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83-594: José Maria Gil-Robles was born in Salamanca on 27 November 1898. He was the son of Enrique Gil Robles , a conservative Spanish law scholar and a Carlist theorist, whose ancestors were hidalgos from León . Carlism was a traditionalist political movement in Spain whose goal was to establishing an alternative branch of the Bourbon dynasty. José María Gil-Robles received his master's degree in 1919 and in 1922 he gained by examination

166-532: A chronic feeling of insecurity. The late 15th century population has been tentatively estimated at 15,000–25,000. By the turn of the 16th century most of the population dwelled at the right (north) bank of the Tormes, with a small arrabal in the south bank inhabited by roughly 300 people. With the rise of the Mesta , Salamanca gained importance as a center of manufacturings draperies and as an exporter of wool . Like

249-604: A common strategy for taking power in Spain. In 1968 he was named a professor of the University of Oviedo and published his book No fue posible la paz ('Peace Was Not Possible') . After the death of Franco and the end of his regime, Gil-Robles became one of the leaders of the Spanish Christian Democracy party, which won little support in the Spanish general elections in 1977 . Gil-Robles' son, José María Gil-Robles ,

332-556: A few short hours. A bad moment came when Fernando VII of Spain closed the Spanish universities. After the reopening, the University of Salamanca was reduced to a provincial university. For the province of Salamanca acted the Salamanca guerrilla and military Julián Sánchez García "El Charro" in command of the Lancers of Castile unit. In 1833 the province of Salamanca was created, framed in

415-614: A large influx of students from many countries, who mostly come to learn the Spanish language and attend various summer courses. On October 14 and 15, 2005, the capital of Salamanca hosted the XV Ibero-American Summit of Heads of State and Government. The Crown Prince of Japan Naruhito visited the city on June 13, 2013 on the occasion of the commemoration of the 400th anniversary of the Spanish-Japanese exchange. He received from

498-441: A large number of places in different classrooms, total counted 6 classrooms in the building, with spaces ranging from the 171 seats in the classroom with greater capacity, up to 75 seats in the lower-capacity classroom. In addition to these classrooms, there is a room hold up to 112 places, which are usually done lectures and presentations both subjects, as final projects. Special mention also the different laboratories that school has

581-457: A possible return, and when it became uninhabited it was filled with rabbits, so it has been known until recently as barrio del Conejal . In the 18th century it had an important economic and cultural revival, which led to the completion of the New Cathedral of Salamanca (whose works had been stopped for almost a century) and the construction of its imposing baroque Plaza Mayor in 1729. When

664-620: Is a municipality and city in Spain , capital of the province of the same name , located in the autonomous community of Castile and León . It is located in the Campo Charro comarca, in the Meseta Norte , in the northwestern quadrant of the Iberian Peninsula . It has a population of 144,436 registered inhabitants ( INE 2017). Its stable functional area reaches 203,999 citizens, which makes it

747-475: Is recorded as making many statements that appear contradictory. This is certainly reflected in the nature of his party, the CEDA, which attracted support from both moderate Catholic republicans and avowed right-wing monarchists. The controversy surrounding him has been best articulated by the historians Paul Preston and Richard Robinson: Salamanca Salamanca ( Spanish: [salaˈmaŋka] )

830-427: Is undemonstrable". The municipal heraldic shield was approved on 11 June 1996 with the following coat of arms : "Shield parted. First, of silver, with a stone bridge, pierced in sable, on which is passing a bull arrested in sable, and behind it a fig tree of sinople, uprooted. Second, of gold with four gules poles; bordure of azure with eight silver pate crosses. Manteled in silver chief, with two lions, natural, on

913-762: The Escuelas Mayores . Since 2003, Holy Week in Salamanca has been declared of international tourist interest . Salamanca is home to important scientific institutions and research centers, such as the Cancer Research Center , the Institute of Neurosciences of Castile and León , the Center for Water Research and Technological Development and the Ultra-Short Ultra-Intense Pulsed Laser Center. The city and its metropolitan area , host some of

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996-509: The Falange party, founded in 1934, whose share of the vote had been very small in the 1936 elections. Bitterly disillusioned with the failure of their jefe to win the election, the CEDA's youth group Juventudes de Acción Popular went over en masse to the Falange. In the following months and in the volatile situation that arose, Gil-Robles was well aware that a coup was being prepared against

1079-513: The Fuero de Salamanca , by order of his father-in-law Alfonso VI. These founded their respective churches and parishes. Of all the repopulating groups the most important was that of the Serranos (mountainous-Castilian people) , also called the warrior-shepherds, dedicated exclusively to the care of their livestock and warfare. It should not be forgotten that all of medieval Extremadura, territory between

1162-605: The Region of León , thus making the city of Salamanca the capital of that province, becoming home to the Diputación de Salamanca . In 1873, after the proclamation of the First Spanish Republic , the first serious attempt to federalize Spain was undertaken through the draft Constitution of 1873 . Barely five days after the presentation of this project, Salamanca suffered a Cantonalista uprising which, after four days of success,

1245-472: The Salamanca City Council and the Spanish government, and popular demonstrations. The Salamanca City Council, presided by Julián Lanzarote ( PP ), changed the name of the street where the archive is located from "Gibraltar" (a name that paid homage to the Salamanca militias that went with Alfonso XI of Castile to the conquest of Gibraltar ) to "El Expolio", as a sign of protest after the transfer of

1328-738: The School of Salamanca , friar Luis de León , Beatriz Galindo and Miguel de Unamuno . In 1988, the Old City of Salamanca was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO . It has an important historical-architectural heritage, among which stand out its two cathedrals - the Old cathedral and the New cathedral , the Casa de las Conchas , the Plaza Mayor , the Convento de San Esteban and

1411-501: The cathedral schools the rank of studium generale which, in 1254, would become University of Salamanca by royal decree of Alfonso X of Castile , later ratified by Pope Alexander IV , in 1255: To the University of Salamanca's teachers and schoolchildren: We consider it worthy and convenient that those who daily cultivate with lessons the field of study so that they may receive the daisy of science find us favorable and benign in their petitions so that their study may be exercised all

1494-472: The licentia ubique docendi of Pope Alexander IV of 1255. During the time when it was one of the most prestigious universities in the West, the phrase Quod natura non dat, Salmantica non præstat , What nature does not give, Salamanca does not lend , became popular. Salamanca is linked to universal history by names such as Antonio de Nebrija , Christopher Columbus , Fernando de Rojas , Francisco de Vitoria and

1577-610: The " Salamanca Papers " to Catalonia. In 1940, Pope Pius XII founded the Pontifical University of Salamanca as a continuation of the ancient theological studies. In 1988 Salamanca was declared a World Heritage City by UNESCO . In 1998, by agreement of the Ministers of Culture of the European Union , Salamanca was designated (shared with Bruges ), European Capital of Culture for the year 2002. The city also aspires to obtain

1660-574: The "affirmation and defence of the principles of Christian civilization". The CEDA won the largest number of seats in elections of November 1933 , and Gil-Robles was thus the head of the largest party in the Cortes. However, to avoid conflicts with leftist parties, President Niceto Alcalá-Zamora invested Alejandro Lerroux , leader of the Radical Republican Party , as prime minister instead of Gil-Robles. The appointment of three CEDA ministers to

1743-472: The 1980s onwards (See Demographics of Spain ) leading to an aging population , a phenomenon common to many other Spanish cities, although there is also a high rate of emigration to places like Madrid . It is significant to note that the province of Salamanca has a high rate of aging population with respect to national data. From June 7–10, 1994, the World Conference on Special Needs Education took place in

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1826-526: The Americas, the School of Salamanca was interested in the rights on non-Europeans, including rights as a corporeal being (right to life), economic rights (right to own property) and spiritual rights (rights to freedom of thought and rights related to intrinsic human dignity). Due to the institutional connections of Dominicans at the University of Salamanca (especially Francisco de Vitoria ) and Dominican missionaries in

1909-587: The Carthaginian general ended up seizing them and, according to Polybius , "admired by the bravery of his women, by them he returned to his men the homeland and wealth". After the Second Punic War , the victorious Roman army began its expansion throughout most of the Iberian Peninsula. Salamanca began an intense period of Romanization as a city annexed to the province of Lusitania . The Roman Salmantica

1992-556: The Duero and the Central System, was known in the Arab chronicles as "Country of the Serranos". Even today there is still a street "calle Serranos" around which this repopulating group was agglutinated. The new settlers occupied the old walled enclosure and colonized new lands in the surrounding area. The occupation of the city responded to social, ethnic and power criteria. Thus, the social elite

2075-698: The Faculty of Arts, which every student had to graduate from in order to continue his training in one of the other; and the Faculties of Theology and Law, sometimes known as the higher faculties. After the French invasion of Spain the Historical Building of the university was occupied by invading troops and lectures were suspended until the War ended in 1812. During the 19th century, a group of liberal professors tried to bring

2158-512: The German and Italian fascist delegations, making it the de facto Nationalist capital and centre of power during the entire civil war. Like much of fervently Catholic and largely rural León and Old Castile regions, Salamanca was a staunch supporter of the Nationalist side and Francisco Franco 's regime for its long duration. After the war, the documents seized by the rebel army as they occupied

2241-517: The Salamanca area has been dated to the beginning of the first millennium BC. This is attested by the ceramic remains found in the " San Vicente hill " and which have been ascribed to the Las Cogotas I culture of the Final Bronze Age . In this same hill has been found what to date is considered the first human settlement of stable and continuous character, although already ascribed to the culture of

2324-461: The Salamancan buildings, especially in the neighborhood called Caídos (demolished), where the well-known colegios mayores of the University were erected, of which no trace remains. The western quarter of Salamanca was seriously damaged by cannon fire. The battle which raged that day is famous as a defining moment in military history and thirteen thousand men were killed or wounded in the space of only

2407-489: The Soto de Medinilla of the first Iron Age (7th century BC). Later, already in the second Iron Age (from the 4th century BC), it has been found that a new population center developed in the so-called "teso de las catedrales or cerro de San Isidro", this already of Castro character and that lasted until the definitive Romanization of the city. All these settlements, and therefore the current site of Salamanca, owe their existence to

2490-575: The Spanish Civil War, following the uprising on 17 July 1936, Gil-Robles found himself unwilling or unable to struggle with Francisco Franco for power. Franco himself was determined not to have competing right-wing parties in Spain, and in April 1937 Gil-Robles announced the dissolution of CEDA. After the Civil War, Gil-Robles went into exile. Abroad, he negotiated with Spanish monarchists to try to arrive at

2573-480: The Tormes, where he says that the repopulation began: Civitates desertas ibidem populavit; hee sunt: Salamantica, sedes antiqua castrorum, Letesma, Ribas, Balneos, Alphandiga, Penna et alia plurima castella, quod longum est prenotare. Deserted cities regain population; these are: Salamantica, the ancient seat of the castrum, Letesma , Ribas, Balneos, Alphandiga , Penna, and many other towns, we note that it will take too long. Everything seems to indicate that to

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2656-458: The ancient city of Helmantica (Salamanca). Thus, Plutarch says that "Hannibal besieged it and its inhabitants, to avoid further damage, submitted to him offering them three hundred talents of silver and as many hostages, raising the siege, the Helmantiqueses, failed to keep their promises and protected by their women who had hidden their weapons and managed to defeat Hannibal's troops". However,

2739-589: The cabinet in 1934 triggered the leftist Asturian miners' strike that rose, ultimately unsuccessfully, against the government of the Republic. Gil-Robles served as Minister of War under Lerroux from May to December 1935. During the February 1936 Spanish general election , the CEDA formed the largest part of the National Front coalition, which also included Alfonsine monarchists and Carlists . Gil-Robles campaigned under

2822-493: The candidacy for the Universal Exposition of Salamanca in the not too distant future. Currently the population of the capital of Salamanca, stagnant for about three decades, is around 160,000 inhabitants, although in 2006 it decreased by more than 11,000 people with respect to the year 1994. This is mainly due to the transfer of part of its population to the metropolitan area, and a very low birth rates that occurred from

2905-416: The capital of Salamanca, with 92 governments and 25 international organizations represented, and concluded with the "Salamanca Declaration of Principles, Policy and Practice for Special Needs Education". For its part, the service sector (the buoyant cultural tourism and the University ) is the main source of income for the city. Particularly relevant is the educational activity during the summer, as it has

2988-689: The chair of political law in the University of La Laguna (Tenerife). During the dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera he was secretary of the Catholic-Agrarian National Confederation and member of the Writing Council of El Debate . After the declaration of the Second Spanish Republic , he participated in and led the Acción Nacional (National Action) party, later renamed Acción Popular (Popular Action). In

3071-482: The city Helmantike, Greek name that for them meant "Land of divination". On the other hand, Ptolemy appeals to a polis dominated by the Vacceis with the name of Salmatica or Salmantica. Roman Livy and Plutarch will call it Hermandica and Polyaenus calls it Salmantida or Salmatis. Other historians even call it Selium and Sentica. On the other hand, some others like Justin and later Rui Méndez or Murillo attributed

3154-552: The city of Salamanca come from the Roman period. In the first place, the Calzada de la Plata , considered as its main communication infrastructure, the main axis of city planning and a milestone in the development of its commercial function. Secondly, the Roman bridge , as an infrastructure that since the 1st century guaranteed the passage over the Tormes river and therefore the access to the city from

3237-517: The city reached its height of splendour (it is estimated that Salamanca had about 24,000 inhabitants and around 1580 6500 students were enrolled each year). During that period, the University of Salamanca hosted the most important intellectuals of the time; these groups of mostly- Dominican scholars were designated the School of Salamanca . In 1551, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor ordered an inquiry to find out if

3320-551: The city upon the merging of the fascist Falange and the traditionalist carlists. The Nationalists soon moved most of the administrative premises to Burgos , which, being more central, was better suited for this purpose. However, some administrative apparatus, the Episcopal Palace , next to the Old Cathedral was the residence and command center of General Francisco Franco , and the military commands stayed in Salamanca, along with

3403-408: The colonies (such as Antonio de Montesinos and Bartolomé de las Casas ), the School of Salamanca was critical of the Spanish colonists and the laws that permitted their abusive treatment of native peoples. Their work on the idea of ius gentium , or "rights of peoples/nations", was a crucial contribution to the modern development of human rights and international law . During the 16th century,

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3486-471: The conquest of Toledo by Alfonso VI of León in 1085, the definitive repopulation of the city took place. In 1102, Raymond of Burgundy went to the city with a large group of settlers of diverse origins, with a composition similar to the new inhabitants of the city of Ávila - Franks , Castilians , serranos, Mozarabs , Toroans , Portugueses and Bragançans , as well as with the occasional collaboration of Galicians, Jews and Muslims; which are collected in

3569-430: The control of the city and that years later concluded with the signing of a Concord achieved by a brave Augustinian friar who, in time, became the patron saint of the city: Saint John of Sahagún . The 15th century was plagued by social conflict and tensions among the urban elites (a complex development, often oversimplified as an infighting between bandos), with occasional outbursts of grave episodes of violence, conveying

3652-456: The creation of the city to Teucer , son of Telamon, king of Salamis , who after being defeated in the Trojan War , came to the Iberian Peninsula and founded a city, which remembering his homeland he would call Salamatica. Another theory that can be resorted to is that of the existence of a god of the first inhabitants -nomadic shepherds and Neolithic farmers- called Helman, whose name derived from

3735-447: The devastating Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) the city quickly went over to the Nationalist side and was temporarily used as the de facto headquarters for the rebel faction. Francisco Franco was proclaimed Generalissimo on 21 September 1936 while at the city. In April 1937, the FET y de las JONS , the single party of the ensuing dictatorship, was created via a Unification Decree issued at

3818-633: The elections of 1931 he was chosen as a deputy in the Cortes for Salamanca . During the period of the Republic, he maintained the posture of " accidentalism ": whether Spain was a monarchy or republic was less important than the law's compatibility with religious principles. Gil-Robles formed the Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right (CEDA), a conservative Catholic party, the political heir to Ángel Herrera Oria's Acción Popular and fought for

3901-671: The end of the Western Roman Empire , the Alans settled in Lusitania and the city became part of this region. Later the Visigoths conquered the city and annexed it to their territory. There is little information about the development of Salamanca in the Visigothic period, it is only known that in the 4th century the Roman walls were extended with keeps on the same layout, and that the remains of

3984-497: The flanks and facing each other. To the bell, the Spanish Royal Crown, open and without diadems" The municipal flag was approved with the following textual description: "Rectangular flag of proportions 2:3, red with the coat of arms of Salamanca in the center" Salamanca has been linked to Universal History by a series of events and personalities that came to mark the evolution of Western society: The first human habitat in

4067-556: The frequent incursions (algaradas) of the Arabs. Salamanca was reduced to an unimportant and almost uninhabited nucleus, although the bridge remained intact, with some settlers in the surrounding area. The successive attempts of the Christian kingdoms to stabilize the area caused many clashes with Muslim expeditions to the north, which caused several skirmishes and battles, such as that of Alfonso I of Asturias in 754, which ended up destroying what

4150-414: The government. Despite his later insistence that he had no part in the coup, the CEDA leader was kept informed of each stage of the plot, and members of his party played important liaison roles, facilitating contact between military and civilian plotters. Gil-Robles himself authorized the transfer of 500,000 pesetas of CEDA electoral funds to General Emilio Mola 's military insurgents. With the beginning of

4233-460: The great Lisbon earthquake of 1755 struck, many of the city's monumental buildings saw the integrity of their fabrics endangered. One of the most revealing images of its effects can still be seen in the Church of San Martín : many of the stones must have been in the air for a fraction of a second, enough for the pillars to tilt and the voussoirs of arches and vaults to fall in a place that was not exactly

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4316-504: The hands of Mayor Alfonso Fernández Mañueco the keys to the city. University of Oviedo The University of Oviedo ( Spanish : Universidad de Oviedo , Asturian : Universidá d'Uviéu ) is a public university in Asturias ( Spain ). It is the only university in the region. It has three campus and research centres, located in Oviedo , Gijón and Mieres . The University of Oviedo

4399-405: The largest companies, by turnover, in the autonomous community of Castile and León. In addition, it is considered to be a world reference in the teaching of Spanish language , since it concentrates 78% of the existing offer in its autonomous community, which represents 16% of the national market. The origin of the toponym Salamanca is not clear. Greeks Polybius of Megalopolis and Stephanus called

4482-441: The militias of the Crown, in which the large presence of Salamancan contingents stood out. During the 15th century, Salamanca was the scene of great rivalries that affected all areas of urban life, triggering the so-called War of the Bandos , which pitted two factions led by families of the nobility - the Benitinos and the Tomesinos, so called because they were grouped around the parishes of San Benito and Santo Tomé- that disputed

4565-468: The more freely the more they feel protected by apostolic favor. And consequently, in accordance with your request, informed that it sometimes happens that those who have been examined in the Salamancan study and are declared suitable are not allowed to dictate elsewhere if they do not undergo another examination, attending to the request of the illustrious king of Castile and León and yours, we declare that, after some teacher or scholar of Salamanca has taken

4648-419: The one they had occupied until that moment, so that in its interior today one can see arched walls and pillars, deformed arches and ribs. However, the city's economic prosperity made it possible to renovate many of the monumental buildings damaged by the earthquake, including the cathedral, which was the most affected of all the Spanish cathedrals. In the cultural aspect, the influence of the Bourbon Enlightenment

4731-399: The only sculptural find from the Roman period that has appeared in the subsoil of the city. Some specialists consider that this finding, put in relation with several Roman inscriptions from the beginning of the Empire found in the ancient Salmantica, allows to defend the hypothetical juridical promotion of the ancient indigenous oppidum to Roman civitas during the reign of Augustus . With

4814-429: The pre-existing population was added during this phase the emigration that came fundamentally from comarcas located to the north of the Duero; in the case of Salamanca it is undoubtedly that it is preferably emigrants arriving from the vicinity of León , according to the donation made by Ordoño III of León in the year 953 to the church of León of all the churches recently constructed in the alfoz of Salamanca. . After

4897-422: The previous walls were destroyed practically in their entirety. It is known that in 589 the city was an episcopal seat because it was among the cities that sent bishops to the councils of Toledo . In 712, with the Muslim invasion of the Iberian Peninsula, Musa ibn Nusayr conquered the city. During the Early Middle Ages , the area remained a "no man's land" and most of its population centers were destroyed by

4980-457: The relevant examination in some faculty and was declared suitable, he may practice in any other study, without new examination, except in Paris and Bologna. The university would eventually achieve great prestige. On August 12, 1311, the only king of Castile and León that the city has ever produced, Alfonso XI "the Avenger", was born within Salamanca's walls . He acceded to the throne at the age of fourteen and conquered Gibraltar in command of

5063-403: The rest of the historical nuclei of the Crown that had representation in Cortes, Salamanca joined the movement of the Communities of Castile (1520) against the new taxes demanded by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in the Cortes of Castile and in defense of its textile manufactures against the privileges of the wool exporters. After the defeat of the Comuneros, King Carlos V had the upper part of

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5146-431: The science of Andreas Vesalius , physician and anatomist, was in line with Catholic doctrine. Vesalius came to Salamanca that same year to appear before the board and was acquitted. The Jewish quarter of Salamanca was located to the north, next to the walls (more or less the current avenida de Mirat). When, in 1492, they were expelled , the neighborhood was walled up and respected by the Salamancans, probably thinking of

5229-547: The second most populated in the autonomous community, after Valladolid . Salamanca is known for its large number of remarkable Plateresque -style buildings. The origins of the city date back to about 2700 years ago, during the first Iron Age , when the first settlers of the city settled on the San Vicente hill , on the banks of the Tormes . Since then, the metropolis has witnessed the passage of various peoples: Vaccaei , Vettones , Romans , Visigoths and Muslims . Raymond of Burgundy , son-in-law of King Alfonso VI of León ,

5312-474: The slogan Todo el poder para el Jefe ("All the power to the Chief"), and while he himself was reelected to the Cortes, the conservative National Front narrowly lost the election, with power swinging to the left. The CEDA itself lost ground, winning 88 seats, fewer than the 115 it had won in 1933. Following the narrow victory of the leftist Popular Front and the defeat of the CEDA, support for Gil-Robles and his party declined, losing both votes and membership to

5395-417: The south. The Roman bridge still remains today in the northern half, since the other half had to be rebuilt in the 17th century after the San Policarpo flood . Finally, the so-called Cerca Vieja, primitive wall of the city that surrounded the perimeter of the hill of San Isidro or of the cathedrals on the layout of the previous Castro . In November 2015, in the course of an emergency excavation carried out in

5478-444: The spaces outside the walls. The Diocese of Salamanca was restored (the first bishop being Jerome of Périgord ) and the construction of the Old Cathedral was begun, at whose side some schools were founded, which would be the seed of the future university. In 1218, the monarch Alfonso IX of León granted privileges that attracted new settlers -among them a large Jewish community-, the city expanded its walled perimeter and granted

5561-405: The special geomorphological characteristics of the terrain on which they settled. Thus, the choice of the location of these successive settlements must have had a special influence on the fact that this area had three tesserae -formed by the erosion of the San Francisco and Santo Domingo streams-, their corresponding watercourses and especially the proximity of the Tormes River. These details point to

5644-404: The subsoil of a house located in calle Libreros , several fragments of a male marble statue of a togado character were found, which must have been originally located somewhere in the Roman forum of the city of Salmantica, although it must have been later reused as filler material in the place where it was discovered. The statue is exhibited in the Museum of Salamanca and is the first, and to date,

5727-460: The suitability of this territory for the primitive functions of defense and control of the surrounding territory. The settlement of the hill of San Isidro must have been a city of great importance between the centuries 4th and 2nd centuries BC, not only for its dimensions, but also for its optimal orographic conditions and defensive protection, since it had a wall and moat. In 220 B.C., Hannibal , in his advance through Iberia , besieged and conquered

5810-431: The territory that had defended the Republic were concentrated in Salamanca, creating a large documentary archive on the Spanish Civil War ( General Archive of the Spanish Civil War ). The part of this archive, which deals with Catalonia , as well as many valuable papers and documents of individuals and institutions not belonging to that region, was transferred to Barcelona in the spring of 2006, after great disputes between

5893-508: The toponym Helmantica. The philologist Martín S. Ruipérez contributes a new interpretative line that is summarized in that "the first element of Salamanca, sala- is the designation of the ford of a river", " sal- and hel- cannot be linguistically related one from the other" and regarding the second element -manca "where some believe to see the same element in the toponym Talamanca (de Jarama) which, in turn, would coincide in its first element with Talavera, and in Simancas , all of which

5976-563: The towers of the palaces of the Salamancans who joined the revolt removed. The 16th century was the period of greatest splendor of the city, both in demography and in university life, thanks to the prestige of its professors, with the so-called School of Salamanca . Then it joined the general decline of the cities of the Crown of Castile in the Meseta Norte (12,000 inhabitants in 1651). Moreover, it

6059-568: The university closer to the working class with the Extensión Universitaria (a popular education programme sponsored by the institution). However, this goal was not fully achieved, and on October 13, 1934, during the leftist miners revolt in Asturias , the university (including its Library and the Art Gallery) was set fire either by the revolutionaries or the government bomber airplanes. It

6142-605: Was also noted in the University in the last third of the century. During the Peninsular War , Salamanca was occupied by the troops of Marshal Soult in 1809 and remained in French hands until the Battle of Arapiles (1812), in which an Anglo-Portuguese Army led by Wellington decisively defeated the French army of Marmont . During the occupation, the French built defenses and, in order to obtain materials, destroyed an important part of

6225-402: Was around that time that the Church of San Isidoro was built. The juridical doctrine of the School of Salamanca represented a change in trajectory from medieval law, which relied extensively on the tradition of casuistry and on Roman law , to a system that focused more on scholasticism and Thomism , and which tried to be more explicitly universal. Since Spain had just started colonizing

6308-739: Was born on 17 June 1935 in Madrid. Like his father, he entered politics, serving as a member of the European Parliament in the European People's Party group, and as President of the European Parliament from 1997 to 1999. Defunct Gil-Robles is a unique and controversial figure in the history of Spanish politics. The nature of his political beliefs during the Second Republic either greatly fluctuated or were tailored to his audience, as he

6391-498: Was established under the terms and conditions of the will of Archbishop Fernando de Valdés Salas (1483–1568), who was the General Inquisitor under Philip II of Spain , and funded by his estate. In 1574 Pope Gregory XIII granted the papal bull to create the university and in 1604 Philip III issued its charter. It first opened for the teaching of classes on September 21, 1608. The ancient university had three faculties :

6474-526: Was in charge of repopulating the city during the Middle Ages and laying the foundations of modern-day Salamanca. Salamanca is home to the oldest active university in Spain, the University of Salamanca , founded in 1218 by Alfonso IX of León on the germ of its studium generale , and which was the first in Europe to hold the title of university by royal decree of Alfonso X of Castile dated November 9, 1252 and by

6557-556: Was left of the town. The area remained more or less depopulated until after the important Christian victory, in the Battle of Simancas of 939, the effective repopulation of the riverside area of the Tormes began. According to the Pelagian wording of the Chronicle of Sampiro , two months after the end of the Islamic attack, Ramiro II of León ordered the advance of his army towards the banks of

6640-734: Was located in the center of the city, a space that coincided with that of the ancient Celtiberian city. The Serranos, linked to political and military power, occupied the western part (house of the royal representative and Alcázar ) and the Franks to the east, together with the Episcopal see and the commercial center around the Azogue Viejo. The Jews will be located next to the Alcázar and the remaining groups of repopulators (Castilians, Portuguese, Jews, Mozarabs, Toroans and Galicians, among others) will be located in

6723-574: Was put down on July 26, 1873. Subsequently, a military pronouncement took away the First Republic and the regionalizing initiative of the Federal State. During the rest of the 19th century the city experienced a slight recovery when it was named provincial capital and the railroad linking France with Portugal , which passed through the Meseta ( Medina del Campo and Salamanca, 1877), was built. During

6806-1042: Was rebuilt after the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939). The number of faculties has multiplied in the modern university, both through subdivisions of the traditional four faculties, and through the absorption of academic disciplines which have developed within originally vocational schools, in areas such as engineering or nursing. Nowadays, the university has 31 faculties and professional schools, offering degrees and diplomas in over 150 fields of study. School of Law (since 1608), Teaching and Education (1845), Chemistry (1848), Polytechnic School of Mieres (1855), Jovellanos Faculty of Commerce, Tourism and Social Sciences (1866), Gijón Polytechnic School of Engineering (1888), Philosophy and Letters (1892), Economy and Business (1908), Teaching and Geology (1958), Mining Engineering (1959), Biology (1961), Medicine and Health Sciences (1968), Merchant Marine (1979), School of Computer Engineering (1982), Sciences (1990), Psychology (1991) The school has

6889-406: Was restructured, limiting its settlement to the so-called teso de las catedrales, abandoning the site of the hill of San Vicente. Its new configuration kept it as a remarkable city, not only for its particular defensive and accessibility characteristics, but also for being a center of exchange. Three of the cultural elements that have had the greatest influence on the configuration and development of

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