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39-737: José Antonio Pérez Tapias (born 1955) is a Spanish politician, author and university professor. He was a member of the 8th and 9th terms of the Congress of Deputies . Born on 3 June 1955 in Seville , he has however been based most of his life in Granada , earning a licentiate degree in Theology in 1978, a licentiate degree in Philosophy and Arts in 1981 and a PhD in Philosophy at the University of Granada (UGR), reading

78-570: A constituency are required to be on the ballot and each citizen can sign only once for a party candidacy. The Electoral Board establishes the regulations for the collection of signatures. The deputies' term of office finishes four years after their election or when the Cortes are dissolved, which can take place jointly or separately with the dissolution of the Senate . Only the Monarch can dissolve Parliament on

117-661: A dissertation titled El pensamiento humanista de Erich Fromm. Crítica y utopía desde Marx y Freud in 1990. He is full professor of Philosophy of the UGR. He became a member of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) in 1993. He ran 5th in the PSOE list for the constituency of Granada vis-à-vis the March 2004 election to the Congress of Deputies . He was not elected then, but he became

156-456: A left-wing faction within the PSOE, he contested the July 2014 PSOE primary election , drawing the support of a 15% of the voting affiliates, ending up last after winner Pedro Sánchez Pérez-Castejón (49%) and runner-up Eduardo Madina (36%). In January 2018 he reported his discharge as PSOE member, putting an end to a 25-year long membership. A prolific writer for press and specialized journals, he

195-425: A matter, so they can approve or reject any bill. There are 23 permanent (standing) legislative committees and 8 permanent (standing) non-legislative committees which have responsibilities for House administration. The Plenary can create additional non-legislative committees at the beginning of each legislature. The non-standing committees are created with a specific purpose and their themes and duration are determined by

234-716: A member of the 8th term of the Lower House in 2006, covering the vacant seat left by Rafael Estrella Pedrola  [ es ] . He renovated his seat in the 2008 election , having run 4th in the PSOE list in Granada. From 2007 to 2011 he was also member of the Spanish delegation to the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). He was one of the members (along Manuel de la Rocha Rubí and Juan Antonio Barrio de Penagos ) of

273-461: A party to participate in the seat distribution for a constituency. At present, this condition applies only to Madrid and Barcelona . In March 2011, the Electoral Act was modified to require parties that are not represented either in Congress or in the Senate to collect signatures to support their candidacy to be able to run in the election. One-tenth of a percent of those registered to vote in

312-549: Is also the author of several books dealing with political concepts such as "democratic education", "intercultural citizenship" and social democracy. He endorses the idea of a "plurinational federal state" in Spain. Congress of Deputies Supported by (32) Opposition (171) The Congress of Deputies (Spanish: Congreso de los Diputados ) is the lower house of the Cortes Generales , Spain's legislative branch ,

351-510: Is guaranteed a minimum allocation of two seats, and one seat each for Ceuta and Melilla for a total of 102 seats. The remaining 248 seats are allocated proportionally according to the population using the Hare quota . After the General Election , seats are assigned to the electoral lists in each constituency separately, using the D'Hondt method ; parties receive seats in approximate proportion to

390-612: Is presented, and the session ends when all items have been discussed. The Committees are the basic working bodies of the Congress designed to facilitate the work of the house. The committees have the same powers as the Plenary: to legislate by delegation of the plenary or at the request of the Bureau, and to check the Government by requesting information of the Administration or by requesting

429-666: The President , the Bureau and the Board of Spokespersons . The President of the Congress of Deputies is the highest authority and it represents the House and it is, de facto, the whole parliament leader. As head of the Congress, it also chairs the Bureau, the Board of Spokespersons and the Permanent Deputation, and is the maximum responsible authority of the Congress's Police. The Bureau of

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468-507: The Spanish Constitution establishes that the Congress of Deputies must be composed of at least 300, and no more than 400 deputies. At present, the house has 350 deputies which is determined by the 1985 Electoral Act . The Spanish Constitution establishes that the deputies are chosen by universal , free, equal , direct , and secret suffrage . The election is held every four years or earlier in case of snap election . The members of

507-464: The Spanish Constitution . Exercising the autonomy recognised by the Constitution to the Congress of Deputies, the house is regulated by some internal rules established by itself in 1982 and it configures different government bodies to carry the pertinent competencies out. The governing bodies of the Congress of Deputies are the bodies which under their authority the House is manage. Those bodies are

546-510: The regional legislatures ), they have five days from their appointment to join one of the parliamentary groups. The Senate's parliamentary groups are subdivided in Territorial Groups. These groups are formed by a minimum of 3 senators belonging to specific constituencies. As of February 2024, in the 15th Senate , these are the Senate' parliamentary groups: The Congress of Deputies is

585-548: The upper house being the Senate . The Congress meets in the Palace of the Parliament ( Palacio de las Cortes ) in Madrid . Congress has 350 members elected from fifty-two constituencies (the fifty provinces and two autonomous cities ) using closed list D'Hondt proportional representation . Deputies serve four-year terms. The presiding officer and speaker is the President of

624-430: The Congress are elected by proportional representation with closed lists in each constituency. There are 52 constituencies for the Congress of Deputies corresponding to the 50 provinces of Spain and two autonomous cities ( Ceuta and Melilla ). According to Spanish electoral law, the number of seats in each constituency can change in each election and it is specified when writs of election are issued. Each province

663-489: The Congress of Deputies is the collective body that represents the House and manages the day-to-day of the Chamber, preparing the budget and making all the necessary decisions to allow the proper functioning of the functions of the Congress. The Board of Spokespersons of the Congress of Deputies is the collective body formed by representatives of the parliamentary groups and normally, government representatives, that establishes

702-425: The Congress of Deputies , who is elected by the members at the first sitting of Congress after an election. The two principal bodies in Congress are parliamentary groups and parliamentary committees ( Spanish : comissiones ). All MPs are required to be members of a parliamentary group , the institutionalised form of political parties. Groups act with one voice represented by their spokesperson. In other words,

741-470: The Permanent Deputation is a temporary extension of the house. The Permanent Deputation is presided by the President of the Congress . It is composed of a proportional number of deputies depending on the numerical importance of the different Parliamentary Groups. All members of the house are assigned to one of the Parliamentary Groups reflecting their party affiliation or ideology. The formation of

780-563: The Plenary. The members of the committees are chosen by the Parliamentary Groups with the number of members proportional to the number of seats in the House, which means they are not effective checks on the Government when the party in office has a parliamentary majority. Once the committees are created they must elect in their first meeting the bureau of the committee, composed of a chair, two deputy chairs and two secretaries. In practice,

819-807: The Socialist Parliamentary Group in the Congress who decided not to take part in the September 2011 voting for the reform of the Spanish Constitution struck by the PSOE and the People's Party that sought to include (and successfully did so) the principle of "budgetary stability" in the Article 135 of the text. He was elected Dean of the Faculty of Philosophy and Arts of the UGR on 16 October 2013. A prominent member of Izquierda Socialista ("Socialist Left"),

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858-546: The Spanish Parliament is a parliament of groups, not individual MPs who are constrained to act only as part of the group. MPs can only act autonomously when submitting oral or written questions. As a result of the 2019 general election , there were 168 female deputies or 48% of all members, making Spain the European country with the highest percentage of women in parliament, surpassing Sweden and Finland. Section 68.1 of

897-594: The agenda of the House. The working bodies of the Congress of Deputies are the Plenary, the Committees , the Permanent Deputation and the Parliamentary Groups . The Plenary is the central body of the Congress of Deputies which allows the house to exercise their choices. It is the sitting of all the members of the Parliament when half plus one of its members are attending the house. This body represents

936-399: The appearance of any member of the Government or Administration. There are two types of committees: standing and non-standing. The standing committees are defined by the Congress's standing orders and non-standing committees, created by the Plenary. The standing committees examine bills and make amendments. The Plenary of the Congress can confer upon them full legislative power in relation to

975-450: The chamber ( Spanish : Junta de Portavoces ). The primary function of this Board is to advise the house’s Bureau on the parliamentary agenda. However the Board also to decide on the composition of parliamentary committees. Parliamentary Groups also appoint members to the Permanent Deputation ( Spanish : Diputación Permanente ) of each house, the role of which is to assume the powers of

1014-399: The committee. The members of the subcommittees are designated by the committee. The Permanent Deputation is a body created in order to have a permanent constituted legislative power. It is responsible for safeguarding the powers of the house between the legislative sessions (January, July and August) or when their term has finished because of termination or dissolution. In these three cases,

1053-473: The group. The whip approves proposed amendments to bills and is the sole member of the group that can speak in debates in parliament. Individual MP’s can proposal bills but they must first be signed by at least 15 MPs which clearly means it will only be accepted if the group supports the bill. Together, the Spokespersons form the Board of Spokespersons in each house, the council of party representatives in

1092-413: The largest party always enjoys a clear over-representation in the distribution of chairpersons. Subcommittees can also be created by the Plenary at the request of the committees. There are two types of subcommittees, the ordinary subcommittees, the purpose of which is to discuss and report on a specific issue, and the reporting subcommittees, the purpose of which is to write a draft bill to be discussed in

1131-463: The lower house of the Cortes Generales and the strongest of both houses. The requirements to form a parliamentary group in Congress are more complex: As in the Senate, the parliamentary groups have to be formed within the five days after the constitutive session of the House and they need the approval of the Bureau of the Congress. As of February 2024, in the 15th Cortes Generales , these are

1170-526: The main actors in Parliament. In other words the Spanish Parliament is a parliament of groups, not individual MPs who are constrained to act only as part of the group. MPs can only act autonomously when submitting oral or written questions. All MPs are required to be members of a parliamentary group, usually of the party with whom they were associated when elected but groups can be made up of more than one party (usually when they share an ideology) to increase their profile in Parliament. MPs that cannot satisfy

1209-415: The number of votes each received in the constituency. A strictly proportional system would result in fractional seats; the D'Hondt method resolves this by favoring parties receiving larger votes. For provinces that elect at least 24 deputies, the 1985 Electoral Act establishes a 3% minimum valid votes by constituency requirement (blank votes count towards the total votes, but invalid ballots do not count) for

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1248-516: The pair are figures that represent in allegorical form Justice and Peace, Science, Agriculture, Fine Arts, Navigation, Industry, Commerce and so on. Ponzano also executed two bronze lions for the building's access stairway in a more realistic manner. 40°24′59″N 3°41′48″W  /  40.41639°N 3.69667°W  / 40.41639; -3.69667 Parliamentary group (Spain) Groups are unified actors with only one voice and together with committees ( Spanish : comissiones ) and are

1287-468: The parliamentary groups takes place at the beginning of each legislature. The deputies (members) who cannot satisfy the rules for forming a group are placed together in their own group (called the Mixed Group) so that they can still participate in the functions of Parliament. The XV legislature of Spain started on 17 August 2023 when the Cortes Generales were constituted, once the 2023 general election

1326-476: The relevant house when dissolved and safeguard the house’s privileges when not in session. Parliamentary groups also exist in the regional legislatures . The European Parliament has an analogue called political groups . More generally Parliamentary group is also used. According to the Standing Orders of the Senate , the Senate's parliamentary groups needs a minimum of 10 senators to be formed and during

1365-587: The request of the President of the Government after the deliberation of the Council of Ministers . The dissolution of the Cortes also takes place if there is a failed legislature or two months after a failed investiture session, in this case, the Sovereign dissolves the house with the countersign of the President of the Congress of Deputies . During their mandate, the deputies have some guarantees and privileges to carry their responsibilities out according to Section 97 of

1404-407: The rules for forming a group join the so-called Mixed Group. Further, parliamentary resources are distributed to groups, not individual MPs. Each group has at least a President (party leader) and a Spokesperson, or party whip . The spokesperson votes on behalf of the entire group of members in parliamentary debate and the parliamentary committees with their vote weighted in proportion to the size of

1443-412: The term of the legislature, this number can not go below 6 senators. In this case, the group would be dissolved. Each group can freely choose their name and they have to present before the Bureau of the Senate in the five days after the constitutive session the request in which they must to indicate which senators will form part of the parliamentary group. In the case of regional senators (appointed by

1482-523: The unity of the house and it works through the plenary sessions which can be ordinary or extraordinary. The ordinary sessions take place during the two meeting terms: September to December and February to June. The extraordinary sessions are convened at the request of the Prime Minister of Spain , the Permanent Council or the absolute majority of the house. In this kind of session a particular agenda

1521-500: Was held. The building, Palacio de las Cortes , has a neoclassical style. It was designed by Narciso Pascual Colomer , and built between 1843 and 1850. It sits by the Carrera de San Jerónimo, in Madrid. The relief on the facade by sculptor Ponciano Ponzano centers on a sculpture of Spain embracing the constitutional state, represented by a woman with her arm around a young girl. Surrounding

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