verification. It is based in London, Antwerp and, from 2015, in Surat , India . The IIDGR works only on diamonds that meet the requirements of the United Nations' World Diamond Council Kimberley Process . In 1999, a campaign by Global Witness to highlight the role of diamonds in international conflicts led to a review by

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8556-559: The allegation in autobiography, My Life and Loves (1922–27), "Randolph had caught syphilis". He relied on a story by Louis Jennings , an associate of Randolph's who had later fallen out with him. John H. Mather of the National Churchill Library and Center called into question Harris' veracity, and offered the alternative theory of a "left side brain tumour". Mather noted that "[t]here is no indication that Lady Randolph or her sons were infected with syphilis." Additionally, author Richard M. Langworth claims that Roose never actually identified

8694-540: The approach in 2008 when it broke with 44 years of direct sales to hold the diamond industry's first online international auction sale. It is now the world's leader in this kind of auction sale. De Beers employs more than 30,000 people around the globe on five continents, with more than 17,000 employees in Africa. Almost 8,000 people are employed in Botswana, around 6,200 in South Africa, nearly 2,900 in Namibia, some 1,260 in Canada and about 320 in exploration. In February 2020, De Beers reported its worst set of earnings since

8832-428: The areas of deregulation , privatization, free-trade and a consumption tax called the Goods and services tax (GST), many traditionally-minded Tories became concerned that a political and cultural schism was occurring within the party. The 1986 creation of the Reform Party of Canada attracted some of the neo-liberals and social conservatives away from the Tory party and as some of the neoconservative policies of

8970-597: The autumn of 1894, accompanied by his wife, but his health soon became so feeble that he was brought back hurriedly from Cairo. He reached England shortly before Christmas, and died in Westminster the next month. The gross value of his personal estate was entered in the Probate Registry at £75,971 (equivalent to £11,100,000 in 2023). He is buried near his wife and sons at St Martin's Church, Bladon , near Woodstock, Oxfordshire . His widow, Lady Randolph Churchill, married George Cornwallis-West in 1900, when she became known as Mrs. George Cornwallis-West. After that marriage

9108-412: The beginning of the Egyptian imbroglio Lord Randolph was emphatically opposed to almost every step taken by the government. He declared that the suppression of Urabi Pasha's rebellion was an error, and the restoration of the khedive 's authority a crime. He called Gladstone the " Moloch of Midlothian ", for whom torrents of blood had been shed in Africa. He was equally severe on the domestic policy of

9246-472: The chairman and director of Anglo-American and De Beers in December 1982. During the 20th century, De Beers used several methods to leverage its dominant position to influence the international diamond market. First, it attempted to convince independent producers to join its single channel monopoly. When that did not work, it flooded the market with diamonds similar to those of producers who refused to join in, depressing their price and undermining return for

9384-420: The closure of this office, the company was reclassified as De Beers plc in 2017, with its head office now in Jersey. It is made up of two shareholdings: Anglo American plc has an 85% shareholding and the Government of the Republic of Botswana owns 15% directly. De Beers plc is the holding company of The De Beers Group of Companies. It is involved in many parts of the diamond value chain, from mining to sales, and

9522-598: The cold. Goschen replaced him as Chancellor. For the next few years there was some speculation about a return to front-line politics, but Churchill's own career was over. Even so, his economising ideas survived yet in the "Dartford Programme" of September 1886. Lord Randolph continued to sit in Parliament, his health was in serious decline throughout the 1890s. He was an ardent patron of horse racing ; in 1889, his horse, L'Abbesse de Jouarre , won The Oaks . In 1891 he went to South Africa, in search both of health and relaxation. He travelled for some months through Cape Colony ,

9660-566: The combined Blue and Red Tory vote in Canada. By the late 1990s, there was talk of the necessity of uniting the right in Canada, to deter further Liberal Party majorities. Many Tories—both red and blue—opposed such moves, while others took the view that all would have to be pragmatic if there was any hope of reviving a strong party system. The Canadian Alliance party (as the Reform Party had become) and some leading Tories came together on an informal basis to see if they could find common ground. While Progressive Conservative Leader Joe Clark rebuffed

9798-401: The company was bought by miner Anglo American in 2012. On 4 November 2011, Anglo American plc and CHL Holdings announced their agreement for Anglo American to acquire an incremental interest in De Beers, increasing Anglo American's 45% shareholding in the world's leading diamond company to 85%. De Beers plc was originally incorporated as De Beers Société Anonyme in 2000 in Luxembourg. Following

9936-478: The company was the sole owner of all diamond mining operations in the country. In 1889, Rhodes negotiated a strategic agreement with the London-based Diamond Syndicate, which agreed to purchase a fixed quantity of diamonds at an agreed price, thereby regulating output and maintaining prices. The agreement soon proved to be very successful – for example, during the trade slump of 1891–1892, supply

10074-487: The company's valuable mines. Rhodes personally moved into the city at the onset of the siege in order to put political pressure on the British government to divert military resources towards relieving the siege rather than more strategic war objectives. Despite being at odds with the military, Rhodes placed the full resources of the company at the disposal of the defenders, manufacturing shells , defences, an armoured train and

10212-524: The compliment of raising a serious riot. He gave constant attention to the party organisation, which had fallen into considerable disorder after 1880, and was an active promoter of the Primrose League , which owed its origin to the inspiration of one of his own “fourth party” colleagues. In 1884 progressive Toryism won. At the conference of the National Union of Conservative Associations , Lord Randolph

10350-508: The cost of naturally occurring diamonds. The new brand began selling in September 2018 and the stones are produced in Gresham, Oregon , a $ 94 million facility using the region's cheap electricity, which opened in 2018 with the capacity for 500,000 rough carats of diamonds per year. Mining in Botswana takes place through the mining company Debswana , a 50–50 joint venture with the Government of

10488-441: The country's war effort during World War II. During the early 1930s, the company conducted experimental work which in large part pioneered the use of diamond drills . This was highly preferable to more expensive and rarer carbons previously in use. The Free State Gold Rush was made possible in part due to this innovation, as the fields required deep drilling to reach gold-bearing reefs . In May 1955, Ernest Oppenheimer opened

10626-429: The debates on these questions, still further increased his influence with the rank and file of the Conservatives in the constituencies. At the same time he was actively spreading his gospel of democratic Toryism in a series of platform campaigns. In 1883 and 1884 he went to the radical stronghold of Birmingham , and in the latter year took part in a Conservative garden party at Aston Manor, at which his opponents paid him

10764-477: The decision by producers in Canada and Australia to distribute diamonds outside the De Beers channel, as well as increasingly negative publicity surrounding blood diamonds , which forced De Beers to protect its image by limiting sales to its own mined products. The combination of a more fragmented and thus more competitive diamond market, increased transparency, and greater liquidity , caused De Beers's market share of rough diamonds to fall from as high as 90% in

10902-405: The disease that Randolph was suffering from as syphilis, instead using the term "general paralysis", which in that period "suggested not only syphilis but nervous exhaustion". Langworth also states that there is "no evidence that Roose or Buzzard treated Lord Randolph with mercury or potassium iodide", arguing that "their toxic effects, such as a distinctive grey pallor, would have been evident." It

11040-452: The famous advertising slogan, 'A Diamond is Forever', in 1947. In 2000, Advertising Age magazine named 'A Diamond is Forever' the best advertising slogan of the 20th century. The slogan may have inspired the James Bond book, film and song title Diamonds Are Forever . Other successful campaigns include the ' eternity ring ' (meant as a symbol of continuing affection and appreciation),

11178-742: The first Hanoverian monarch. Although only a minority of Tories gave their adhesion to the Jacobite risings , this was used by the Whigs to discredit the Tories and paint them as traitors. After the advent of the Prime Ministerial system under the Whig Robert Walpole , Lord Bute 's premiership in the reign of George III marked a revival. Under the Corn Laws (1815–1846) a majority of Tories supported protectionist agrarianism with tariffs being imposed at

11316-591: The first time since 1832 the Conservatives won in the majority of English boroughs in November 1885. It was strengthened by the prominent part he played in the events immediately preceding the fall of the Liberal government in 1885; and when Hugh Childers 's budget resolutions were defeated by the Conservatives, aided by about half the Parnellites, Lord Randolph Churchill's admirers were justified in proclaiming him to have been

11454-405: The great blunders in British political history. In his resignation letter he stated that it was because he was unable as Chancellor to support the armed services. He expected his resignation to be followed by the unconditional surrender of the cabinet, and his restoration to office on his own terms. To Churchill's surprise, Prime Minister Salisbury accepted the resignation, and Churchill was out in

11592-458: The industry, as well as eliminating sources of excess supply. In 2018, De Beers used blockchain technology to successfully track 100 high-value diamonds. The diamonds were tracked through the manufacturing process from the mine to the retailer in order to ensure their quality and conflict-free status. In 2019, they launched their own end-to-end traceability platform called Tracr to enable all diamonds to be identified and traced as they move from

11730-492: The late 18th century—it synthesised moderate Whig economic policies and many Tory social values to create a new political philosophy and faction in opposition to the French Revolution . Edmund Burke and William Pitt the Younger led the way in this. Interventionism and strong armed forces were to prove a hallmark of Toryism under subsequent prime ministers. The word Conservative began to be used in place of Tory during

11868-523: The liberal Clear Grits . Tory strength and prominence in the political culture was a feature of life in Nova Scotia , New Brunswick , Prince Edward Island , Ontario and Manitoba . By the 1930s, the factions within Canadian Toryism were associated with either the urban business elites, or with rural traditionalists from the country's hinterland. A "Red Tory" is a member of the more moderate wing of

12006-565: The masses. His views were largely accepted by the official Conservative leaders in the treatment of the Gladstonian Representation of the People Act 1884 . Lord Randolph insisted that the principle of the bill should be accepted by the opposition, and that resistance should be focused on the refusal of the government to combine with it a scheme of redistribution. The prominent, and on the whole judicious and successful, part he played in

12144-531: The member for Northampton , who as an avowed atheist or agnostic was prepared to take the parliamentary oath only under protest. Stafford Northcote, the Conservative leader in the Lower House, was forced to take a strong line on this difficult question by the energy of the fourth party. The controversy over Bradlaugh's seat showed that Lord Randolph Churchill was a parliamentary champion who added to his audacity much tactical skill and shrewdness. He continued to play

12282-747: The merger. They formed the rival Progressive Canadian Party . The term "Loyalist" was used in the American Revolution for those who remained loyal to the British Crown. About 80% of the Loyalists remained in the United States after the war. The 60,000 or so Loyalists who settled in Nova Scotia, Quebec , the Bahamas , or returned to Great Britain after the American War of Independence are known as United Empire Loyalists. On 12 February 1798, Thomas Jefferson (of

12420-579: The mine to the store. Signet and the Russian-based Alrosa are using the technology. In August 2017, De Beers partnered with the Stanford Graduate School of Business to accelerate business ventures to market in Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa. As part of two programs, the partnership is set to help teach early entrepreneurs how to commercialize their business ideas. The partnership

12558-530: The miniseries Jennie: Lady Randolph Churchill , in which he was portrayed by actor Ronald Pickup , as the English aristocrat who falls in love with the daughter of a very wealthy American property developer. Sir Winston referred to his father's career in several of the last chapters of A History of the English-Speaking Peoples , written in Winston's 'wilderness years' in the inter-war years before he

12696-466: The native Indians was similarly illiberal. He refused to allow reforms which would have increased Indian representation within the civil service and army, and, in a public speech at Birmingham, he infamously described a deputation to Britain by three Indian politicians, led by N. G. Chandavarkar , as the 'three Bengalee baboos'. However, Churchill's most well-known act during his time at the India Office

12834-449: The necessity of the welfare state . By the 1970s, the Progressive Conservative Party was a Keynesian-consensus party. With the onset of stagflation in the 1970s, some Canadian Tories came under the influence of neo-liberal developments in the United Kingdom and the United States, which highlighted the policies for privatization and supply-side interventions . In Canada, these Tories have been labelled neoconservatives —which has

12972-524: The new headquarters which combined the operations of Anglo American and the De Beers group. After Ernest died in November 1957, operation of Anglo and De Beers were passed on to his son, Harry Oppenheimer . Under Harry, the company expanded to several different countries around the globe, including Canada, Australia , Malaysia , Portugal , Zambia , and Tanzania . In South Africa, Harry opposed apartheid , arguing that it hindered economic growth. Despite this, De Beers has been criticized for profiting from

13110-633: The notion, the talks moved ahead and eventually in December 2003, the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservative parties voted to rejoin into a new party called the Conservative Party of Canada. After the merger of the Progressive Conservatives with the Canadian Alliance in 2003, there was debate as to whether the "Tory" appellation should survive at the federal level. Commentators speculated that some Alliance members would take offence to

13248-510: The one to play". It was soon apparent that Churchill's powers had been undermined by the illness which was to take his life at the age of 45. As the session of 1893 wore on, his speeches lost their old effectiveness. His last speech in the House was delivered in the debate on the East African Scheme in June 1894, and was a painful failure. Lord Randolph is said to have contracted syphilis from

13386-538: The party (in the manner of John Farthing and George Grant ). They are generally unified by their adherence to British traditions in Canada. Throughout the course of Canadian history, the Conservative Party was generally controlled by MacDonaldian Tory elements, which in Canada meant an adherence to the English-Canadian traditions of Monarchy , Empire-Commonwealth , parliamentary government , nationalism , protectionism, social reform and eventually acceptance of

13524-512: The party are also often referred to as "Tories" as well. The British Broadcasting Corporation 's own style guide permits the use of the term Tory , although requires the term Conservative be used in its first instance. In Scotland , the term Tory is used to describe members and supporters of the Scottish Conservatives , or to accuse other parties of being insufficiently opposed to that party. For example, members and supporters of

13662-429: The party leadership was inextricably part of the National Union's attempt to control the party organization. It had originally been founded by Tory peers to organize propaganda to attract working men's votes, registration, choose candidates, conduct elections; associations were linked to provincial unions. Lord Randolph was not the originator but his campaign of 1884 encouraged the leadership to improve on their designs. For

13800-572: The political heirs to the nonconformist Roundheads and Covenanters . During the Exclusion Crisis, the word Tory was applied in the Kingdom of England as a nickname to the opponents of the bill, called the Abhorrers . The word "Tory" had connotations of Papist and outlaw derived from its previous use in Ireland. There were two Tory ministries after James II acceded to the throne: the first led by

13938-464: The political spectrum. Some critics were from his own party, including some of his friends. Eventually, he risked a tactical resignation as Chancellor to try to secure his position on armed forces expenditure, but the Prime Minister, Lord Salisbury , accepted his resignation and replaced him. This was the "beginning of the end" of Churchill's career. His elder son was Winston Churchill , who wrote

14076-458: The possibility of a Home Rule Bill, Churchill stated that: "...if Gladstone introduced a Home Rule Bill, I should not hesitate, if other circumstances were favourable, to agitate Ulster even to resistance beyond constitutional limits..." During this time he coined the phrase "Ulster will fight, and Ulster will be right", echoing his earlier remark that in opposing Irish Home Rule "the Orange card would be

14214-612: The recommendations of the Fowler Report , the UN adopted the landmark General Assembly Resolution A/RES/55/56 supporting the creation of an international certification scheme for rough diamonds. By November 2002, negotiations between governments, the international diamond industry, led by De Beers, and civil society organisations resulted in the creation of the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS), which sets out

14352-482: The requirements for controlling rough diamond production and trade and became effective in 2003. De Beers states that 100% of the diamonds it now sells are conflict-free and that all De Beers diamonds are purchased in compliance with national law, the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme and its own Diamond Best Practice Principles. The Kimberley process has helped restore the reputation of

14490-458: The resistant. It also purchased and stockpiled diamonds produced by other manufacturers as well as surplus diamonds in order to control prices by limiting supply . Finally, it bought diamonds when prices fell considerably naturally, to constrict supply and drive their value back up, such as during the Great Depression. In 2000, the De Beers business model changed because of factors such as

14628-402: The rites of Freemasonry , as later his son Winston would be. At the general election of 1874 Churchill was elected to Parliament as Conservative member for Woodstock , near the family seat of Blenheim Palace , defeating George Brodrick , a Fellow of Merton. His maiden speech , delivered in his first session, prompted compliments from William Harcourt and Benjamin Disraeli , who wrote to

14766-529: The site of the Big Hole and the De Beers mine, two successful diamond mines. Their name, which was given to one of the mines, subsequently became associated with the company. Cecil Rhodes , the founder of the British South Africa Company , got his start by renting water pumps to miners during the diamond rush that started in 1869, when an 83.5 carat diamond called the ' Star of South Africa '

14904-545: The start of the 21st century, De Beers controlled 80% to 85% of rough diamond distribution and was considered a monopoly . By 2000, the company's control of the world diamond supply decreased to 63%. The company was founded in 1888 by British businessman Cecil Rhodes , who was financed by the South African diamond magnate Alfred Beit and the London-based N M Rothschild & Sons bank. In 1926, Ernest Oppenheimer ,

15042-548: The support base for political cliques in Upper and Lower Canada . Toryism remains prominent in the politics of Canada and the United Kingdom . The British Conservative Party and Conservative Party of Canada , and their supporters, continue to be referred to as Tories. Adherents to traditional Toryism in contemporary times are referred to as High Tories , who typically defend the ideas of hierarchy , natural order , and aristocracy . The word Tory originates from an Irish term that

15180-416: The system during the apartheid period. By 1973, Anglo and De Beers accounted for 10 percent of South Africa's gross national product and 30 percent of the country's exports. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, De Beers attempted to secretly enter the United States' diamond market, being forced to divest its American assets in 1975 to avoid the risk of violating anti-trust laws. Harry Oppenheimer stepped down as

15318-406: The term lost its original signification with English-speakers and was used to describe "an outlaw papist" or a "robber that is noted for outrages and cruelty". The Irish peasantry also used the term Tory to refer to an outlaw or a miscreant of any kind into the 19th century. However, because later Conservative and anti-revolutionary parties assumed the term Tory , it has also been suggested that

15456-407: The term. Nevertheless, it was officially adopted by the merged party during the 2004 leadership convention . Stephen Harper , former leader of the Conservative Party of Canada and Prime Minister from 2006 to 2015, regularly refers to himself as a Tory and says the new party is a natural evolution of the conservative political movement. However, there were some dissident Red Tories who were against

15594-608: The time for higher food prices , self-sufficiency and enhanced wages in rural employment. English Tories from the time of the Glorious Revolution up until the Reform Act 1832 were characterised by strong monarchist tendencies, support for the Church of England and hostility to radical reform, while the Tory party was an actual organisation which held power intermittently throughout the same period. Conservatism began to emerge in

15732-538: The time. Clayton was a society doctor and specialist in the treatment of syphilis who worked from his practice at 5 Harley Street . Robson Roose , who was the Churchills' family doctor in the 1880s, had written on syphilis as a root cause of debilitating disease, and subsequently diagnosed Randolph as suffering from it. He referred Randolph to the specialist Thomas Buzzard , but continued to prescribe potassium iodide and mercury. According to Frank Harris , who published

15870-482: The two wings of the Conservative and previously the Progressive Conservative (PC) parties. The dyadic tensions originally arose out of the 1854 political union of British-Canadian Tories, French-Canadian traditionalists and the monarchist and loyalist leaning sections of the emerging commercial classes at the time—many of whom were uncomfortable with the pro-American and annexationist tendencies within

16008-464: The word originated from the Irish word toir , meaning to give, grant and bestow; or toirbhearl , meaning efficiency, bounty or munificence. By the 1640s, the term was used in the English language to refer to dispossessed Irish Catholics. It was also used to refer to isolated Irish rebels and guerrillas resisting Oliver Cromwell 's conquest of Ireland , who were allied with Cavaliers through treaty with

16146-540: The world's diamond production. Ernest Oppenheimer took over the chairmanship of the company in 1929, after buying shares and being appointed to the board in 1926. Oppenheimer was very concerned about the discovery of diamonds in 1908 in German South West Africa , fearing that the increased supply would swamp the market and force prices down. Former CIA chief Admiral Stansfield Turner claimed that De Beers restricted US access to industrial diamonds needed for

16284-444: The world's rough diamonds by value. There are two main types of customers for rough diamonds – Sightholders and Accredited Buyers. Sightholders have a term contract. Accredited Buyer status, introduced in 2015, allows companies that are not traditional Sightholders to access diamonds that were not allocated to existing Sightholders. De Beers also sells about 10% of its rough diamonds through online auction sales. The company pioneered

16422-526: Was accused of not releasing industrial diamonds for the US war effort during World War II. In 2011, Anglo American took control of De Beers after buying the Oppenheimers' family stake of 40% for US$ 5.1 billion (£3.2 billion) and increasing its stake to 85%, ending the 80-year Oppenheimer control of the company. In May 2024, Anglo American announced its intention to spin off or sell De Beers. The name 'De Beers'

16560-519: Was along with Churchill a member of the Bullingdon Club , and joined him at the club's champagne-fuelled parties. Randolph was frequently in trouble with the university authorities for drunkenness, smoking in academic dress, and smashing windows at the Randolph Hotel . His rowdy behaviour was infectious, rubbing off on friends and contemporaries; he gained a reputation as an enfant terrible . He had

16698-443: Was always tense and highly strung; ...he seems to have had no knowledge of men, no consideration of their feelings, no give and take." But he continued, "in congenial society, his conversation was wholly delightful. He would then display his mastery of pleasant irony and banter; for with those playthings he was at his best." Biographer Roy Jenkins , pointing to his brash and slightly vulgar charisma, asked, "Was he ever near to being

16836-481: Was appointed the local agent for the powerful London Syndicate, rising to the position of mayor of Kimberley within 10 years. He understood the core principle that underpinned De Beers's success, stating in 1910 that "common sense tells us that the only way to increase the value of diamonds is to make them scarce, that is to reduce production". During World War I, the Premier Mine was finally absorbed into De Beers. When Rhodes died in 1902, De Beers controlled 90% of

16974-483: Was at the same time returned by a very large majority for South Paddington . In the contest which arose over William Ewart Gladstone 's Home Rule bill, Lord Randolph again bore a conspicuous part, and in the electioneering campaign his activity was only second to that of some of the Liberal Unionists , Lord Hartington , George Goschen and Joseph Chamberlain . He was now the recognised Conservative champion in

17112-574: Was derived from the two Dutch settlers , brothers Diederik Arnoldus de Beer (1825–1878) and Johannes Nicolaas de Beer (1830–1883), who owned a South African farm named Vooruitzicht ( Dutch for "prospect" or "outlook") near Zandfontein in the Boshof District of Orange Free State . After they discovered diamonds on their land, the increasing demands of the British government forced them to sell their farm on 31 July 1871 to merchant Alfred Johnson Ebden (1820–1908) for £6,600. Vooruitzicht would become

17250-498: Was dissolved, she resumed by deed poll her prior married name, Lady Randolph Churchill. (Lord Randolph was her husband's courtesy title as the younger son of a duke and in English law does not qualify as a noble title in its own right). Lord Randolph's son, Sir Winston Churchill , died on 24 January 1965, aged 90, exactly 70 years after the death of his father, having lived twice as long. Rosebery described his old friend and political opponent, after his death, thus: "his nervous system

17388-519: Was established in 2001 as a 50:50 joint venture between The De Beers Group of Companies and LVMH , the French luxury goods company. The first De Beers boutique opened in 2002 on London's Old Bond Street as the brand's flagship store. Since then, stores have opened in various cities around the world. In March 2017, The De Beers Group of Companies acquired LVMH's 50% shareholding in DBDJ and new name De Beers Jewellers

17526-562: Was found at Hopetown near the Orange River in South Africa. He invested the profits of this operation into buying up claims of small mining operators, with his operations soon expanding into a separate mining company. He soon secured funding from the Rothschild family , who would finance his business expansion. De Beers Consolidated Mines was formed in 1888 by the merger of the companies of Barney Barnato and Cecil Rhodes, by which time

17664-584: Was his role in the invasion and annexation of Burma in the Third Anglo-Burmese War . Siding with British commercial (especially cotton) and military interests, and hoping to boost Conservative fortunes in the upcoming general election, Churchill directed the Viceroy , Lord Dufferin , to invade Upper Burma in November 1885. With little discussion, Churchill then decided to annex the Burmese kingdom, adding it as

17802-403: Was launched in 2008 as one of the two diamond brands from The De Beers Group of Companies. According to the company website, "Each Forevermark diamond is inscribed with a promise: that it is beautiful, rare and responsibly sourced." Forevermark diamonds are inscribed with an icon and unique identification number, albeit invisibly to the naked eye: the Forevermark inscription is 1 ⁄ 20 th of

17940-437: Was nominated chairman, despite the opposition of the parliamentary leaders. A split was averted by Lord Randolph's voluntary resignation which he had done his best to engineer; but the episode had confirmed his title to a leading place in the Tory ranks. He built up Tory Democracy in the towns reinforcing the urban middle classes' part in the party, while simultaneously including a working-class element. His unsuccessful bid for

18078-517: Was not unanimous. The "Tories" were men who supported the Mexican government. The Tories generally were long-term property holders whose roots were outside of the lower south. They typically had little interest in politics and sought conciliation rather than war. The Tories wanted to preserve the economic, political and social gains that they enjoyed as citizens of Mexico and the revolution threatened to jeopardize those gains. Tory has become shorthand for

18216-473: Was not until 1878 that he came to public notice as the exponent of independent Conservatism. He made a series of furious attacks on Sir Stafford Northcote , R. A. Cross , and other prominent members of the "old gang". George Sclater-Booth (afterwards 1st Baron Basing), President of the Local Government Board , was a specific target, and the minister's County Government Bill was fiercely denounced as

18354-509: Was phonetically anglicised. Several Irish words have been suggested as the etymological root for the word Tory . The Irish word toruidhe or toruighe , meaning "to pursue" or "to hunt", is suggested as the origin for the term Tory . From the 1500s to 1600s, the term Tory first emerged to refer to the Irish who were dispossessed of their lands and took to the woods, forming themselves into bands that subsisted on wild animals and goods taken from settlers. After these activities were suppressed,

18492-413: Was probably passing through the stages of secondary syphilis and then tertiary syphilis , but mentions a brain tumour and multiple sclerosis as other possible causes. Whatever the true source of this illness was, Randolph was certainly treated for syphilis , and it has been suggested that he may have been suffering from symptoms related to the mercury-based medication which was used in such cases at

18630-685: Was recalled to the cabinet. Tory The philosophy originates from the Cavaliers , a royalist faction which supported the House of Stuart during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms . The Tories , a British political party which emerged during the late 17th century, was a reaction to the Whig-controlled Parliaments that succeeded the Cavalier Parliament . As a political term, Tory was

18768-419: Was simply curtailed to maintain the price. Rhodes was concerned about the break-up of the new monopoly, stating to shareholders in 1896 that the company's "only risk is the sudden discovery of new mines, which human nature will work recklessly to the detriment of us all". The Second Boer War proved to be a challenging time for the company. Kimberley was besieged as soon as war broke out, thereby threatening

18906-413: Was the abusive term directed at those who wanted to exclude James on the grounds that he was a Catholic. Those who were not prepared to exclude James were labelled " Abhorrers " and later "Tories". Titus Oates applied the term Tory , which then signified an Irish robber, to those who would not believe in his Popish Plot and the name gradually became extended to all who were supposed to have sympathy with

19044-427: Was unveiled. De Beers Ventures De Beers Ventures was established by De Beers Group in June 2017 to consider minority stake investments in start-ups and growth companies that could be of benefit to De Beers Group or the broader diamond sector. The International Institute of Diamond Grading & Research The International Institute of Diamond Grading & Research (IIDGR) was set up by De Beers in 2008, with

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