93-620: There are a number of languages used in Ireland. Since the late 18th century, English has been the predominant first language, displacing Irish. A large minority claims some ability to use Irish, and it is the first language for a small percentage of the population. In the Republic of Ireland , under the Constitution of Ireland , both languages have official status, with Irish being the national and first official language. In Northern Ireland , English
186-537: A Half Men up to the departure of Charlie Sheen , when RTÉ Two began airing the series. All of TG4's news and current affairs programming is provided by RTÉ free of charge to the channel. In 1996, Nuacht TnaG started broadcasting from the TnaG Newsrooms in Baile na hAbhann. From 13 July 2009, all television broadcasts of Nuacht RTÉ broadcast from the Baile na hAbhann studios. The main news anchor for Nuacht RTÉ
279-528: A Trace , Carnivàle , Curb Your Enthusiasm , Eve , Everwood , Invasion , Lipstick Jungle , The O.C. , and Survivor . TG4 often premieres such shows before other European broadcasters. TG4 previously held a long-term agreement with HBO to air the majority of their programmes on the channel. With the launch of Sky Atlantic in 2011, they now hold first rights to European (Ireland, UK, Germany, Austria, Italy and Switzerland) broadcasts of HBO shows. This means TG4 now broadcasts HBO programming at
372-489: A book describing their campaign for a separate Irish-language television service. Bob Quinn is a film director who produced many documentaries and fiction films through the Irish language on limited budgets, including the first Irish-language feature film Poitín starring Niall Tóibín , Cyril Cusack and Donal McCann . The three writers proposed small temporary buildings for Gaeltacht regional television services broadcasting
465-639: A commemorative stamp. The station published a book entitled TG4@10: Deich mBliana de TG4 (Ten Years of TG4). On 1 April 2007, Teilifís na Gaeilge became an independent statutory corporation . Former Gaelic Athletic Association president Peter Quinn became first chairman of the corporation. The other members appointed to the authority were Joe Connolly, Pádraig MacDonnacha, Eilís Ní Chonghaile, Méabh Mhic Ghairbheith, Méadhbh Nic an Airchinnigh, Bríd Ní Neachtáin, Feargal Ó Sé, and Regina Culliton. Coinciding with TG4's independence from RTÉ, TG4 began broadcasting news from France 24 instead of Euronews . RTÉ holds
558-472: A day of Irish-language programming. The remainder of the TG4 schedule is made up of acquisitions from other broadcasters particularly from US broadcasters. Operating as a publisher and broadcaster, TG4 invests up to €20m annually in original indigenous programming from the independent production sector in Ireland. The Irish-language soap opera Ros na Rún is one of its most popular programmes, and it also commissions
651-592: A dialect of Scots has been debated. Shelta is a cant , based upon both Irish and English, generally spoken by the Irish Traveller community. It is known as Gammon to Irish speakers and Shelta by the linguistic community. It is a mixture of English and Irish, with Irish being the lexifier language. Shelta is a secret language, with a refusal by the Travellers to share with non-travellers, named "Buffers". When speaking Shelta in front of Buffers, Travellers will disguise
744-479: A fashionable outgrowth of the mainstream non-local Dublin English, advanced Dublin English , also new Dublin English or formerly fashionable Dublin English , is a youthful variety that originally began in the early 1990s among the " avant-garde " and now those aspiring to a non-local "urban sophistication". Advanced Dublin English itself, first associated with affluent and middle-class inhabitants of southside Dublin ,
837-565: A fresh schedule which included more imported programming. Highly critically acclaimed US programming such as Oz , Nip/Tuck and The Wire aired on the channel. During this time, they extended out their range of adult and children's programming. Cúla4 na n-Óg began airing from 07:00 for pre-school children with programmes such as Tar ag Spraoi Sesame , Dora the Explorer and Wow! Wow! Wubbzy! , Cúla4 airs SpongeBob SquarePants , Ben 10 , The Muppet Show , and others. In 2006
930-547: A growing number of gaelscoil teach through Irish. Most students at second level choose to study English as an L1 language and Irish and other Continental European languages as L2 languages . Irish is not offered as an L1 language by the Department of Education. Prof. David Little (November 2003) said that there was an urgent need to introduce an L1 Irish Gaelic Curriculum. He quoted from a report by An Bord Curaclaim agus Scrúduithe (The Curriculum and Examinations Board) Report of
1023-505: A limited number of hours each night with programming coming from each of the Gaeltacht regions around the country. RTÉ and the Irish government had sought to improve the availability of Irish-language programming on RTÉ services. In 1972, RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta (RnaG) was set up to provide Irish-language radio services across the country. All radio and television services provided by RTÉ provided some Irish-language programming. In 1980,
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#17330942035831116-462: A much later date than in the past. TG4 held first rights to The Wire , Oz , Deadwood , Generation Kill , Six Feet Under , True Blood . They also held an agreement with AMC to air Breaking Bad until the series concluded. The channel later signed a deal with USA Network for exclusive rights to Mr. Robot . In Autumn 2013, the broadcaster started moving away from US imports instead focusing on successful European drama series from
1209-411: A new group called Coiste ar son Teilifís Gaeltachta (The Committee for Irish-Language Television) was set up. In 1987 they set up the pirate television station Teilifís na Gaeltachta , after years of delays, including the sudden death of their technician who was to build the transmitter. Eighteen hours of live and pre-recorded programming was broadcast between 2 and 5 November 1987. The transmitter
1302-399: A relatively large number of documentaries. During the first two years of TnaG, the service provided a "blocked" schedule. A distinct language schedule was created in line with their commitment to provide two hours of Irish-language television each day. Children's television ran from 17:00 to 18:00, while the prime time Irish-language block began at 20:00 and ended at 22:30 each night. In 1998,
1395-657: A share in Euronews , meaning TG4 could no longer broadcast the service. On 1 July 2007, TG4 became a member of the European Broadcasting Union . In 2008, TG4 became a founding member of World Indigenous Television Broadcasters Network (WITBN). On 12 July 2009, the Broadcasting Act 2009 was enacted. Many of the provisions of the Act relating to RTÉ also apply to TG4, with the station being subject to regulation from
1488-547: A sign language at home. None of these languages were spoken by a majority of the population, but are of historical interest, giving loan words to Irish and Hiberno-English. Late Latin was introduced by the early Christians by c. 500. It remained a church language, but also was the official written language before and after the Norman conquest in 1171. Ecclesiastical Latin was used by the Roman Catholic church for services until
1581-456: A similar organisation in the capital called Feachtas Náisiúnta Teilifíse (FTN). FTN outlined their demands: It was also suggested that the cap on advertising on RTÉ be removed and the additional funds be designated for the new services. Ray Burke had limited the advertising minutes on RTÉ a few years previously. Hence, there would be no cost to the Exchequer, and funding would also come from
1674-399: A strand called Ponc began airing with teen programming such as Pimp My Ride , MTV Cribs , 8 Simple Rules , America's Next Top Model , What I Like About You and South Park . Other series aired on the channel include Army Wives , Cold Case , Gossip Girl , One Tree Hill , The Starter Wife , True Blood , Two and a Half Men , Vampire Diaries , Without
1767-554: A stronger audience-driven schedule, with key audiences delivered at key times. TG4 aims to be a mainstream channel for a niche audience. This new scheduling provided TG4 with a strong increase in audience share during the first six months of the newly re-branded channel, rising from 1% to 2% and, by 2005, TG4 had become the eighth most watched television channel with 2.4% audience share, just below BBC Two and Channel 4, and well ahead of Sky One . The Department of Communications, Energy and Natural Resources reduced TG4's grant-in-aid from
1860-473: Is Siún Nic Gearailt , who was the main news anchor for TG4 from 2002 to 2004, before moving to RTÉ. Nuacht TnaG initially was broadcast at 22:00 each night, later moving to 20:00 and finally to 19:00 where it currently remains. From 1996 to 1998, Gráinne Seoige was the main news anchor for the channel, in 1998 she moved to TV3 to launch their main evening news where she remained until 2004. In 1998, Ailbhe Ó Monachain became TG4's main news anchor. With
1953-450: Is a collection of broad varieties of Ireland's West Region and Southern Region . Accents of both regions are known for: The subset, South-West Irish English (often known, by specific county , as Cork English , Kerry English , or Limerick English ), features two additional defining characteristics of its own. One is the pin–pen merger : the raising of dress to [ɪ] when before /n/ or /m/ (as in again or pen ). The other
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#17330942035832046-823: Is a mandatory subject). The predominant language in the education system in Northern Ireland is English, with Irish-medium schools teaching exclusively in the Irish language . The ULTACH Trust coordinates the promotion of Irish in English-medium schools. In the GCSE and A Level qualification, Irish is the 3rd most chosen modern language in Northern Ireland, and in the top ten in the UK. Intakes in GCSE Irish and A Level Irish are increasing, and
2139-504: Is occurs in all other situations. There are apparent exceptions to these rules; John C. Wells describes prefer and per as /ɛr/ , despite the vowel in question following a labial in both cases. The distribution of /ɛr/ versus /ʊr/ is listed below in some example words: /ɛr/ /ʊr/ ^4 In a rare few local Dublin varieties that are non-rhotic, /ər/ is either lowered to [ɐ] or backed and raised to [ɤ] . ^5 The distinction between /ɔːr/ and /oʊr/
2232-416: Is probably now spoken by a majority of Dubliners born since the 1980s. Advanced Dublin English can have a fur–fair merger , horse–hoarse , and witch–which mergers , while resisting the traditionally Irish English cot–caught merger . This accent has since spread south to parts of east County Wicklow , west to parts of north County Kildare and parts of south County Meath . The accent can be heard among
2325-582: Is realised as [ɒːɹ] . ^2 In non-local Dublin's more recently emerging (or "advanced Dublin") accent, /ɛər/ and /ɜr/ may both be realised more rounded as [øːɻ] . ^3 The NURSE mergers have not occurred in local Dublin, West/South-West, and other very conservative and traditional Irish English dialects, including in Ulster, all of which retain a two-way distinction between /ɛr/ as in earn versus /ʊr/ as in urn . Contrarily, most English dialects worldwide have merged /ɛ/ and /ʊ/ before
2418-403: Is the intonation pattern of a slightly higher pitch followed by a significant drop in pitch on stressed long-vowel syllables (across multiple syllables or even within a single one), which is popularly heard in rapid conversation, by speakers of other English dialects, as a noticeable kind of undulating "sing-song" pattern. Dublin English is highly internally diverse and refers collectively to
2511-619: Is the primary language for 95% of the population, and de facto official language, while Irish is recognised as an official language and Ulster Scots is recognised as a minority language under the Identity and Language (Northern Ireland) Act 2022 . The earliest linguistic records in Ireland are of Primitive Irish , from about the 17th century BCE. Languages spoken in Iron Age Ireland before then are now irretrievable, although there are some claims of traces in Irish toponymy . Middle English
2604-568: Is used here to represent the voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative , sometimes known as a "slit fricative", which is apico - alveolar . ^5 Overall, /hw/ and /w/ are being increasingly merged in supraregional Irish English, for example, making wine and whine homophones , as in most varieties of English around the world. The following vowels + ⟨r⟩ create combinations that are defining characteristics of Hiberno-English: Footnotes: ^1 In southside Dublin 's " Dublin 4 " (or "Dortspeak") accent, /ɑːr/
2697-400: Is used in Northern Ireland, and is related to both ISL and BSL in various ways. ISL is also used in Northern Ireland. With increased immigration into Ireland, there has been a substantial increase in the number of people speaking languages. The table below gives figures from the 2016 census of population usually resident and present in the state who speak a language other than English, Irish or
2790-552: Is widely preserved in Ireland, so that, for example, horse and hoarse are not merged in most Irish English dialects; however, they are usually merged in Belfast and advanced Dublin. ^6 In local Dublin /(j)uːr/ may be realised as [(j)uʷə(ɹ)] . For some speakers /(j)uːr/ may merge with /ɔːr/ . A number of Irish language loan words are used in Hiberno-English, particularly in an official state capacity. For example,
2883-563: The Evening Echo , and the Andersonstown News . All of the 40 or so radio stations in the Republic have to have some weekly Irish-language programming to obtain their broadcasting license. Similarly, RTÉ runs Nuacht , a news show, in Irish and Léargas , a documentary show, in Irish with English subtitles. The Official Languages Act 2003 gave many new rights to Irish citizens concerning
Languages of Ireland - Misplaced Pages Continue
2976-422: The Irish language , one of two official languages (with Ulster Scots , in Northern Ireland, being yet another local language). Irish English's writing standards, such as its spelling, align with British English . However, Irish English's diverse accents and some of its grammatical structures and vocabulary are unique, including certain notably conservative phonological features: features no longer common in
3069-629: The Manx language in the Isle of Man. Today, Irish is recognized as the first official language of the Republic of Ireland and is officially recognized in the European Union. Communities that speak Irish as their first language, generally in sporadic regions on the island's west coast, are collectively called the Gaeltacht . In the 2016 Irish census, 8,068 census forms were completed in Irish, and just under 74,000 of
3162-560: The Vatican II reforms in 1962–65. Latin is still used in a small number of churches in Dublin, Cork, Limerick and Stamullen . Norman settlers (especially their élite) introduced the Norman or Anglo-Norman language during the Norman invasion of Ireland of 1169. From Norman derived "Law French" , a few words of which continue to be used today for certain legal purposes in both jurisdictions on
3255-437: The " /ɑː/ and broad /æ/ " set becomes rounded as [ɒː] . ^2 In South-West Ireland, /ɛ/ before /n/ or /m/ is raised to [ɪ] . ^3 Due to the phenomenon of "vowel breaking" in local Dublin accents, /iː/ and /uː/ may be realised as [ijə] and [ʊuwə] in closed syllables . Other notes: The following diphthongs are defining characteristics of Irish English: Footnotes: ^1 Due to
3348-514: The 16th-century Elizabethan Early Modern period , making that variety of English spoken in Ireland the oldest outside of Great Britain . It remains phonologically more conservative today than many other dialects of English. Initially during the Anglo-Norman period in Ireland, English was mainly spoken in an area known as the Pale around Dublin , with largely the Irish language spoken throughout
3441-438: The 1980s or later are showing fewer features of this late-twentieth-century mainstream supraregional form and more characteristics aligning to a rapidly-spreading advanced Dublin accent. See more above, under "Non-local Dublin English". Ireland's supraregional dialect pronounces: The following charts list the vowels typical of each Irish English dialect as well as the several distinctive consonants of Irish English, according to
3534-469: The 2012 TG4 Ladies Gaelic Football Championship final. TG4 HD, similar to RTÉ Two HD , broadcasts mainly sporting programming from national to international events, documentaries, movies and US programming in high-definition where available. It is anticipated that TG4 will itself start broadcasting its own programming produced in high-definition in the future. Format In 1969, Lelia Doolan , Jack Dowling and Bob Quinn published Sit down and Be Counted ,
3627-552: The All-Ireland Finals in the AIB Club Championships on TG4 achieved very high audience ratings for the channel. Twenty five percent of afternoon television viewers on St. Patrick's Day were tuned into TG4. Over 1.1m viewers tuned on TG4 during the day, giving it an overall 8.2% national daily share and placing it in third place in the national daily viewing table for the first time ever. Other major ratings successes for
3720-826: The Board of Studies for Languages, Dublin 1987: "It must be stressed … that the needs of Irish as L1 at post-primary level have been totally ignored, as at present there is no recognition in terms of curriculum and syllabus of any linguistic differences between learners of Irish as L1 and L2.". The Continental European languages available for the Junior Certificate and the Leaving Certificate include French, German, Italian and Spanish; Leaving Certificate students can also study Arabic, Japanese and Russian. Some schools also offer Ancient Greek , Hebrew Studies and Latin at second level. Students who did not immigrate to Ireland before
3813-472: The Gaeltacht and responsibility for broadcasting was given to this department. This government left office in 1994 and was replaced by the Rainbow Coalition . Michael D. Higgins was re-appointed as Minister for Arts, Culture and the Gaeltacht under Taoiseach John Bruton . The new programme for government also sought to launch TnaG as the 3rd channel. TnaG launched in 1996. The total cost in establishing
Languages of Ireland - Misplaced Pages Continue
3906-494: The Irish English varieties immediately surrounding and within the metropolitan area of Dublin . Modern-day Dublin English largely lies on a phonological continuum, ranging from a more traditional, lower-prestige, local urban accent on the one end, to a more recently developing, higher-prestige, non-local, regional and even supra-regional accent on the other end. Most of the latter characteristics of Dublin English first emerged in
3999-518: The Irish language, including the use of Irish in court proceedings. All Dáil debates are to be recorded in Irish also. In 2007, Irish became the 21st official language of the European Union. Ulster Scots, sometimes called Ullans , is a dialect of Scots spoken in some parts of County Donegal and Northern Ireland . It is promoted and supported by the Ulster Scots Agency , a cross-border body. Its status as an independent language as opposed to
4092-506: The National Lottery and the television Licence. FTN suggested two hours of programming each day, with the rest of the broadcast hours used for Open University type programming. In the early 1990s, Irish language programmes amounted to only 5% of total programming broadcast by RTÉ, and was reduced significantly during the summer months. Programmes included Echo Island for children, and current affairs programme Cursaí . Before
4185-554: The Nordic countries. On 28 August 2013, TG4 announced its new schedule for autumn/winter 2013. which relied on imports from internationally acclaimed Nordic dramas such as Arne Dahl from Sweden , The Bridge co-produced in Sweden and Denmark and Danish drama Borgen . US imports include new seasons of Nashville , Breaking Bad (final season), True Blood and new dramas Justified and Boss . TG4 continued to air Two and
4278-634: The UK, and 22,000 from the US. The 2016 census reported a decline in UK nationals to the 2002 level: 103,113. The original Primitive Irish was introduced by Celtic speakers. Primitive Irish gradually evolved into Old Irish , spoken between the 5th and the 10th centuries, and then into Middle Irish . Middle Irish was spoken in Ireland, Scotland , and the Isle of Man through the 12th century, when it began to evolve into modern Irish in Ireland, Scottish Gaelic in Scotland, and
4371-500: The US and throughout the Empire after the Famine. Since then the various local Hiberno-English dialects comprise the vernacular language throughout the island. The 2002 census found that 103,000 British citizens were living in the Republic of Ireland, along with 11,300 from the US and 8,900 from Nigeria, all of whom would speak other dialects of English. The 2006 census listed 165,000 people from
4464-509: The accents of England or North America . It shows significant influences from the Irish language and, in the north, the Scots language . Phonologists today often divide Irish English into four or five overarching dialects or accents: Ulster or Northern Irish accents , Western and Southern Irish accents (like Cork accents), various Dublin accents , and a non-regional standard accent (outside of Ulster) whose features are shifting since only
4557-457: The age of ten may receive an exemption from learning Irish. Pupils with learning difficulties can also seek exemption. A recent study has revealed that over half of those pupils who got exemption from studying Irish went on to study a Continental European language. The following is a list of foreign languages taken at Leaving Certificate level in 2007, followed by the number as a percentage of all students taking Mathematics for comparison (mathematics
4650-729: The backing of TG4) apply for the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland 's Sound and Vision Fund. The Irish Language Broadcasting Fund (ILBF) also provides some funding to programmes made for the channel; the fund is administered by Northern Ireland Screen . TG4 has had a share of the Irish television market of some 2-3%. TG4 provide their viewing figures each week on their website. Currently TG4's top ten programmes have ranged from 10,000 to 100,000 viewers, but their top shows have reached as high as 250,000. Like other television services TG4 achieves their highest viewing figures with sporting events. On Saint Patrick's Day 2009, live coverage of
4743-531: The birth of TG4, RTÉ had suggested the use of RTÉ Two's prime-time schedule for Irish-language programming. The outgoing coalition parties of Fianna Fáil and the Progressive Democrats called for the establishment of an Irish language television station in their 1989 manifestos . Fianna Fáil stated that they would set up an Irish language television service in the Galway Gaeltacht that would service
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#17330942035834836-521: The channel and the nightly audience had risen to 250,000 viewers. Three months later, in May 1997, independent research revealed that the station was able to attract audiences of 500,000, or 68% of television sets in Ireland, for at least one hour's viewing per week. Very significant assistance in non-monetary terms comes from RTÉ which is required to provide over 360 hours of programming annually at no cost to TG4. TnaG did not come on air until 1996. The initial aim
4929-419: The channel began experimenting with their prime time schedule (due to low audience figures and pressure from independent producers). The prime time block was reduced by 30 minutes, ending at 22:00, while they tested Irish-language programming in late night slots after English-language programming, this schedule increased the audience for Irish programmes that followed English programmes. A new "hammocking" schedule
5022-652: The channel each day. It has a 2% share of the national television market in the Republic of Ireland and 3% of the national television market in Northern Ireland. The daily Irish-language programme schedule is its core service: seven hours of programming in Irish supported by a wide range of material in other languages, mostly English and French. TG4 HD launched on 2 October 2012, exclusively on UPC Ireland (now rebranded as Virgin Media) , and later on Sky in August 2016 and Saorview on 1 December 2022. The first HD broadcast featured
5115-617: The channel include the All Ireland Ladies Football Final with 21% of all viewers tuned to that broadcast. A series of Westerns has also proven very popular. On 25 April 2010, TG4's coverage of the Allianz Football League Finals in Croke Park saw them become the most watched channel, with 650,000 viewers watching some of the games. The Division One final had an average audience of 220,000 viewers. Some of
5208-489: The consonant /r/ . For instance, in the case of non-local Dublin, supraregional, and younger Irish accents, the merged sequence is phonetically [ɚː] . However, for those accents which retain the more conservative distinction, the distribution of /ɛr/ and /ʊr/ is as follows: /ʊr/ occurs when spelled ⟨ur⟩ and ⟨or⟩ (e.g. urn and word ), ⟨ir⟩ after alveolar stops (e.g. dirt ), and after labial consonants (e.g. fern ); /ɛr/
5301-457: The early- to mid-twentieth century is the direct influence and catalyst for this variety, coming about by the suppression of certain markedly Irish features, and retention of other Irish features, as well as the adoption of certain standard British (i.e., non-Irish) features. The result is a configuration of features that is still unique. In other words, this accent is not simply a wholesale shift towards British English. Most speakers born in
5394-434: The education system. A German traveller, Ludolf von Münchhausen, visited the Pale in Dublin in 1591. He says of the pale in regards to the language spoken there: "Little Irish is spoken; there are even some people here who cannot speak Irish at all". He may be mistaken, but if this account is true, the language of Dublin in the 1590s was English, not Irish. And yet again, Albert Jouvin travelled to Ireland in 1668; he says of
5487-895: The exchequer to €32.25m for 2010. In 2008, the Teilifís na Gaeilge authority received a budget of €38m for and co-funded productions with the BAI 's sound and vision fund received €4.6m. The Department of Communications, Marine and Natural Resources reduced their budget from the exchequer to €35m for 2009. In 2007, TG4 earned €3,596,000 in advertising revenue and had state funding of €24,914,000. The station spent €17,716,000 on programming. In 2006, TG4 spent €15,469,000 on commissioned programming and €7.5 million on acquired shows. The latter consisted mainly of children's programmes which are dubbed into Irish. The table below shows TG4's commissioned programming by genre in 2006: RTÉ provide TG4 with their news service Nuacht TG4 . Independent producers (with
5580-446: The greater eastern Irish region surrounding the city. In the most general terms, all varieties of Dublin English have the following identifying sounds that are often distinct from the rest of Ireland, pronouncing: Local Dublin English (or popular Dublin English ) is a traditional, broad , working-class variety spoken in the Republic of Ireland 's capital city of Dublin . It is the only Irish English variety that in earlier history
5673-757: The head of government is the Taoiseach , the deputy head is the Tánaiste , the parliament is the Oireachtas and its lower house is Dáil Éireann . Less formally, people also use loan words in day-to-day speech, although this has been on the wane in recent decades and among the young. /ˈɡɑːrsuːr/ Another group of Hiberno-English words are those derived from the Irish language . Some are words in English that have entered into general use, while others are unique to Ireland. These words and phrases are often Anglicised versions of words in Irish or direct translations into English. In
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#17330942035835766-598: The island. Yola was a language which evolved from Middle English , surviving in County Wexford up to the 19th century. Fingallian was similar to Yola but spoken in Fingal up until the mid-19th century. Hiberno-Yiddish was spoken by Irish Jews until recently, when most switched to English. It was based on Lithuanian Yiddish. In primary schools, most pupils are taught to speak, read and write in Irish and English. The vast majority of schools teach through English, although
5859-467: The last quarter of the 20th century onwards. Middle English, as well as a small elite that spoke Anglo-Norman , was brought to Ireland as a result of the Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland in the late 12th century. The remnants of which survived as the Yola language and Fingallian dialects, which is not mutually comprehensible with Modern English. A second wave of the English language was brought to Ireland in
5952-455: The late 1980s and 1990s. The accent that most strongly uses the traditional working-class features has been labelled by the linguist Raymond Hickey as local Dublin English . Most speakers from Dublin and its suburbs, have accent features falling variously along the entire middle, as well as the newer end of the spectrum, which together form what is called non-local Dublin English . It is spoken by middle- and upper-class natives of Dublin and
6045-444: The latter case, they often give meaning to a word or phrase that is generally not found in wider English use. TG4 TG4 ( / ˌ t iː dʒ iː ˈ k æ h ər / ; Irish : TG Ceathair , pronounced [ˌtʲeːɟeː ˈcahəɾʲ] ) is an Irish free-to-air public service television channel. It launched on 31 October 1996 and is available online and through its on-demand service TG4 Player in Ireland and beyond. TG4
6138-431: The lead up to the transmissions of TnaG in the autumn of 1996, RTÉ tested transmissions with airings of Fawlty Towers . The TnaG service provided little in the way of imports except for children's programming. TnaG provided airings of QVC during daytime hours. TnaG aired Northern Exposure . They also dubbed into Irish a number of European, Welsh and Scottish programmes. TnaG re-branded in 1999 as TG4 and with this came
6231-478: The legislative Union of Great Britain and Ireland's succession of Irish Education Acts that sponsored the Irish national schools and provided free public primary education, Hiberno-English replaced the Irish language. Since the 1850s, English medium education was promoted by both the UK administration and the Roman Catholic Church . This greatly assisted the waves of immigrants forced to seek new lives in
6324-594: The linguist Raymond Hickey. Phonological characteristics of overall Irish English are given as well as categorisations into five major divisions of Hiberno-English: Ulster; West and South-West Ireland; local Dublin; advanced Dublin; and supraregional (southern) Ireland. Features of mainstream non-local Dublin English fall on a range between what Hickey calls "local Dublin" and "advanced Dublin". The following monophthongs are defining characteristics of Irish English: Footnotes: ^1 In southside Dublin 's once-briefly fashionable " Dublin 4 " (or "Dortspeak") accent,
6417-451: The majority language spoken in the country. It has retained this status to the present day, with even those whose first language is Irish being fluent in English as well. Today, there is little more than one per cent of the population who speaks the Irish language natively, though it is required to be taught in all state-funded schools. Of the 40% of the population who self-identified as speaking some Irish in 2016, 4% speak Irish daily outside
6510-846: The media, there is an Irish-language TV station TG4 , Cúla 4 a children's channel on satellite, 5 radio stations such as the national station RTÉ Raidió na Gaeltachta , Raidió na Life in Dublin, as well as Raidió Fáilte in Belfast and a youth radio station Raidió Rí-Rá . There are also several newspapers, such as Tuairisc.ie , Meon Eile , Seachtain (a weekly supplement in the Irish Independent ), and several magazines including Comhar , Feasta , and An Timire . There are also occasional columns written in Irish in English-language newspapers, including The Irish Times , The Irish News , The Irish Examiner , Metro Éireann , Irish Echo ,
6603-430: The middle to upper classes in most major cities in the Republic today. Supraregional Southern Irish English , sometimes, simply Supraregional Irish English or Standard Irish English , refers to a variety spoken particularly by educated and middle- or higher-class Irish people, crossing regional boundaries throughout all of the Republic of Ireland, except the north. A mainstream middle-class variety of Dublin English of
6696-520: The most popular programmes included: Glór Tíre ( country and western reality competition) – 90–110,000; Rásaí na Gaillimhe (political comedy drama); Ros na Rún (soap opera), GAA Beo (GAA sport) – 50–100,000; Fíorscéal , Cogar (documentary); Seacht (university drama); Nuacht TG4 (news); 7 Lá (weekly review); Paisean Faisean (dating programme), Feirm Factor (reality television); and An Jig Gig . These have had an audience reach of 3% to 12% of
6789-724: The new Broadcasting Authority of Ireland once the relevant provisions are commenced. The Act also changed the English-language title of the Chief Executive of TG4 to "Director General" in line with that of the head of RTÉ, and in the Irish language from " Ceannasaí " to " Ardstiúrthóir ". There have been three Chief Executives of TG4: Cathal Goan ( Director General of RTÉ from 1996 to 2000), Pól Ó Gallchóir (2000–2016), and Alan Esslemont (2016 to present). The Irish language enthusiast Seán Tadhg Ó Gairbhí wrote Súil eile (published by Cois Life in 2017). The Irish Times selected it as one of its best Irish language books of
6882-403: The old Pale, Elizabethan English became the language of court, justice, administration, business, trade and of the landed gentry . Monolingual Irish speakers were generally of the poorer and less educated classes with no land. Irish was accepted as a vernacular language, but then as now, fluency in English was an essential element for those who wanted social mobility and personal advancement. After
6975-561: The pale and the east coast, "In the inland parts of Ireland, they speak a particular language, but in the greatest part of the towns and villages on the sea coast, only English is spoken". A Tour of Ireland in 1775 By Richard Twiss (writer) says of the language spoken in Dublin "as at present almost all the peasants speak the English language, they converse with as much propriety as any persons of their class in England" Ulster English , or Northern Irish English , here refers collectively to
7068-1022: The phenomenon of "vowel breaking" local Dublin accents, /aɪ/ and /aʊ/ may be realised as [əjə] and [ɛwə] in closed syllables . The consonants of Hiberno-English mostly align with the typical English consonant sounds. However, a few Irish English consonants have distinctive, varying qualities. The following consonant features are defining characteristics of Hiberno-English: Footnotes: ^1 In traditional, conservative Ulster English , /k/ and /ɡ/ are palatalised before an open front vowel . ^2 Local Dublin features consonant cluster reduction , so that plosives occurring after fricatives or sonorants may be left unpronounced, resulting, for example, in "poun(d)" and "las(t)". ^3 In extremely traditional and conservative accents (e.g. Mícheál Ó Muircheartaigh and Jackie Healy-Rae ), prevocalic /r/ can also be an alveolar flap , [ɾ] . /r/ may be guttural ( uvular , [ʁ] ) in north-east Leinster . ^4 ⟨θ̠⟩
7161-469: The rebranding of TnaG as TG4 the news service also renamed Nuacht TG4. In 2004, Eimear Ní Chonaola became TG4's main news anchor. Since September 2010, Nóiméad Nuachta (News Minute) has broadcast each week day at 13:55. Each Tuesday Night Páidí Ó Lionáird hosts their Current Affairs flagship show 7 Lá (7 Days), the name derives from RTÉ's original Current Affairs programme 7 Days . Every Sunday night, Eimear Ní Chonaola presents Timpeall na Tíre ,
7254-597: The rest of the country. Some small pockets of speakers remained, who predominantly continued to use the English of that time . Because of their sheer isolation, these dialects developed into later, now-extinct, English-related varieties , known as Yola in Wexford and Fingallian in Fingal , Dublin. These were no longer mutually intelligible with other English varieties. By the Tudor period , Irish culture and language had regained most of
7347-493: The structure so as to make it seem like they aren't speaking Shelta at all. There is fear that if outsiders know the entirety of the language, it will be used to bring further discrimination to the Traveller community. Irish Sign Language (ISL) is the sign language of most of Ireland. It has little relation to either spoken Irish or English, and is more closely related to French Sign Language (LSF). Northern Ireland Sign Language
7440-416: The territory lost to the invaders: even in the Pale, "all the common folk… for the most part are of Irish birth, Irish habit, and of Irish language". The Tudor conquest and colonisation of Ireland in the 16th century led to a second wave of immigration by English speakers, along with the forced suppression and decline in the status and use of the Irish language. By the mid-19th century, English had become
7533-501: The total (1.7%) said they spoke it daily. The total number of people who answered 'yes' to being able to speak Irish to some extent in April 2016 was 1,761,420, 39.8 percent of respondents. Although the use of Irish in educational and broadcasting contexts has increased notably with the 600 plus Irish-language primary/secondary schools and creches , English is still overwhelmingly dominant in almost all social, economic, and cultural contexts. In
7626-451: The total viewing audience, or 40,000 to 100,000 viewers. TG4 has nurtured a reputation for innovative programming in film, arts, drama, documentaries, and sports. Much of TG4's programming is subtitled in English. The station has a teletext service called Téacs TG4 . Programmes broadcast on Saorview (not Sky or internet) are at times also subtitled in Irish. TG4 broadcasts many popular US shows ranging from dramas to comedies. In
7719-489: The transmission and links networks, and the construction of the station's headquarters in the Connemara Gaeltacht , was IR£16.1 million (€20.4 million). Annual running costs increased from IR£10.2 million (€12.95 million) in 1996 to IR£16 million (€20.3 million) in 2001, and €30 million in 2006. In fewer than six months from the launch of Teilifís na Gaeilge, almost 65% of Ireland's television sets were able to receive
7812-400: The usage of the language is also increasing. English language in the Republic of Ireland Hiberno-English or Irish English ( IrE ), also formerly sometimes called Anglo-Irish , is the set of dialects of English native to the island of Ireland . In both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland , English is the dominant first language in everyday use and, alongside
7905-587: The varieties of the Ulster province, including Northern Ireland and neighbouring counties outside of Northern Ireland, which has been influenced by Ulster Irish as well as the Scots language , brought over by Scottish settlers during the Plantation of Ulster . Its main subdivisions are Mid-Ulster English, South Ulster English and Ulster Scots , the latter of which is arguably a separate language. Ulster varieties distinctly pronounce: Western and Southern Irish English
7998-457: The whole country. The PDs also looked for the setting up of what they called " Teilifís na Gaeltacha " (TnaG). The Green Party 's manifesto from 1987 also called for the establishment of such a channel. Fianna Fáil entered into coalition with The Labour Party in 1993 and as part of their programme for government they included the setting up of TnaG. Taoiseach Albert Reynolds appointed Michael D. Higgins as Minister for Arts, Culture and
8091-402: The year and described it as "the standard book for anyone wanting to take a súil eile at the history of the station for years to come". The daily Irish-language programme schedule is its central service, broadcasting approximately 2.5 hours a day of new Irish-language programming, with an estimated 2.5 hours a day of repeated Irish-language programmes. Currently, RTÉ supplies TG4 with one hour
8184-428: Was built at a cost of IR£4,000 through donations from local Gaeltacht communities. In December 1988, further broadcasts were transmitted from three different sites, broadcasting pre-recorded programming. The movement for a national Irish-language television service continued to gain momentum afterwards. In 1989, Ciarán Ó Feinneadha, one of the members of Coiste ar son Teilifís Gaeltachta, moved to Dublin and set up
8277-470: Was first introduced by the Cambro-Norman settlers in the 12th century. It did not initially take hold as a widely spoken language, as the Norman elite spoke Anglo-Norman . In time, many Norman settlers intermarried and assimilated to the Irish cultures and some even became " more Irish than the Irish themselves ". Following the Tudor conquest of Ireland and the 1610–15 Ulster Plantation , particularly in
8370-457: Was initially known as Teilifís na Gaeilge (TnaG) , before being renamed in 1999. TG4 was the third national station to be launched in Ireland, after RTÉ One in 1961 (as Teilifís Éireann ) and RTÉ Two in 1978. It was followed by a fourth channel, TV3 (now called Virgin Media One ), in 1998. On average 1.2m people watch TG4 in the Republic of Ireland every week. 650,000 viewers tune into
8463-462: Was introduced. "Hammocking" is a term used in public service broadcasting meaning that shows with low audience appeal are placed between programmes with high appeal, thus increasing audience share for weaker programming. In 1999, the channel was renamed as TG4. The main aim of its new schedules was to provide "national resonance" and to compete with BBC Two and Channel 4 for Irish audiences. TG4 lost its language-driven schedule and replaced it with
8556-477: Was non-rhotic; however, it is today weakly rhotic. Known for diphthongisation of the GOAT and FACE vowels, the local Dublin accent is also known for a phenomenon called "vowel breaking", in which MOUTH , PRICE , GOOSE and FLEECE in closed syllables are "broken" into two syllables, approximating [ɛwə] , [əjə] , [uwə] , and [ijə] , respectively. Evolving as
8649-517: Was to show one hour of Irish-language programming each night, increasing to two hours by 1999. Initial criticisms of the planned station came from journalist Kevin Myers who derided TnaG as a white elephant , calling it ' Teilifís De Lorean ', in a reference to the ill-fated DeLorean Motor Company . In 2006, the Irish postal service, An Post , marked ten years of the Irish-language station with
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