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67-504: Fernando del Río Urruti was born to a prosperous family on 8 December 1879 in Ronda , Málaga. His father, José del Río, was an Infantry captain. His mother, Fernanda Urruti, came from a French Basque family. His family owned agricultural properties in Ronda. The paternal side of his family included the moderate politician and government minister Antonio de los Ríos Rosas . His father died when Fernando

134-753: A government that included the Communist Party of Spain. He became official observer of the Republican government in exile before the United Nations. Fernando de los Ríos died on 31 May 1949 in New York City. His remains were returned to Spain on 28 June 1980 and rest in the Cementerio de la Almudena in Madrid. Publications by de los Ríos include: Ronda Ronda ( Spanish pronunciation: [ˈronda] )

201-504: A liberal intellectual de los Ríos enthusiastically supported the League for Spanish Political Education founded in 1913 by José Ortega y Gasset as a section of the Reform Party. When this failed to make progress in educating the masses he moved towards Socialism in the belief that changes in the structure of power and the economy were needed to raise up the people. De los Rios formally joined

268-741: A member of the Agrupación Socialista Madrileña (the socialist circle in Madrid) in 1912. That year he was offered the Chair of Fundamental Logic in the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters at the University of Madrid. Soon after, Besteiro became a member of Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT) trade union , and of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE). In 1913 he married Dolores Cebrián,

335-571: A new constitution. The Cabinet offered him first the job of state delegate to CAMPSA , the state petrol monopoly, and then the post of Ambassador to France, both of which he rejected. During his period as President of the Cortes, he seemed to become more conservative in his political views. In January 1934, he resigned as President of the UGT. Opposing the radicalization of the Socialist movement, he disapproved

402-574: A permit meant a death sentence. This systematic suppression forced the Muslims to seek refuge in mountainous regions of southern Andalusia; Ronda was one such refuge. On May 25, 1566, Philip II decreed the use of the Arabic language (written or spoken) illegal, required that doors to homes remain open on Fridays to verify that no Muslim Friday prayers were conducted, and levied heavy taxes on Morisco trades. This led to several rebellions, one of them in Ronda under

469-570: A principal role in the development of modern Spanish bullfighting . In a family responsible for such innovations as the use of the cape, or muleta , and a sword especially designed for the kill, Pedro in particular transformed bullfighting into "an art and a skill in its own right, and not simply ... a clownishly macho preamble to the bull's slaughter". Ronda was heavily affected by the Spanish Civil War , which led to emigration and depopulation. The scene in chapter 10 of Hemingway 's For Whom

536-459: A professor of physics and natural science at the teachers' training college in Toledo . In 1917, after the general strike , Besteiro was among many members of the strike committee tried in Madrid; he was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment. Following his release under the amnesty campaign , he was elected as a member of the town council of Madrid. The following year, Besteiro was elected to

603-574: A strong sense of morality and religiosity. He graduated in 1901. While working on his doctorate del Rio lived in Barcelona and worked for the Compañía Arrendataria de Tabacos . In Barcelona he also contributed to the Madrid newspaper España , founded by Manuel Troyano of Ronda. After the summer of 1905 he went with Unamuno on a conference tour in Malaga and Ronda. After returning to Madrid he taught at

670-569: A third edition with new material in December 1934. He was PSOE candidate for Deputy for Madrid, Málaga and Valencia in 1923. He was elected deputy for Madrid on 29 April 1923. De los Ríos resigned from his university chair after the military coup of Miguel Primo de Rivera in September 1923. He could not accept socialism outside of democracy, so opposed any collaboration between the PSOE and the regime. However,

737-664: A vehicle for proselytizing, and on 13 October 1931 said "Spain has ceased to be a Catholic country", raising fears that the Republic intended to destroy the Church. De los Ríos was Minister of Public Education and Fine Arts from 16 December 1931 to 12 June 1933. At the Ministry of Public Education he undertook an ambitious program of creating public schools as alternatives to those of the Church. He supported Federico García Lorca 's travelling theatre La Barraca . He created study centres that survived

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804-543: Is a municipality of Spain belonging to the province of Málaga , within the autonomous community of Andalusia . Its population is about 35,000. Ronda is known for its cliffside location and a deep canyon that carries the Guadalevín River and divides the town. It is one of the towns and villages that are included in the Sierra de las Nieves National Park . Around the city are remains of prehistoric settlements dating to

871-623: The Central University of Madrid . In August 1930 he and Prieto signed the Pact of San Sebastián . He, Prieto and Francisco Largo Caballero were members of the Revolutionary Committee of December 1930. When the Republican uprising of 12–13 December 1930 failed he was imprisoned, as were other leaders of the movement. In the municipal elections of 12 April 1931 de los Rios was elected to

938-509: The Church of San José de Madrid he married Gloria Giner de los Ríos García , daughter of Hermenegildo Giner de los Ríos (1847-1923) and Laura García Hoppe (1853-1946). His wife was the niece of Francisco Giner. They had one daughter, Laura de los Ríos, born in May 1913. De los Ríos contributed to the reviews España and El Sol and supported the Reform Party of Melquíades Álvarez , but was not active in

1005-670: The Institución Libre de Enseñanza (ILE: Free Educational Institution) in 1876. He had considerable influence on Fernando, who attended the ILE in Madrid, taking courses in medicine, then in law and philosophy. At the same time he attended the Faculty of Law of the University of Madrid. While at university the articles of Miguel de Unamuno in Vida Nueva led del Rio to distance himself from the Catholic Church . He became an atheist, but retained

1072-688: The International Labour Organization was created. In 1920 de los Ríos was a member of the PSOE National Committee as representative of Andalusia . He attended the fourteenth congress of the Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT, General Union of Workers) in 1920 as delegate of workers in various trades, distillers and farmers of Atarfe and the General Association of Madrid Teachers. From June 1920 to September 1938 he

1139-636: The Neolithic , including the rock art of Cueva de la Pileta . The places of Arunda and Acinipo mentioned by Pliny have been traditionally identified with current Ronda. In the fifth century AD, Ronda was conquered by the Suebi , led by Rechila , being reconquered in the following century by the Eastern Roman Empire , under whose rule Acinipo was abandoned. Later, the Visigothic king Liuvigild captured

1206-716: The New School for Social Research in New York City. De los Ríos took his family to New York, including his mother Fernanda Urruti. His wife, Gloria Giner de los Ríos, gave classes in Spanish language and style at Columbia University and published texts on Spanish culture and civilization. When the first Republican government-in-exile was formed in August 1945 its president, José Giral , appointed de los Ríos Minister of State. He resigned from this position in March 1946, since he refused to be part of

1273-563: The Spanish Civil War . He made unsuccessful attempts to persuade the French government to sell arms to the Republic. In December 1936 he was appointed Spanish Ambassador to the United States, where he remained until the end of the civil war. After the civil war de los Ríos left the Spanish embassy on 31 March 1939 to accept the offer of a professorship from Alvin Saunders Johnson , rector of

1340-555: The University of Jena and University of Marburg . During this trip he first became aware of socialism. Back in Madrid in 1910 del Río met Pablo Iglesias Posse , leader of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE, Partido Socialista Obrero Español), and began contributing to his newspaper El Socialista . In 1911 he won the competition for the chair of Political Law at the University of Granada . Soon after he legally changed his name from "del Río" to "de los Ríos". On 1 July 1912 in

1407-578: The caliphate of Córdoba , Ronda became the capital of a small kingdom ruled by the Berber Banu Ifran , the taifa of Ronda . During this period, Ronda gained most of its Islamic architectural heritage. In 1065, Ronda was conquered by the taifa of Seville led by Abbad II al-Mu'tadid . Both the poet Abu al-Baqa ar-Rundi (1204–1285) and the Sufi scholar Ibn Abbad al-Rundi (1333–1390) were born in Ronda. The Islamic domination of Ronda ended in 1485, when it

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1474-666: The expulsion of the Jews from Spain in 1492. In the fashion world, Italian designer Giorgio Armani specially designed the bullfighting costume called ‘Goyesco’ for famed bullfighter Cayetano Rivera Ordóñez on the occasion of the Corrida Goyesca that took place on September 6, 2009, in Ronda. Cayetano's suit of lights was in the Goyaesque style, comprising a jacket, trousers, and cloak in techno-satin. The three pieces were embroidered with sequins, small glitter stones, and thread, all matching

1541-516: The 1933–36 legislature he was a member of the committees of State and Statutes. After the brutal suppression of the Asturian miners' strike of 1934 de los Ríos was part of the investigatory committee which established proof of torture by the army. In 1935 he resigned from the PSOE Executive Committee due to a disagreement with Largo Caballero over the party's policy of alliances. De los Ríos

1608-539: The Assembly: Largo Caballero, Lucio Martínez, Santiago Pérez, Francisco Núñez Tomás, Fernando de los Ríos and Manuel Llaneza. The PSOE and the UGT convened extraordinary sessions to consider the problems associated with the National Assembly. A resolution by the PSOE National Committee was approved on 8 October that said, The PSOE protests with all its energy and without the slightest reservation against

1675-483: The Bell Tolls , describing the 1936 execution of Fascist sympathisers in a (fictional) village who are thrown off a cliff, is considered to be modeled on actual events of the time in Ronda. Ronda is situated in a mountainous area about 750 m (2,460 ft) above mean sea level . The inner relief is gentle and includes areas of pastureland and vegetable and cereal growing areas. The Guadalevín River runs through

1742-451: The British military officers to escape the summer heat of Gibraltar. The railway was built by James Morrison, an engineer, in partnership with Alexander Henderson, 1st Baron Faringdon , a financier. The station at Ronda was opened in 1892. Ronda is twinned with: Juli%C3%A1n Besteiro Julián Besteiro Fernández ( [xuˈljam besˈtejɾo] , 21 September 1870 – 27 September 1940)

1809-518: The Cortes (the Spanish Parliament) as member of the Congress of Deputies for Madrid. During the dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera , Besteiro favored collaboration by the socialists with the leader. Primo de Rivera offered UGT participation in governing the country. To a certain extent, the arrangement in the mid-1920s appeared to be a success. Opinion within the PSOE turned against Besteiro as

1876-737: The ILE. Del Río obtained the title of Doctor on 29 January 1907 with a thesis on "Political Philosophy in Plato". He won a scholarship that let him study abroad at the Sorbonne in Paris and the University of London . In London in 1907 he met the anarchist Peter Kropotkin , whom he would meet again in Russia in 1920. He also visited Belgium and Switzerland, and in 1908 won an extension scholarship that let him travel to Germany. He studied at several universities in Germany including

1943-628: The Madrid Municipal Council but did not act in this capacity due to his other duties. On 14 April 1931 he was appointed a member of the Political Committee of the Republic. He was Minister of Grace and Justice from 14 April 1931 to 16 December 1931. When he took office he said, "I do not come to confer Grace, which is eliminated from our shield, but to do justice, because we believe that until now that has not been done." On 14 April he and two other ministers were sent to Barcelona to explain

2010-437: The National Assembly in the plenary session of 29 October 1927, and this was confirmed by royal order of 6 November 1927. De los Ríos, Teodomiro Menéndez , Indalecio Prieto, Gabriel Morón, Miguel Mora Requejo and others took the position that the PSOE should work with other republicans in taking action against the dictatorship, although the majority in the party was opposed to such an alliance. In 1928 Fernando de los Ríos joined

2077-543: The PSOE in the Communist International. Their trip lasted from 17 October to 13 December 1920. While in Moscow de los Ríos met Lenin, who answered a question by de los Ríos about the compatibility between personal freedom and the length of the dictatorship of the proletariat with the often-quoted answer, "Freedom, for what?". De los Rios, who believed in a Fabian -humanist form of socialism, told his hosts in Russia that

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2144-672: The PSOE and UGT in February 1931, Besteiro resigned as President of both the party and the union. (Note: Paul Preston writes that Besteiro resigned as president of the union in 1934. ) In 1931 he was elected a councillor of the Madrid town council. Still serving in the Cortes Generales after the establishment of the Second Spanish Republic in 1931, Besteiro was elected Speaker of the Constituent Cortes , empowered to draft

2211-558: The PSOE in 1918 and aligned himself with moderates in the party such as Julián Besteiro and Luis Araquistáin . He was a tireless speaker and gained prominence in the party ranks due to his intellectual status. De los Ríos was PSOE candidate for Deputy for Granada in 1918 and 1919. He was elected deputy for Granada on 1 June 1919. He accompanied Francisco Largo Caballero and Araquistáin to the conference in Washington, D.C. in October 1919 where

2278-721: The PSOE should have the right to pick and choose from the Twenty-one Conditions , and should be completely independent of Moscow. This was completely unacceptable to the Bolsheviks , who were engaged in an existential struggle in the Russian Civil War . At the PSOE Extraordinary Congress in April 1921 Anguiano gave a positive report on the Moscow visit and de los Ríos gave a negative report. The congress voted to reject

2345-508: The Primo de Rivera regime became more unpopular during the economic downturn as part of the Great Depression . By the mid-1930s, Besteiro became politically isolated in his opinions on collaboration. This was opposed by the republican front established by the Pact of San Sebastián . Bestiero had also opposed the participation of UGT in the 15 December 1930 general strike. At a joint meeting of

2412-521: The Republic , Besteiro decided to work to achieve peace and stop the resistance. He contacted Colonel Segismundo Casado . On 5 March Besteiro announced the creation of the National Defence Council ( Consejo Nacional de Defensa ). The uprising against the government of Juan Negrín and its Communist Party of Spain allies succeeded, at the cost of nearly 2,000 lives. (See Beevor (2006), Chapter 34, passim, The Battle for Spain .) After

2479-784: The Twenty-one Conditions demanded by Moscow. Supporters of the Third International left the PSOE and formed the Spanish Communist Workers Party , which combined with the Spanish Communist Party to form the Communist Party of Spain . De los Ríos was PSOE candidate for Deputy for Madrid in 1920, but was not elected. In 1921 he published Mi Viaje a la Rusia sovietista , a book that described his trip to Russia. A second edition came out in October 1922 and

2546-431: The University of Madrid on 4 April 1933. The invitation was seen by the left as atonement for the expulsion of the Jews from Spain and as a challenge to the German persecution of the Jews. The right-wing press saw it as further evidence of a Jewish-bolshevist conspiracy. De los Ríos was Minister of State (Foreign Minister) from 12 June 1933 to 12 September 1933. He was reelected as Deputy for Granada on 19 November 1933. In

2613-507: The base first of guerrilla warriors, then of numerous bandits, whose deeds inspired artists such as Washington Irving , Prosper Mérimée , and Gustave Doré . In the 19th century, the economy of Ronda was mainly based on agricultural activities. In 1918, the city was the seat of the Assembly of Ronda , in which the Andalusian flag, coat of arms, and anthem were designed. Ronda's Romero family—from Francisco , born in 1698, to his son Juan, to his famous grandson Pedro , who died in 1839—played

2680-449: The city of my dreams, and I have finally found it in Ronda" and "Nothing is more startling in Spain than this wild and mountainous city.") Hemingway's novel For Whom the Bell Tolls describes the execution of Nationalist sympathizers early in the Spanish Civil War. The Republicans murder the Nationalists by throwing them from cliffs in an Andalusian village, and Hemingway allegedly based the account on killings that took place in Ronda at

2747-492: The city, dividing it in two and carving out the steep, 100-plus-meter-deep El Tajo canyon above which the city perches. The Spanish fir is endemic to the mountains surrounding Ronda. American artists Ernest Hemingway and Orson Welles spent many summers in Ronda as part-time residents of Ronda's old-town quarter called La Ciudad. Both wrote about Ronda's beauty and famous bullfighting traditions. Their collective accounts have contributed to Ronda's popularity over time. In

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2814-405: The city. Ronda was part of the Visigoth realm until 713, when it fell to the Umayyad troops, who named it Hisn al-Rundah ("Castle of Rundah") and made it the capital of the Takurunna province . It was the hometown of the polymath Abbas ibn Firnas (810–887), an inventor , engineer , alleged aviator , chemist , physician , Muslim poet, and Andalusian musician . After the disintegration of

2881-402: The civil war and the upheavals that followed, including the Granada Centre of Arabic Studies, the Madrid Centre of Arabic Studies, the Seville Centre of Spanish American Studies and the International Summer University of Santander . The International University, founded in 1932, incorporated the progressive liberal ideals of Giner's Institución Libre de Enseñanza. De los Ríos was concerned about

2948-496: The cliffs of El Tajo . Orson Welles said he was inspired by his frequent trips to Spain and Ronda (e.g. his unfinished film about Don Quixote ). After he died in 1985, his ashes were buried in a well on the rural property of his friend, retired bullfighter Antonio Ordóñez . English writer George Eliot 's book Daniel Deronda ("Daniel of Ronda") tells the story of a Spanish Jew brought up as an Englishman. Some speculation existed that Eliot's ancestors had lived in Ronda prior to

3015-438: The colour of the background fabric. Ronda was used as the setting for the flower market in the 2017 animated movie Ferdinand . Ronda is accessible via highways ( Autovía A-374 ) and by rail from Algeciras and from Córdoba . A direct train from Madrid to Ronda operates twice daily. The single-track railway between Ronda and Algeciras was built between 1890 and 1892 by the Algeciras Gibraltar Railway Company . It enabled

3082-496: The dictatorial regime that has prevailed for four years. It also protests against the creation of the A.N. [National Assembly], in which no militant in our ranks will be able to take part, congratulating itself in thus agreeing with the resolution adopted yesterday in the same sense by the Unión General de Trabajadores. And it declares the imperative need for the country to be governed by sincere and comprehensive standards of freedom that allow development of our ideals, and agrees that in

3149-403: The fall of Madrid to the Nationalists on 28 March 1939, Besteiro was arrested by Francoist forces. On 8 July he faced a court martial and was sentenced to thirty years. He was imprisoned first in the Trappist monastery in Dueñas, Palencia , until the end of August 1939. He was transferred to the prison of Carmona, Andalusia . He died in prison the following year. Besteiro was buried in

3216-563: The first decades of the 20th century, the famous German poet Rainer Maria Rilke spent extended periods in Ronda, including three months at the Hotel Reina Victoria (built in 1906) between December 1912 and February 1913; his room remains to this day as he left it, a minimuseum of Rilkeana. According to the hotel's publicity, Rilke wrote (though probably not in Spanish) He buscado por todas partes la ciudad soñada, y al fin la he encontrado en Ronda and No hay nada más inesperado en España que esta ciudad salvaje y montañera ("I have sought everywhere

3283-477: The governance of Spain the national will should be faithfully reflected, which is often invoked but is not consulted by democratic procedures that make known the people's true designs and oblige the government to respect them. De los Ríos and four regional delegates formed a minority in the PSOE that voted against having a Socialist accept the position of Councilor of State, but on 25 October Largo Caballero accepted this post. De los Ríos announced his resignation from

3350-431: The government position to Francesc Macià , who in the euphoric mood of the time had declared Catalonia an independent state within an Iberian federation. He succeeded in persuading Maciá that this was irresponsible. De los Ríos was elected deputy for Granada on 28 June 1931. While at the Ministry of Grace and Justice de los Ríos tactfully resolved the conflict caused by the challenge made by Cardinal Segura . Article 26 of

3417-430: The last outpost of Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula , Granada , was conquered, the Spanish decreed that all Muslims must either vacate the peninsula without their belongings or convert. Many people overtly converted to keep their possessions while secretly practicing their religion. Muslims who converted were called Moriscos . They were required to wear upon their caps and turbans a blue crescent. Traveling without

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3484-451: The leadership of Al-Fihrey. Al-Fihrey's soldiers defeated the Spanish army sent to suppress them under the leadership of Alfonso de Aguilar. The massacre of the Spaniards prompted Phillip II to order the expulsion of all Moriscos in Ronda. In the early 19th century, the Napoleonic invasion and the subsequent Peninsular War caused much suffering in Ronda, whose inhabitants were reduced from 15,600 to 5,000 in three years. Ronda's area became

3551-559: The majority of the party led by Besteiro agreed to take advantage of the possibilities offered by the dictatorship, leaving de los Ríos and Indalecio Prieto in a minority. Prieto left the executive but de los Ríos remained, despite protests. In 1925 de los Ríos joined the Freemasons with the symbolic name of "Jugan". He was a member of the "Alhambra nº 34" Freemasons lodge in Granada where he reached grade 33. In 1926 he published El sentido humanista del socialismo ( The Humanist Sense of Socialism ) in which he argued that moral redemption of

3618-429: The new constitution restricted the power of the religious orders by sharply curtailing their role in education and forcing them to register their income and property. In the heated parliamentary debate over this article in early October 1931 de los Ríos tried to counter the anticlerical tone by pointing out the valuable charitable and medical work of the Church. Manuel Azaña responded by attacking use of these functions as

3685-444: The party. Before taking up his chair in Granada, on 19 September 1911 he became a student at the Centro de Estudios Históricos (Center for Historical Studies), a school associated with the ILE. He moved to Granada and started teaching at the university in October 1912. One of his students was Federico García Lorca . De los Ríos loved music. When she was ten years old his daughter Laura sang at Lorca's home in an Epiphany puppet play. As

3752-473: The situation of the Sephardic Jews of Greece and the eastern Mediterranean, descendants of the Jews expelled from Spain in 1492 by the Alhambra Decree of Isabella I of Castile , and was interested in facilitating their return to Spain. He worked with Ramón Pérez de Ayala , Spanish Ambassador in Great Britain, and Abraham Yahuda , professor of Hebrew in Madrid, to persuade Albert Einstein to move to Spain. The Cabinet approved an endowed chair for Einstein at

3819-405: The socialists' taking part in the armed uprising of October 1934 . In February 1936, Besteiro won the highest number of votes of any candidate in Madrid in the Popular Front elections. Throughout this period, Besteiro had continued to work in the University of Madrid as a Dean of the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, as well as to carry out his duties as a parliamentary deputy and councillor of

3886-420: The student strike caused by recognition of degrees issued by private schools sanctioned by the government, which were mainly run by the Catholic Church . In 1929 he accompanied Federico García Lorca in his trip to the United States. After the fall of Primo de Rivera in March 1930 he was reinstated in his chair in the University of Granada. He moved to Madrid in 1930 and was chosen as Professor of Political Law at

3953-441: The town council in Madrid. After the Spanish Civil War broke out in 1936, and against the urgings of friends, he refused to leave Madrid and seek exile. Manuel Azaña , the Spanish Republican president, chose Besteiro as the representative to the coronation of the new British King George VI in London on 12 May 1937. Besteiro believed it was to be a peace mission. There he met with Sir Anthony Eden to seek British aid in ending

4020-462: The war, which had attracted German and Russian support of the opposing sides, but no significant results followed. After the failure of his mission in London, Besteiro returned to work on the town council of Madrid but withdrew from other official public life. He stopped attending the Agrupación Socialista Madrileña and the parliamentary group meetings. With the news of the fall of Barcelona on 26 January 1939 and Azaña's resignation as President of

4087-462: The workers must precede economic redemption, and a long period of education was needed before the workers could achieve power. He described socialism as a way to "refresh and spiritualize souls ... to open wide the floodgates of the sentiment, buried these days, of the religiosity of life. On 12 September 1927 de los Ríos was appointed to the National Assembly as a "Representative of Activities of National Life". The government appointed six socialists to

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4154-435: Was a Spanish socialist politician, elected to the Cortes Generales and in 1931 as Speaker of the Constituent Cortes of the Spanish Republic . He also was elected several times to the town council of Madrid. During the same period, he was a university professor of philosophy and logic, and dean of the department at the University of Madrid . He was imprisoned after the Civil War and died in jail. Born in Madrid , he

4221-442: Was a member of the PSOE Executive Committee. In 1920 de los Ríos represented the socialists of Granada, Montefrío and Motril and the Sociedad Agrícola of Motril (Granada) in the PSOE Extraordinary Congress. At the July 1920 PSOE congress de los Ríos proposed that the PSOE should join the Communist International only if defined conditions were met. He and Daniel Anguiano were appointed to visit Soviet Russia to discuss membership of

4288-399: Was again elected Deputy for Granada on 16 February 1936. In the 1936–39 legislature de los Ríos was a member of the committees of State and Public Education. At the time of the military revolt of 18 July 1936 he was teaching a summer course in Geneva. The government directed him to move to Paris, where he and Luis Jiménez de Asúa were in charge of the Spanish Embassy during the first months of

4355-425: Was conquered by Rodrigo Ponce de León, Duke of Cádiz after a brief siege. Subsequently, most of the city's old edifices were renewed or adapted to Christian roles, while numerous others were built in newly created quarters such as Mercadillo and San Francisco. The Plaza de Toros de Ronda was founded in the town in 1572. The Spanish Inquisition affected the Muslims living in Spain greatly. Shortly after 1492, when

4422-452: Was educated in the Institución Libre de Enseñanza , and studied in the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters at the University of Madrid , as well as at the Sorbonne in 1896, the Universities of Munich , Berlin and Leipzig in 1909–1910. In 1908, he joined the Partido Radical (Radical Party) established by Alejandro Lerroux . A member of the Republican Union , he was elected municipal councillor of Toledo on 8 November 1903. He became

4489-464: Was four years old. Fernando del Río later recalled summer holidays in Cádiz where he went for walks with the Andalusian anarchist Fermín Salvochea . Del Rio attended primary school in Ronda and studied for his baccalaureate at the Real Colegio de Nuestra Señora de la Asunción (Royal School of Our Lady of the Assumption) in Córdoba . The family then moved to Madrid at the advice of his distant uncle Francisco Giner de los Ríos . His uncle had founded

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