ISO 15919 (Transliteration of Devanagari and related Indic scripts into Latin characters ) is an international standard for the romanization of Brahmic and Nastaliq scripts. Published in 2001, it is part of a series of international standards by the International Organization for Standardization .
131-629: Hyderabad ( / ˈ h aɪ d ər ə b æ d / HY -dər-ə-bad ; ISO : Haidarābād , Telugu: [ˈɦaɪ̯daɾaːbaːd] , Urdu: [ˈɦɛːdəɾaːbaːd] ) is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Telangana . It occupies 650 km (250 sq mi) on the Deccan Plateau along the banks of the Musi River , in the northern part of Southern India. With an average altitude of 542 m (1,778 ft), much of Hyderabad
262-402: A hardness of up to 1000 ppm, around three times higher than is desirable, is the main source of drinking water but the increasing population and consequent increase in demand has led to a decline in not only ground water but also river and lake levels. This shortage is further exacerbated by inadequately treated affluent discharged from industrial treatment plants polluting the water sources of
393-749: A year-long siege of the Golconda Fort. The annexed city "Hyderabad" was renamed Darul Jihad (House of War), whereas the main territories of the Golconda Sultanate were incorporated into the Mughal empire as the province Hyderabad Subah . Mughal rule in Hyderabad was administered by three main governors: Jan Sipar Khan (1688–1700), his son Rustam Dil Khan (1700–13) and Mubariz Khan (1713–24). In 1713, Mughal emperor Farrukhsiyar appointed Mubariz Khan as Governor of Hyderabad. During his tenure, he fortified
524-432: A Golconda diamond. The Industrial Revolution in the 19th century brought growth to the world economy, and the introduction of sophisticated cutting and polishing techniques led to a higher worldwide demand for diamonds. The popularity of Golconda diamonds has risen since the 1950s because of successful advertising campaigns by traders. They continue to be a popular gemstone in the 21st century. Golconda diamonds are
655-513: A United Nations expert group noted about ISO 15919 that "there is no evidence of the use of the system either in India or in international cartographic products." Another standard, United Nations Romanization Systems for Geographical Names (UNRSGN), was developed by the United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (UNGEGN) and covers many Brahmic scripts. The ALA-LC romanization
786-512: A combination of vehicle discharge and road dust, 10–30% from industrial discharges and 3–10% from the burning of household rubbish. Deaths resulting from atmospheric particulate matter are estimated at 1,700–3,000 each year. The city's "VIP areas", the Assembly building, Secretariat, and Telangana chief minister's office, have particularly low air quality index ratings, suffering from high levels of PM2.5 's. Ground water around Hyderabad, which has
917-570: A fixed annual rent, got the right to control and collect the taxes at Coromandel Coast . In 1769 Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the Asaf Jahi Nizams. In response to regular threats from Hyder Ali (Dalwai of Mysore ), Baji Rao I ( Peshwa of the Maratha Empire ), and Basalath Jung (Asaf Jah II's elder brother, who was supported by French General the Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau ),
1048-690: A male. Alauddin Khalji , who obtained it from the Kakatiya dynasty , was murdered by his slave. Nader Shah , who looted the Koh-i-Noor from the Mughals and gave it its current name, was assassinated. Shuja Shah Durrani was overthrown by his predecessor and went into exile. Ranjit Singh died of a heart attack and when the diamond passed to the East India Company , it was passed on to Queen Victoria , after which it
1179-572: A peace treaty was signed and the Musunuri Nayakas ceded Golconda Fort to the Bahmani Sultan. The Bahmani Sultans ruled the region until 1518 and were the first independent Muslim rulers of the Deccan. In 1496 Sultan Quli was appointed as a Bahmani governor of Telangana. He rebuilt, expanded and fortified the old mud fort of Golconda and named the city "Muhammad Nagar". In 1518, he revolted against
1310-464: A period of political unrest as his sons and grandson— Nasir Jung (1748–1750), Muzaffar Jang (1750–1751) and Salabat Jung (1751–1762)—contended for the throne backed by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign forces. The accession of Asaf Jah II , who reigned from 1762 to 1803, ended the instability. In 1768 he signed the Treaty of Masulipatam —by which the East India Company in return for
1441-536: A sign of supremacy. Golconda diamonds were popularized in the Middle East and the Western world by mediaeval and modern-period travellers and traders such as Niccolò de' Conti, Muhammad al-Idrisi , Marco Polo, and Jean-Baptiste Tavernier. Diamonds from India—most of which were Golconda diamonds—were used to decorate the crowns, coronets and sceptres of every nation; it was considered a point of pride by any ruler to own
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#17330851450711572-402: A traditional manufacturing city to a cosmopolitan industrial service centre. Since the 1990s, the growth of information technology (IT), IT-enabled services (ITES), insurance and financial institutions has expanded the service sector, and these primary economic activities have boosted the ancillary sectors of trade and commerce, transport, storage, communication, real estate and retail. As of 2021,
1703-624: A trial after purchasing the Princie Diamond in an auction without its heir's consent. The matter was settled out of court. In the same year, jewels worth US$ 1.2 billion were stolen in a heist from the Green Vault in Dresden Castle , Germany; along with other treasures, the 49-carat rose cut Dresden White Diamond , which was made into an epaulette during the Seven Years' War of 1756 AD,
1834-508: Is a civic administration agency overseeing an area of 40.1 km (15.5 sq mi), where there are several military camps. The Osmania University campus is administered independently by the university authority. Appointed in February 2021, Gadwal Vijayalakshmi of Telangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS) is serving as the mayor of GHMC. In Hyderabad police jurisdiction is divided into three commissionerates: Hyderabad (established in 1847 AD,
1965-457: Is a form of rough diamond that is used to produce jewellery, was first developed in the Golconda region. Of the 38 diamond mines in India at the time, 23 were located in the Golconda Sultanate, of which Kollur Mine was prominent and employed 60,000 workers at one time. Most of these mines were fully active until 1830 but were gradually abandoned as they became either submerged by the backwaters of
2096-645: Is described in the table below. The table below shows the differences between ISO 15919, UNRSGN and IAST for Devanagari transliteration. Only certain fonts support all Latin Unicode characters for the transliteration of Indic scripts according to this standard. For example, Tahoma supports almost all the characters needed. Arial and Times New Roman font packages that come with Microsoft Office 2007 and later also support most Latin Extended Additional characters like ḍ, ḥ, ḷ, ḻ, ṁ, ṅ, ṇ, ṛ, ṣ and ṭ. There
2227-558: Is dotted with residential areas such as Malkajgiri , Neredmet , A. S. Rao Nagar and Uppal . In the eastern part of the city lie many defence research centres and Ramoji Film City . The "Cyberabad" area in the southwest and west of the city, consisting of Madhapur and Gachibowli has grown rapidly since the 1990s. It is home to information technology and bio-pharmaceutical companies and to landmarks such as Hyderabad Airport, Osman Sagar , Himayath Sagar and Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park . Heritage buildings constructed during
2358-947: Is engaged in this sector. Hyderabad's role in the pearl trade has given it the name " City of Pearls " and up until the 18th century, the city was the only global trading centre for diamonds known as Golconda diamonds . Industrialisation began under the Nizams in the late 19th century, helped by railway expansion that connected the city with major ports. From the 1950s to the 1970s, Indian enterprises, such as Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL), Nuclear Fuel Complex (NFC), National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC), Bharat Electronics (BEL), Electronics Corporation of India Limited (ECIL), Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics (CDFD), State Bank of Hyderabad (SBH) and Andhra Bank (AB) were established in
2489-458: Is home to more than 1300 IT and ITES firms that provide employment for 407,000 individuals; the global conglomerates include Microsoft , Apple , Amazon , Google , IBM , Yahoo! , Oracle Corporation , Dell , Facebook , CISCO , and major Indian firms including Tech Mahindra , Infosys , Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), Polaris, Cyient and Wipro . In 2009 the World Bank Group ranked
2620-737: Is home to regional birds and attracts seasonal migratory birds from different parts of the world. Organisations engaged in environmental and wildlife preservation include the Telangana Forest Department , Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education , the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), the Animal Welfare Board of India , the Blue Cross of Hyderabad and
2751-598: Is managed by the Integrated Solid Waste Management project which was started by the GHMC in 2010. Rapid urbanisation and increased economic activity has led to increased industrial waste , air , noise and water pollution , which is regulated by the Telangana Pollution Control Board (TPCB). The contribution of different sources to air pollution in 2006 was: 20–50% from vehicles, 40–70% from
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#17330851450712882-795: Is no standard keyboard layout for ISO 15919 input but many systems provide a way to select Unicode characters visually. ISO/IEC 14755 refers to this as a screen-selection entry method . Golconda diamonds Golconda diamonds are mined in the Godavari-Krishna delta region of Andhra Pradesh , India. Golconda Fort in the western part of modern-day Hyderabad was a seat of the Golconda Sultanate and became an important centre for diamond enhancement , lapidary , and trading. Golconda diamonds are graded as Type IIa , are formed of pure carbon , are devoid of nitrogen , and are large with high clarity . They are often described as diamonds of
3013-462: Is situated on hilly terrain around artificial lakes , including the Hussain Sagar lake, predating the city's founding, in the north of the city centre. According to the 2011 census of India , Hyderabad is the fourth-most populous city in India with a population of 6.9 million residents within the city limits, and has a population of 9.7 million residents in the metropolitan region , making it
3144-721: Is the seat of the Government of Telangana , Government of Andhra Pradesh and the President of India's winter retreat Rashtrapati Nilayam , as well as the Telangana High Court and various local government agencies. The Lower City Civil Court and the Metropolitan Criminal Court are under the jurisdiction of the High Court. The GHMC area contains 24 State Legislative Assembly constituencies, which form five constituencies of
3275-563: The Rajpramukh (Princely Governor) of the state until it was abolished on 31 October 1956. Between 1946 and 1951, the Communist Party of India fomented the Telangana uprising against the feudal lords of the Telangana region . The Constitution of India , which became effective on 26 January 1950, made Hyderabad State one of the part B states of India, with Hyderabad city continuing to be
3406-669: The Asaf Jahi dynasty , also known as the Nizams . Hyderabad served as the imperial capital of the Asaf Jahis from 1769 to 1948. As the capital of the princely state of Hyderabad , the city housed the British Residency and cantonment until Indian independence in 1947. Hyderabad was annexed by the Indian Union in 1948 and continued as a capital of Hyderabad State from 1948 to 1956. After
3537-462: The Buddha statue and Tankbund Park are located here. In the northwest part of the city there are upscale residential and commercial areas such as Banjara Hills , Jubilee Hills , Begumpet , Khairtabad , Tolichowki , Jagannath Temple and Miyapur . The northern end contains industrial areas such as Kukatpally , Sanathnagar , Moosapet , Balanagar , Patancheru and Chanda Nagar . The northeast end
3668-769: The Deccan Plateau and the Western Ghats , and industrialisation throughout the 20th century attracted major Indian research, manufacturing, educational and financial institutions. Since the 1990s, the city has emerged as an Indian hub of pharmaceuticals and biotechnology and information technology. The formation of the special economic zones of Hardware Park and HITEC City , dedicated to information technology, has encouraged leading multinationals to set up operations in Hyderabad. The name Hyderabad means "Haydar's City" or "Lion City", from haydar 'lion' and ābād 'city', after Caliph Ali Ibn Abi Talib , also known as Haydar because of his lion-like valour in battle. The city
3799-529: The Deccan Plateau in the northern part of South India. Greater Hyderabad covers 650 km (250 sq mi), making it one of the largest metropolitan areas in India. With an average altitude of 542 m (1,778 ft), Hyderabad lies on predominantly sloping terrain of grey and pink granite , dotted with small hills, the highest being Banjara Hills at 672 m (2,205 ft). The city has numerous lakes sometime referred to as sagar , meaning "sea". Examples include artificial lakes created by dams on
3930-702: The Indian Union or newly formed Dominion of Pakistan . The Hyderabad State Congress, with the support of the Indian National Congress and the Communist Party of India , began agitating against Nizam VII in 1948. On 17 September that year, the Indian Army took control of Hyderabad State after an invasion codenamed Operation Polo . With the defeat of his forces, Nizam VII capitulated to the Indian Union by signing an Instrument of Accession , which made him
4061-721: The Kacheguda railway station , all designed by Vincent Esch . Other landmark structures of the city constructed during his regin are the State Central Library , the Telangana Legislature, the State Archaeology Museum , Jubilee Hall , and Hyderabad railway station . Other landmarks of note are Paigah Palace , Asman Garh Palace , Basheer Bagh Palace , Errum Manzil and the Spanish Mosque , all constructed by
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4192-547: The Kakatiya dynasty from 1158, whose seat of power was at Warangal —148 km (92 mi) northeast of modern Hyderabad. The Kakatiya ruler Ganapatideva (1199–1262) built a hilltop outpost —later known as Golconda Fort —to defend their western region. The Kakatiya dynasty was reduced to a vassal of the Khalji dynasty in 1310 after its defeat by Sultan Alauddin Khalji of the Delhi Sultanate . This lasted until 1321 when
4323-525: The Krishna - Pennar river basin and Deccan Traps , and contains 120 out of the 150 kimberlite pipes in India. Though kimberlite and lamproite are the primary rock source, conglomerate and placers had yielded the majority of the region's diamonds. The Geological Survey of India has categorized kimberlite pipes of southern India into clusters Southern Wajrakarur kimberlite , Northern Narayanpet kimberlite , and Central Raichur kimberlite of these,
4454-645: The Lok Sabha (the lower house of the Parliament of India). The HMWSSB (Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply & Sewage Board) regulates rainwater harvesting , sewerage services, and water supply. In 2005, the HMWSSB started operating a 116 km-long (72 mi) water supply pipeline from Nagarjuna Sagar Dam to meet increasing demand. The Telangana Southern Power Distribution Company Limited (TSPDCL) manages electricity supply. As of 2014, there were 15 fire stations in
4585-604: The Napoleon Diamond Necklace , which became a sensation during the Great Depression (1929) when Archduke Leopold of Austria was imprisoned on larceny charges connected with the necklace sale. In 1980, a heist was executed at Sydney Town Hall , New South Wales, Australia, to steal the 95-carat yellow Golconda d'or diamond from an exhibition display. In 2019, the Al Thani Collection of Qatar faced
4716-487: The Paigah family . Recent estimates of the economy of Hyderabad's metropolitan area have ranged from US$ 40- US$ 74 billion ( PPP GDP ), and have ranked it either fifth- or sixth- most productive metro area of India . Hyderabad is the largest contributor to the gross domestic product (GDP), tax and other revenues, of Telangana, and the sixth largest deposit centre and fourth largest credit centre nationwide, as ranked by
4847-616: The Pulichintala irrigation dam or became depleted. Diamond mining in the region gradually declined and finally officially closed. In 2015, the Centre of Exploration Geophysics of Osmania University and the Geological Survey of India (GSI) conducted research that identified three zones that contain 21 potential new diamond-mining sites near the delta of the Krishna and Bhima rivers, and in
4978-563: The Qutb Shahi and Nizam eras showcase Indo-Islamic architecture influenced by Medieval , Mughal and European styles. After the 1908 flooding of the Musi River , the city was expanded and civic monuments constructed, particularly during the rule of Mir Osman Ali Khan (the VIIth Nizam), whose patronage of architecture led to him being referred to as the maker of modern Hyderabad. In 2012,
5109-509: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in June 2012. Its per capita annual income in 2011 was ₹ 44,300 (US$ 530). As of 2006, the largest employers in the city were the state government (113,098 employees) and central government (85,155). According to a 2005 survey, 77% of males and 19% of females in the city were employed. The service industry remains dominant in the city, and 90% of the employed workforce
5240-1133: The Reserve Bank of India , the Telangana Secretariat , the India Government Mint , the Telangana Legislature , the Public Gardens , Shahi Masjid , the Nizam Club , the Ravindra Bharathi , the State Museum , the Birla Temple and the Birla Planetarium . North of central Hyderabad lies Hussain Sagar, Tank Bund Road , Rani Gunj and the Secunderabad railway station . Most of the city's parks and recreational centres, such as Sanjeevaiah Park , Indira Park , Lumbini Park , NTR Gardens ,
5371-559: The Stone Age . In 2008, Archaeologists excavating near the city have unearthed Iron Age sites that may date from 500 BCE . The region comprising modern Hyderabad and its surroundings was ruled by the Chalukya dynasty from 624 CE to 1075 CE. Following the dissolution of the Chalukya empire into four parts in the 11th century, Golconda—now part of Hyderabad—came under the control of
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5502-465: The Timmasamudram kimberlite cluster —a part of Southern Wajrakarur kimberlite—is significant. Mediaeval records from Europe and the Middle East show India's importance as a source of high-quality diamonds . According to jewellery historian Jack Ogden , these records include those of Pliny the Elder , Marco Polo , Muhammed al-Idrisi , Ahmad al-Tifashi , and others from before the 12th century. The records state India produced diamonds with "which
5633-408: The University of Hyderabad . According to the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 part 2 Section 5: "(1) On and from the appointed day, Hyderabad in the existing State of Andhra Pradesh, shall be the common capital of the State of Telangana and the State of Andhra Pradesh for such period not exceeding ten years. (2) After the expiry of the period referred to in subsection (1), Hyderabad shall be
5764-437: The first water , making them among history's most-celebrated diamonds. The phrase "Golconda diamond" became synonymous with diamonds of incomparable quality. For 2,000 years, Golconda diamonds were the only-known fine diamonds. Due to centuries of excessive mining, their production was exhausted by 1830, and gemologists and traders have classified Golconda diamonds as antique, rare and precious. Famous Golconda diamonds include
5895-420: The sixth-most populous metropolitan area in India. With an output of US$ 95 billion, Hyderabad has the sixth-largest urban economy in India. The Qutb Shahi dynasty's Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah established Hyderabad in 1591 to extend the capital beyond the fortified Golconda . In 1687, the city was annexed by the Mughals . In 1724, Asaf Jah I , the Mughal viceroy , declared his sovereignty and founded
6026-713: The south-west summer monsoon falls between June and October, supplying Hyderabad with most of its mean annual rainfall. Since records began in November 1891, the heaviest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period was 241.5 mm (10 in) on 24 August 2000. The highest temperature ever recorded was 45.5 °C (114 °F) on 2 June 1966, and the lowest was 6.1 °C (43 °F) on 8 January 1946. The city receives 2,731 hours of sunshine per year; maximum daily sunlight exposure occurs in February. Hyderabad has been ranked 21st best "National Clean Air City" (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India according to 'Swachh Vayu Survekshan 2024 Results' Hyderabad's lakes and
6157-466: The " Genome Valley of India". Hyderabad is a global centre of information technology, for which it is known as Cyberabad (Cyber City). As of 2013, it contributed 15% of India's and 98% of Andhra Pradesh's exports in IT and ITES sectors and 22% of NASSCOM 's total membership is from the city. The development of HITEC City , a township with extensive technological infrastructure, prompted multinational companies to establish facilities in Hyderabad. The city
6288-537: The 16th to 18th centuries when 23 mines, of which Kollur Mine was the most active, operated in the region and 30,000 people at a time worked in one mine. The output from all of the mines in Golconda is estimated to be around 10,000,000 carats (2.0 t). In 2015, Osmania University in collaboration with Geological Survey of India discovered potential new sites for diamond mining in the region , though as of 2022 mining had not started. Several literary legends were inspired by Golconda diamonds; these include Sindbad
6419-548: The 17th century, mines in this region were the only source of diamonds on Earth. According to the records of 18th-and-19th-century geologists , researchers , and traders, the region south of the Kurnool district near the Krishna River valley in and around NTR district , Palnadu , and Guntur ; the Godavari delta in Rampachodavaram and Bhadrachalam; north-eastern Madhya Pradesh ; eastern Chhattisgarh ; western Jharkhand ; and north-western Odisha are possible historical sources of diamond. The best-known region among these
6550-426: The 2005 National Family Health Survey, it was reported that the city's total fertility rate is 1.8, which is below the replacement rate . Only 61% of children had been provided with all basic vaccines ( BCG , measles and full courses of polio and DPT ), fewer than in all other surveyed cities except Meerut . The infant mortality rate was 35 per 1,000 live births, and the mortality rate for children under five
6681-405: The 2011 census, the religious make-up of Greater Hyderabad was: Hindus (64.9%), Muslims (30.1%), Christians (2.8%), Jains (0.3%), Sikhs (0.3%) and Buddhists (0.1%); 1.5% did not state any religion. Languages of Hyderabad (2011) Telugu and Urdu are both official languages of the city, and most Hyderabadis are bilingual. The Telugu dialect spoken in Hyderabad is called Telangana Mandalika , and
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#17330851450716812-416: The Bahmani Sultanate and established the Qutb Shahi dynasty . The fifth Qutb Shahi sultan, Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah , established Hyderabad on the banks of the Musi River in 1591, to avoid water shortages experienced at Golconda. During his rule, he had the Charminar and Mecca Masjid built in the city. On 21 September 1687, the Golconda Sultanate came under the rule of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb after
6943-404: The CWE are illiterate. About 3.7% of the slum children aged 5–14 do not go to school and 3.2% work as child labour , of whom 64% are boys and 36% are girls. The largest employers of child labour are street shops and construction sites. Among the working children, 35% are engaged in hazardous jobs. The historic city established by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah on the southern side of the Musi River forms
7074-467: The Charminar, Mecca Masjid, Salar Jung Museum , Nizam Museum , Telangana High Court , Falaknuma Palace , Chowmahalla Palace and the traditional retail corridor comprising the Pearl Market , Laad Bazaar and Madina Circle . North of the river are hospitals, colleges, major railway stations and business areas such as Begum Bazaar , Koti , Abids , Sultan Bazar and Moazzam Jahi Market , along with administrative and recreational establishments such as
7205-465: The Delhi sultanate in 1333—took Warangal under their direct control and declared it as their capital. In 1347 when Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah , a governor under bin Tughluq, rebelled against Delhi and established the Bahmani Sultanate in the Deccan Plateau , with Gulbarga —200 km (124 mi) west of Hyderabad—as its capital, both the neighbouring rulers Musunuri Nayakas of Warangal and Bahmani Sultans of Gulbarga engaged in many wars until 1364–65 when
7336-417: The French Crown Jewels were stolen from the Garde Meuble (Royal Treasury); although most of the jewels were traced, the thieves sold the Sancy and Regent Diamonds, and the Royal French Blue Diamond was cut and renamed the Hope Diamond. The thief returned the Mazarin Diamond in exchange for a pardon and the diamond was restored to the French crown. In 1811, Napoleon Bonaparte gifted his wife Marie Louise
7467-402: The Golconda region, and were reserved for emperors and rulers. Sometimes, diamonds were considered to have supernatural powers, and were worn as amulets and talismans. The Shah Jahan Diamond , which is currently part of Al Saba Collection , was once an amulet of Mughal emperors . Diamonds were treasured as gemstones, and were believed to be a gift from God to humanity, and owning them was
7598-433: The Golconda region, the diamond valley was replete with venomous snakes, making obtaining the diamonds dangerous. The diamond traders took a herd of cattle to the hilltop near the valley. After slaughtering the cattle, they catapulted cow flesh towards the diamond valley; the flesh became stuck to the diamonds, which were picked up by eagles and vultures that carried the cow flesh to their nests to eat. The stones remained after
7729-447: The Golconda rulers learned about the demand for Golconda diamonds in Europe, they seized all of the mines and temporarily halted mining to increase the price, which then doubled. In 1627, high prices led Dutch traders to stop purchasing, and the British East India Company brought investments and purchased the diamonds. The company's monopoly continued alongside indigenous traders such as Mir Jumla II, Virji Vora , and Kasi Veranna until
7860-443: The Hadhrami Arabs are the largest, declined after Hyderabad State became part of the Indian Union, as they lost the patronage of the Asaf Jahi Nizams. Hindus are in the majority. Muslims form a very large minority and are present throughout the city and predominate in and around the Old City of Hyderabad . There are also Christian, Sikh, Jain, Buddhist and Parsi communities and iconic churches , mosques and temples . According to
7991-432: The Hyderabad economic zone. Fiat Chrysler Automobiles , Maruti Suzuki and Triton Energy will invest in Hyderabad. ISO 15919 ISO 15919 is an international standard on the romanization of many Brahmic scripts , which was agreed upon in 2001 by a network of the national standards institutes of 157 countries. However, the Hunterian transliteration system is the "national system of romanization in India " and
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#17330851450718122-426: The IT exports from Hyderabad were ₹ 1,45,522 crore ( US$ 19.66 billion), the city houses 1500 IT and TES companies that provide 628,615 jobs. Hyderabad's commercial markets are divided into four sectors: central business districts, sub-central business centres, neighbourhood business centres and local business centres. Many traditional and historic bazaars are located throughout the city, Laad Bazaar being
8253-404: The Indian government proposed that the sites be listed for UNESCO World Heritage status . Among the oldest surviving examples of Nizam architecture in Hyderabad is the Chowmahalla Palace , which was the seat of royal power . It showcases a diverse array of architectural styles, from the Baroque Harem to its Neoclassical royal court. The other palaces include Falaknuma Palace (inspired by
8384-457: The Kakatiya dynasty was annexed by Malik Kafur , Khalji's general. During this period, Khalji took the Koh-i-Noor diamond, which is said to have been mined from the Kollur Mines of Golconda, to Delhi. Muhammad bin Tughluq succeeded to the Delhi sultanate in 1325, bringing Warangal under the rule of the Tughlaq dynasty ; Malik Maqbul Tilangani was appointed its governor. In 1336 the regional chieftains Musunuri Nayakas —who revolted against
8515-469: The Musi, such as Hussain Sagar (built-in 1562 near the city centre), Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar . As of 1996, the city had 140 lakes and 834 water tanks (ponds). Hyderabad has a tropical wet and dry climate ( Köppen Aw ) bordering on a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh ). The annual mean temperature is 26.6 °C (79.9 °F); monthly mean temperatures are 21–33 °C (70–91 °F). Summers (March–June) are hot and dry, with average highs in
8646-452: The Nizam signed a subsidiary alliance with the East India Company in 1798, allowing the British Indian Army to be stationed at Bolarum (modern Secunderabad ) to protect the state's capital, for which the Nizams paid an annual maintenance to the British. Until 1874 there were no modern industries in Hyderabad. With the introduction of railways in the 1880s, four factories were built to the south and east of Hussain Sagar lake, and during
8777-473: The Qutb Shahi and Nizam eras remain visible today; the Charminar has come to symbolise the city. By the end of the early modern era, the Mughal Empire had declined in the Deccan, and the Nizam's patronage attracted men of letters from various parts of the world. A distinctive culture arose from the amalgamation of local and migrated artisans, with painting , handicraft , jewellery , literature , dialect and clothing prominent even today. For its cuisine ,
8908-465: The Sailor 's valley of diamonds, the gem lore of Marco Polo , and the theme of Russell Conwell 's inspirational lecture " Acres of Diamonds ". According to folklore, some Golconda diamonds are cursed; these impart good luck to their owners or have mystical powers while others were worn as talismans . In 2013, the Princie Diamond from the Jewels of the Nizams was auctioned for US$ 39.3 million—the highest-recorded auction price for Golconda Diamonds and
9039-471: The Sailor 's voyages, which were written during the reign of the Abbasid Caliph Harun al-Rashid (786–809 CE), describe the Valley of the Diamonds that is part of the folk tales collection One Thousand and One Nights ( Arabian Nights , Alf Laila Wa Laila , or Alif Laila ). These regional descriptions have the same features of Deccan in general and the Golconda region in particular. These names are difficult to link to modern geographic names. Until
9170-578: The Telangana region were merged with the Telugu-speaking Andhra State to create Andhra Pradesh, with Hyderabad as its capital. Several protests, known collectively as the Telangana movement , attempted to invalidate the merger and demanded the creation of a new Telangana state. Major actions took place in 1969 and 1972, and a third began in 2010. The city suffered several explosions: one at Dilsukhnagar in 2002 claimed two lives; terrorist bombs in May and August 2007 caused communal tension and riots ; and two bombs exploded in February 2013 . On 30 July 2013
9301-422: The Urdu spoken is called Deccani . English is a "Secondary official language" is pervasive in business and administration, and it is an important medium of instruction in education and publications. A significant minority speak other languages, including Bengali , Hindi , Kannada , Marathi , Marwari , Odia , Punjabi and Tamil . As of 2012, in the greater metropolitan area, 13% of the population live below
9432-599: The area under the Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority (HMDA). The HMDA is an apolitical urban planning agency that covers the GHMC and its suburbs, extending to 54 mandals in five districts encircling the city. It coordinates the development activities of GHMC and suburban municipalities and manages the administration of bodies such as the Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (HMWSSB). Hyderabad
9563-487: The beds of the Krishna, Tungabhadra and Penna rivers. According to the research, the sites contain volcanic pipes that probably bear kimberlite and possibly diamonds. According to Outlook India , in 2022, some companies applied for mining rights in the region of Andhra Pradesh, soon after the National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI) discovered diamond deposits in the seven districts of
9694-472: The birds consumed the flesh, allowing the stones to be tracked and collected by the local merchants' workers. According to Jean R. Brink, who wrote Renaissance Culture in Context: Theory and Practice (2017), this legend is repeated in many mediaeval Arabic and Chinese literary works. It was also repeated by Marco Polo, who visited the region's capital Warangal but did not visit the mining sites. Being
9825-804: The capital of the State of Telangana and there shall be a new capital for the State of Andhra Pradesh." The same sections also define that the common capital includes the existing area designated as the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation under the Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Act, 1955. As stipulated in sections 3 and 18(1) of the Reorganisation Act, city MLAs are members of the Telangana state assembly. The Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) oversees
9956-695: The capital. In his 1955 report Thoughts on Linguistic States , B. R. Ambedkar , then chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Indian Constitution , proposed designating the city of Hyderabad as the second capital of India because of its amenities and strategic central location. On 1 November 1956 the states of India were reorganised by language. Hyderabad state was split into three parts, which were merged with neighbouring states to form Maharashtra , Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh . The nine Telugu - and Urdu -speaking districts of Hyderabad State in
10087-540: The city and controlled the internal and neighbouring threats. In 1714 Farrukhsiyar appointed Asaf Jah I as Viceroy of the Deccan —(administrator of six Mughal governorates) with the title Nizam-ul-Mulk (Administrator of the Realm). In 1721, he was appointed as Prime Minister of the Mughal Empire . His differences with the court nobles led him to resign from all the imperial responsibilities in 1723 and leave for Deccan. Under
10218-430: The city as the second best Indian city for doing business . The city and its suburbs contain the highest number of special economic zones of any Indian city. The Automotive industry in Hyderabad is also emerging and making it an automobile hub. Automobile companies including as Hyundai , Hyderabad Allwyn , Praga Tools , HMT Bearings , Ordnance Factory Medak , Deccan Auto and Mahindra & Mahindra have units in
10349-526: The city being subsequently named Hyderabad in her honour. In the year 1597, Hyderabad gained the epithet Farkhunda Bunyad ( lit. ' Of Auspicious Foundation ' ). Following the Mughal conquest of Hyderabad , emperor Aurangzeb changed the epithet to Dar-ul-Jihad ( lit. ' Abode of Holy War ' ), a title which appears on coins minted in the city during the reigns of Aurangzeb and Kam Bakhsh . The later Mughal emperor Shah Alam returned
10480-579: The city has 7,400,000 voters of which 3,850,000 are male and 3,500,000 are female. The corporators elect the Mayor , who is the titular head of GHMC; executive powers rest with the Municipal Commissioner, appointed by the state government. The GHMC carries out the city's infrastructural work such as building and maintenance of roads and drains, town planning including construction regulation, maintenance of municipal markets and parks, solid waste management,
10611-459: The city is listed as a creative city of gastronomy by UNESCO . The Telugu film industry based in the city is the highest-grossing film industry in India as of 2021. Until the 19th century , Hyderabad was known for the pearl industry and was nicknamed the "City of Pearls", and was the only trading centre for Golconda diamonds in the world. Many of the city's historical and traditional bazaars remain open. Hyderabad's central location between
10742-469: The city to its older epithet of Farkhunda Bunyad , and consequently Mughal coins of Shah Alam and Muhammad Shah feature this title as the city's mint-name. The discovery of Megalithic burial sites and cairn circles in the suburbs of Hyderabad, in 1851 by Philip Meadows Taylor , a polymath in the service of the Nizam, had provided evidence that the region in which the city stands has been inhabited since
10873-603: The city's largest zoo, is the first in India to have a lion and tiger safari park . Hyderabad has three national parks ( Mrugavani National Park , Mahavir Harina Vanasthali National Park and Kasu Brahmananda Reddy National Park ), and the Manjira Wildlife Sanctuary is about 50 km (31 mi) from the city. The other environmental reserves of Hyderabad are Kotla Vijayabhaskara Reddy Botanical Gardens , Ameenpur Lake , Shamirpet Lake , Hussain Sagar , Fox Sagar Lake , Mir Alam Tank and Patancheru Lake , which
11004-607: The city, operated by the Telangana State Disaster and Fire Response Department. The government-owned India Post has five head post offices and many sub-post offices in Hyderabad, which are complemented by private courier services. Hyderabad produces around 4,500 tonnes of solid waste daily, which is transported from collection units in Imlibun , Yousufguda and Lower Tank Bund to the dumpsite in Jawaharnagar . Disposal
11135-586: The city. The Commissionerate of Health and Family Welfare is responsible for planning, implementation and monitoring of all facilities related to health and preventive services. As of 2010–11, the city had 50 government hospitals, 300 private and charity hospitals and 194 nursing homes providing around 12,000 hospital beds, fewer than half the required 25,000. For every 10,000 people in the city, there are 17.6 hospital beds, 9 specialist doctors, 14 nurses and 6 physicians. The city has about 4,000 individual clinics. Private clinics are preferred by many residents because of
11266-543: The city. The city is home to Hyderabad Securities formerly known as Hyderabad Stock Exchange (HSE), and houses the regional office of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). In 2013, the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) facility in Hyderabad was forecast to provide operations and transactions services to BSE- Mumbai by the end of 2014. The growth of the financial services sector has helped Hyderabad evolve from
11397-423: The civic infrastructure of the city, there are six administrative zones of GHMC: South Zone–( Charminar ), East Zone–( L. B. Nagar ), West Zone–( Serilingampally ), North Zone–( Kukatpally ), Northeast Zone–( Secunderabad ) and Central Zone–( Khairatabad ); these zones consist of 30 "circles", which together encompass 150 municipal wards . Each ward is represented by a corporator , elected by popular vote, as of 2020
11528-746: The colourless Koh-i-Noor , the Nassak Diamond , the blue Hope Diamond , the Idol's Eye , the pink Daria-i-Noor , the white Regent Diamond , the Dresden Green Diamond , and the colourless Orlov Diamond , as well as now-untraceable diamonds such as the yellow Florentine Diamond , the Akbar Shah , the Nizam Diamond , and the Great Mogul Diamond . The Golconda diamond industry was at its peak from
11659-502: The country. as of 2011 census , there are 3,500,802 male and 3,309,168 female citizens—a sex ratio of 945 females per 1000 males, higher than the national average of 926 per 1000. Among children aged 0–6 years, 373,794 are boys and 352,022 are girls—a ratio of 942 per 1000. Literacy stands at 83% (male 86%; female 80%), higher than the national average of 74.04%. The socio-economic strata consist of 20% upper class , 50% middle class and 30% working class . Referred to as "Hyderabadi",
11790-410: The diamond mines of the Golconda region are now depleted and inactive. Later discoveries of diamond deposits in regions such as Brazil post-1730, Australia post-1851, and Africa post-1866 provided significant supplies of diamonds, although their clarity generally does not match that of Golconda diamonds. For these reasons, Golconda diamonds remain among the world's most-celebrated diamonds. Some of
11921-475: The diamond so he contacted the captain of a British ship. The slave and the captain agreed to share equally in the proceeds from the diamond's sale in exchange for safe passage. Later, the captain stole the diamond, killed the slave, and sold the diamond to an Indian merchant named Jamchand. Jamchand supposedly sold it to Thomas Pitt , who in turn sold it to Philippe d'Orléans . According to pervasive folklore narrated by Marco Polo about his 13th-century visits to
12052-538: The diamond to decorate the French crown; all of the French rulers from Louis XIV to Napoleon III have worn it. After France's defeat in the Franco-Prussian War (1870), the diamond, along with other French Crown Jewels, was sold to settle the losses. Frederic Boucheron , a jewellery-house owner, purchased it. According to a popular legend, the Koh-i-Noor should only be possessed by a female and will bring bad luck to
12183-445: The distance to, poor quality of care at and long waiting times in government facilities, despite the high proportion of the city's residents being covered by government health insurance: 24% according to a National Family Health Survey in 2005. As of 2012, many new private hospitals of various sizes were opened or being built. Hyderabad has outpatient and inpatient facilities that use Unani , homoeopathic and Ayurvedic treatments. In
12314-634: The early 1600s, some Dutch miners of the Dutch East India Company were granted mining rights. The 17th-century French explorer Jean-Baptiste Tavernier reported he was "permitted to examine" the egg-shaped Great Moghul diamond, which is now lost and said to have been cut into smaller diamonds. He reported having seen a flat diamond called the Great Table diamond in Golconda. Jean de Thévenot , François Bernier or Antoine Destremau were French traders in Golconda diamonds. In 1621 and 1622, when
12445-491: The early 20th century, Hyderabad was transformed into a modern city with the establishment of transport services , underground drainage, running water, electricity , telecommunications, universities, industries, and Begumpet Airport . The Nizams ruled the princely state of Hyderabad during the British Raj . After India gained independence , the Nizam declared his intention to remain independent rather than become part of
12576-407: The final assent of the President of India, Telangana state was formed on 2 June 2014. Hyderabad is 1,566 km (973 mi) south of Delhi , 699 km (434 mi) southeast of Mumbai , and 570 km (350 mi) north of Bangalore by road. It is situated in the southern part of Telangana in southeastern India, along the banks of the Musi River , a tributary of Krishna River located on
12707-636: The gems were engraved". Ancient texts of Buddhists , Hindus , and Jains such as the Arthashastra (2nd century BCE – 4th century CE), the Ratna Pariksha , and the Puranas refer to cities and regions of India that produced diamonds. Roman historian Pliny the Elder (23–79 CE) in his encyclopedia described the demand and fondness of Roman imperial women for the diamonds of South India. The tales of Sinbad
12838-409: The government of India declared Hyderabad the first "Best heritage city of India". Qutb Shahi architecture of the 16th and early 17th centuries followed classical Persian architecture featuring domes and colossal arches. The oldest surviving Qutb Shahi structure in Hyderabad is the ruins of the Golconda Fort built in the 16th century. Most of the historical bazaars that still exist were constructed on
12969-529: The government of India declared that part of Andhra Pradesh would be split off to form a new Telangana state and that Hyderabad city would be the capital city and part of Telangana, while the city would also remain the capital of Andhra Pradesh for no more than ten years. On 3 October 2013 the Union Cabinet approved the proposal, and in February 2014 both houses of Parliament passed the Telangana Bill . With
13100-504: The heritage region of Hyderabad called the Purana Shahar (Old City), while the "New City" encompasses the urbanised area on the northern banks. The two are connected by many bridges across the river, the oldest of which is Purana Pul —("old bridge") built in 1578 AD. Hyderabad is twinned with neighbouring Secunderabad , to which it is connected by Hussain Sagar . Many historic and heritage sites lie in south central Hyderabad, such as
13231-619: The influence of Asaf Jah I's opponents, Mughal Emperor Muhammad Shah issued a decree to Mubariz Khan , to stop Asaf Jah I which resulted in the Battle of Shakar Kheda . In 1724, Asaf Jah I defeated Mubariz Khan to establish autonomy over the Deccan , named the region Hyderabad Deccan , and started what came to be known as the Asaf Jahi dynasty . Subsequent rulers retained the title Nizam ul-Mulk and were referred to as Asaf Jahi Nizams, or Nizams of Hyderabad . The death of Asaf Jah I in 1748 resulted in
13362-559: The introduction of the States Reorganisation Act of 1956 , Hyderabad was made the capital of the newly formed Andhra Pradesh . In 2014, Andhra Pradesh was split to form the state of Telangana, and Hyderabad became the joint capital of the two states with a transitional arrangement scheduled to end in 2024. Since 1956, the city has housed the Rashtrapati Nilayam , the winter office of the president of India . Relics of
13493-640: The issuing of birth and death certificates, the issuing of trade licences, collection of property tax, and community welfare services such as mother and child healthcare, and pre-school and non-formal education. The GHMC was formed in April 2007 by merging the Municipal Corporation of Hyderabad (MCH) with 12 municipalities of the Hyderabad , Ranga Reddy and Medak districts covering a total area of 650 km (250 sq mi). The Secunderabad Cantonment Board
13624-423: The last decade of the 20th century, and 63% claimed to have lived in the slums for more than 10 years. Overall literacy in the slums is 60–80% and female literacy is 52–73% . A third of the slums have basic service connections, and the remainder depend on general public services provided by the government. There are 405 government schools, 267 government-aided schools, 175 private schools, and 528 community halls in
13755-491: The mid-to-high 30s Celsius; maximum temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104 °F) between April and June. The coolest temperatures occur in December and January when the lowest temperature occasionally dips to 10 °C (50 °F). May is the hottest month when daily temperatures range from 26–39 °C (79–102 °F); December, the coldest, has temperatures varying from 14.5–28 °C (58.1–82.4 °F). Heavy rain from
13886-402: The mines became depleted in the 1830s. Most of the impoverished governments and princely rulers were removed from power, forcing them sell their jewels—including Golconda diamonds—which were later auctioned. Due to their royal lineage, mystical tales, and advertising campaigns by companies, Golconda diamonds became the global status reference. Historically, diamonds of high quality were mined in
14017-511: The notable Golconda diamonds are: The world's top-four pink diamonds are from Golconda. Cardinal Mazarin was an influential Chief minister of France during the reign of Louis XIII and Louis XIV ; Mazarin, a connoisseur of jewels, sponsored Jean Baptiste Tavernier's journey to India to collect diamonds; among his collection is the 19.07-carat, light-pink Le Grand Mazarin Diamond , which he always kept close to him. In his will, Mazarin bequeathed
14148-553: The oldest police commissionerate in India ), Cyberabad , and Rachakonda , each headed by a commissioner of police , who are Indian Police Service (IPS) officers. The Hyderabad police is a division of the Telangana Police , under the state Home Ministry. The jurisdictions of the city's administrative agencies are, in ascending order of size: the Hyderabad Police area, Hyderabad district, the GHMC area ("Hyderabad city"), and
14279-402: The population increased by 87%, from 3,637,483 as of 2001 census to 6,809,970 as of 2011 census, 24% of which are migrants from elsewhere in India, making Hyderabad the nation's fourth most populous city . As of 2011, the population density is 18,480/km (47,900/sq mi) and the Hyderabad urban agglomeration had a population of 7,749,334 making it the sixth most populous urban agglomeration in
14410-470: The poverty line . According to a 2012 report submitted by GHMC to the World Bank , Hyderabad has 1,476 slums with a total population of 1.7 million, of whom 66% live in 985 slums in the "core" of the city (the part that formed Hyderabad before the April 2007 expansion) and the remaining 34% live in 491 suburban tenements. About 22% of the slum-dwelling households had migrated from different parts of India in
14541-537: The prominent among all is popular for selling a variety of traditional and cultural antique wares, along with gems and pearls. The establishment of Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited (IDPL), a public sector undertaking, in 1961 was followed over the decades by many national and global companies opening manufacturing and research facilities in the city. As of 2010, the city manufactured one third of India's bulk drugs and 16% of biotechnology products, contributing to its reputation as "India's pharmaceutical capital" and
14672-592: The region was controlled by the Golconda Sultanate and the Nizams of Hyderabad . The mines were leased under the supervision of regional governors, of whom prominent 17th-century diamond trader Mir Jumla became the Grand vizier (Prime Minister) of the Golconda Sultanate. He established a network of diamond merchants in Europe, Africa, the Middle East, and Asia—up to China and the Malay Archipelago . Shantidas Jhaveri
14803-479: The residents of Hyderabad are predominantly Telugu and Urdu speaking people, with minority Arab, Marathi , Marwari , and Pathan communities. Hyderabadi Muslims are a unique community who owe much of their history, language, cuisine, and culture to Hyderabad, and the various dynasties who previously ruled. Hadhrami Arabs , African Arabs , Armenians , Abyssinians , Iranians , Pathans and Turkish people were present before 1948; these communities, of which
14934-456: The sea route to India and the 16th-century Golconda Sultanate's new port at Machilipatnam increased the production and trade of Golconda diamonds. The emergence of demand for Golconda diamonds led to the exploration and discoveries of mines in the region that produced brilliant diamonds. In the 17th century, under the Golconda Sultanate, when new mines were discovered and leased to the miners, an agreement called "Qaul" would be signed under
15065-409: The sloping terrain of its low-lying hills provide habitat for an assortment of flora and fauna. As of 2016, the tree cover is 1.7% of the total city area, a decrease from 2.7% in 1996. The forest region in and around the city encompasses areas of ecological and biological importance, which are preserved in the form of national parks , zoos , mini-zoos and a wildlife sanctuary . Nehru Zoological Park ,
15196-483: The slum areas. According to a 2008 survey by the Centre for Good Governance, 87.6% of the slum-dwelling households are nuclear families , 18% are very poor, with an income up to ₹ 20,000 (US$ 240) per annum, 73% live below the poverty line (a standard poverty line recognised by the Andhra Pradesh Government is ₹ 24,000 (US$ 290) per annum), 27% of the chief wage earners (CWE) are casual labour and 38% of
15327-435: The state. The Golconda region was a major trading centre and the source of the world's most-famous diamonds. Until the end of the 19th century, it was the primary source of the finest and largest diamonds in the world, making the name "Golconda diamond" synonymous with high-quality diamonds. It has been estimated the Golconda region traded around 10 million carats of diamonds. A unit of measurement for Golconda diamonds
15458-433: The street north of Charminar towards the fort. The Charminar has become an icon of the city; located in the centre of old Hyderabad, it is a square structure with sides 20 m (66 ft) long and four grand arches each facing a road. At each corner stands a 56 m (184 ft)-high minaret. The Charminar, Golconda Fort and the Qutb Shahi tombs are considered to be monuments of national importance in India ; in 2010
15589-554: The style of Andrea Palladio ), Purani Haveli , King Kothi Palace and Bella Vista Palace all of which were built at the peak of Nizam rule in the 19th century. During Mir Osman Ali Khan's rule, European styles, along with Indo-Islamic, became prominent. These styles are reflected in the Indo-Saracenic style of architecture seen in many civic monuments such as the Hyderabad High Court , Osmania Hospital , City College and
15720-533: The supervision of regional governors, according to which, for employing 100 workers, miners would pay four pagodas per day, and monthly rent was based on the strength of the workers on the mining site. Provisions were supplied only by the governor with 50 percent extra excise duty. Large diamonds from the site were exclusively reserved for the rulers and to be sold with concessions. Bania and Khatri castes—merchant and trading communities in India—held most of mines. In
15851-533: The world record for US$ 1.1 million per carat . In a heist in 2019 , the Dresden White Diamond was stolen along with jewels worth US$ 1.2 billion. The Golconda diamondiferous region is located in the Southern Indian peninsular shield , which was formed during the process of proterozoic and Insular India . The region is spread over 50,000 km (19,000 sq mi), within the sediments of
15982-565: The world's most magnificent diamonds. They are formed of pure carbon and have no nitrogen, and are rated high on grading standards, giving them the rare Type IIa designation—(Type IIa count less than two percent of the world's natural diamonds. ). They are large and naturally occur in many colours but most of them are known for their colourless clarity and material properties . Some are popular for their colours, for which they are characterized as Diamonds of First water . Although Golconda diamonds are known for their size and clarity,
16113-534: The world's most-famous, large, and valuable stones with interesting histories, Golconda diamonds attract envy and fascination, for which many controversies, robberies, and scandals have occurred. The Affair of the Diamond Necklace (1784–1786) was about a 2,800-carat necklace containing 647 gems. The incident brought ignominy to Queen Marie Antoinette and later instigated the French Revolution . In 1792,
16244-499: Was 41 per 1,000 live births. The survey also reported that a third of women and a quarter of men are overweight or obese, 49% of children below 5 years are anaemic , and up to 20% of children are underweight, while more than 2% of women and 3% of men suffer from diabetes . When the GHMC was created in 2007, the area occupied by the municipality increased from 175 km (68 sq mi) to 650 km (250 sq mi). Consequently,
16375-520: Was another 17th-century diamond trader. Golconda diamonds were mined from alluvial soils alongside river beds. Mines were usually up to 4 fathoms (7.3 m; 24 ft) deep. When mining reached groundwater , digging was halted. Stony substances were then collected for assortment and examined for diamonds. Raw diamonds from the mines were typically transported to Golconda—now the western part of Hyderabad — ) for skilled lapidary, enhancement, further evaluation, and sale. The art of macle , which
16506-764: Was approved by the Library of Congress and the American Library Association and is a US standard. The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (IAST) is not a standard (as no specification exists for it) but a convention developed in Europe for the transliteration of Sanskrit rather than the transcription of Brahmic scripts. As a notable difference, both international standards, ISO 15919 and UNRSGN transliterate anusvara as ṁ , while ALA-LC and IAST use ṃ for it. However, ISO 15919 provides guidance towards disambiguating between various anusvara situations (such as labial versus dental nasalizations), which
16637-510: Was historically known as Telingana or Tilling , and was renamed Golconda during the Deccan sultanates period and generally known as the Godavari delta. As European travellers and traders increasingly engaged in trading with producers of this region , the region's diamonds came to be referred to as "Golconda diamonds". The peak period of Golconda diamond mining was the 16th-to-18th centuries, when
16768-518: Was later imprisoned and tortured. An article entitled " Hope Diamond Has Brought Trouble To All Who Have Owned It " appeared in The Washington Post in 1908. According to legend, the Regent Diamond was discovered between 1698 and 1701 at Kollur Mine. A slave worker who found the diamond smuggled it out by hiding it deep inside a self-inflicted cut. The slave wanted to escape from India with
16899-407: Was originally called Baghnagar ("city of gardens"). The European travellers von Poser and Thévenot found both names in use in the 17th century. A popular legend suggests that the founder of the city, Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah , named it Bhagya-nagar ("fortunate city") after Bhagmati , a local nautch (dancing girl) whom he married. She converted to Islam and adopted the title Hyder Mahal ,
17030-819: Was successively mounted in the crowns of Queen Alexandra , Queen Mary , and Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother . The latter crown, along with the other Crown Jewels , is on public display in the Jewel House at the Tower of London . Accounts of ill fortune and curses are also associated with the Hope Diamond; Tavernier, who took the stone to Paris, was "torn to pieces by wild dogs" in Constantinople . Louis XIV gave it to Madame de Montespan , whom later he abandoned. Sultan Hamid of Turkey gave it to Abu Sabir to "polish" but Sabir
17161-565: Was the Ratti ( 7 ⁄ 8 of a carat ), and the most-common currency was the Golconda Pagoda , which was also called Hun. Golconda had been trading diamonds with European kingdoms since at least the days of Marco Polo (1254–1324). During the 1420s, Niccolò de' Conti , a prominent Italian traveller and merchant who lived in India, had a detailed account of diamond valleys in the Golconda region. The 15th-century Portuguese discovery of
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