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26-768: José Canalejas Liberal José Canalejas Liberal The 1910 Spanish general election was held on Sunday, 8 May (for the Congress of Deputies ) and on Sunday, 22 May 1910 (for the Senate ), to elect the 14th Cortes of the Kingdom of Spain in the Restoration period . All 404 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 180 of 360 seats in the Senate. The Spanish Cortes were envisaged as "co-legislative bodies", based on

52-470: A snap election . There was no constitutional requirement for simultaneous elections for the Congress and the Senate, nor for the elective part of the Senate to be renewed in its entirety except in the case that a full dissolution was agreed by the monarch. Still, there was only one case of a separate election (for the Senate in 1877) and no half-Senate elections taking place under the 1876 Constitution. The Cortes were officially dissolved on 14 April 1910, with

78-520: A key role in the system of el turno pacífico (English: the Peaceful Turn ) by appointing and dismissing governments and allowing the opposition to take power. Under this system, the major political parties of the time, the conservatives and the liberals —characterized as elite parties with loose structures and dominated by internal factions led by powerful individuals—alternated in power by means of election rigging , which they achieved through

104-417: A municipality and in full enjoyment of their civil rights. Amendments to the electoral law in 1907 introduced compulsory voting , though those older than 70, the clergy, first instance judges and public notaries were exempt from this obligation. For the Congress of Deputies, 98 seats were elected using a partial block voting system in 28 multi-member constituencies, with the remaining 306 being elected under

130-463: A nearly perfect bicameral system. Both the Congress of Deputies and the Senate had legislative, control and budgetary functions, sharing equal powers except for laws on contributions or public credit, where the Congress had preeminence. Voting for the Cortes was on the basis of universal manhood suffrage , which comprised all national males over 25 years of age, having at least a two-year residency in

156-606: A one-round first-past-the-post system in single-member districts. Candidates winning a plurality in each constituency were elected. In constituencies electing ten seats or more, electors could vote for no more than four candidates less than the number of seats to be allocated; in those with more than eight seats and up to ten, for no more than three less; in those with more than four seats and up to eight, for no more than two less; in those with more than one seat and up to four, for no more than one less; and for one candidate in single-member districts. Additionally, in those districts where

182-565: Is an academic institution and learned society that was founded in Madrid in 1847. It is dedicated to the study and research of mathematics , physics , chemistry , biology , engineering , and related sciences. The forerunner of the modern Academy of Sciences, the Academy of Mathematics, was created in Madrid in 1582, during the reign of Philip II . It evolved from the environment of cooperation among

208-581: The encasillado , using the links between the Ministry of Governance , the provincial civil governors and the local bosses ( caciques ) to ensure victory and exclude minor parties from the power sharing. Jos%C3%A9 Canalejas y M%C3%A9ndez Son of a railway engineer, politician and editor of the newspaper El Eco Ferrolano José Canalejas y Casas and of María del Amparo Méndez Romero. He moved with his family to Madrid, and in October 1867 he enrolled in

234-543: The Instituto San Isidro , "because at that time the incorporated schools could not teach the last two years of the six which made up the baccalaureate ». Already at the Central University of Madrid , he obtained the degrees of Law in 1871 and Philosophy in 1872, and the degree of doctor in both faculties. In 1873 he was assistant professor, but failed in two chair examinations, so he left teaching. He joined

260-601: The Royal Alcazar of Madrid , and shortly afterwards in its own building nearby "at the entrance to Baldanú, in la calle del Tesoro". The same space is occupied today by the opera house , the Teatro Real . Due to extensive changes in the royal offices, in 1612 the institution moved to the home of the Marquis of Leganes , with its facade on the " wide calle of San Bernardo " where it carried out its activities until about 1630, when all

286-720: The Sagasta Ministry weak and "incapable of safeguarding the Sovereignty of the State in view of the encroachments of the Vatican". He served as President of the Congress of Deputies (the equivalent to the Anglo-Saxon office of parliamentary Speaker) from 1906 to 1907. In 1909, after the bloody confrontations of the " Tragic Week " in Barcelona, Antonio Maura resigned and Segismundo Moret

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312-478: The cosmographers , architects and civil engineers that served the monarch, and also involved prominent artillery experts and military engineers. The initiative was motivated by an interest that existed in the Spain of the late sixteenth century in promoting the teaching of mathematics with an eye to its practical applications in areas as diverse as mercantile calculation, cosmography , astrology on one hand, and

338-631: The Royal Society of Sciences of Madrid was drawn up. This project and the Academy collapsed with the fall of Ensenada in 1754 and there was no attempt to revive it until February 7, 1834: a decree for the creation of the Royal Academy of Science in Madrid, subsequently replaced by the Royal Decree for the creation of the Academy of Mathematics, Physics and Natural Sciences, on 25 February 1847. It carried out its first activities in various locations (in

364-450: The art of navigation and specific problems relating to military skills and construction techniques on the other. The idea of founding the Academy of Mathematics originated with Juan de Herrera , who was also its first director (1583–1597). It was founded in Lisbon in accordance with documents issued on December 25, 1582, and began functioning in October of the following year in offices of

390-679: The company of the Railways of Madrid to Ciudad Real and Badajoz, where he became secretary general and He defended the company as a lawyer in lawsuits with other Spanish railway companies. In 1881, Canalejas was elected deputy for Soria . Two years later, he was appointed under-secretary for the Prime Minister's department under Posada Herrera ; he became minister of justice in 1888 and finance from 1894 to 1895. A brief spell as Minister of Agriculture, Industry and Commerce from March to May 1902 ended after only two months, when he resigned as he regarded

416-508: The dissolution decree setting the election dates for 8 May (for the Congress) and 22 May 1910 (for the Senate) and scheduling for both chambers to reconvene on 15 June. The Spanish Constitution of 1876 enshrined Spain as a constitutional monarchy , awarding the monarch power to name senators and to revoke laws, as well as the title of commander-in-chief of the army. The monarch would also play

442-484: The elective part of the Senate—expired five years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. The previous Congress and Senate elections were held on 21 April and 5 May 1907, which meant that the legislature's terms would have expired on 21 April and 5 May 1912, respectively. The monarch had the prerogative to dissolve both chambers at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call

468-1118: The first class; Captain Generals of the Army and the Navy Admiral ; the Patriarch of the Indies and archbishops ; and the presidents of the Council of State , the Supreme Court , the Court of Auditors , the Supreme War Council and the Supreme Council of the Navy, after two years of service—as well as senators for life (who were appointed by the Monarch). The term of each chamber of the Cortes—the Congress and one-half of

494-454: The number of candidates was equal or less than the number of seats up for election, candidates were to be automatically elected. The Congress was entitled to one member per each 50,000 inhabitants, with each multi-member constituency being allocated a fixed number of seats. The law also provided for by-elections to fill seats vacated throughout the legislature. As a result of the aforementioned allocation, each Congress multi-member constituency

520-614: The power of independent political bosses , quite common at the time, especially in rural areas; to weaken excesses of Catholic educational clericalism without threatening the Catholic Church as such; and to turn Spain into a true democracy . These policies successfully faced the social turmoil that radicals had been creating within Spain (and which had led, in 1909, to a brief but bloody unrest in Barcelona ). On 12 November 1912, while Canalejas

546-577: The property, income and instruments of the Academy were transferred to the Imperial College. Later, with the flowering in Europe during the seventeenth century of academies in the scientific sphere, the Royal Academy of Medicine and Natural Science was founded in 1734. Soon afterwards the Marquis of Ensenada ordered Jorge Juan to divide it into independent branches, and in 1752 the Ordinance Plan for

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572-559: The remaining provinces was allocated three seats, for a total of 150. The remaining 30 were allocated to special districts comprising a number of institutions, electing one seat each—the archdioceses of Burgos , Granada , Santiago de Compostela , Seville , Tarragona , Toledo , Valencia , Valladolid and Zaragoza ; the Royal Spanish Academy ; the royal academies of History , Fine Arts of San Fernando , Exact and Natural Sciences , Moral and Political Sciences and Medicine ;

598-503: The universities of Madrid , Barcelona , Granada , Oviedo , Salamanca , Santiago , Seville , Valencia , Valladolid and Zaragoza ; and the economic societies of Friends of the Country from Madrid, Barcelona, León , Seville and Valencia. An additional 180 seats comprised senators in their own right—the Monarch 's offspring and the heir apparent once coming of age ; Grandees of Spain of

624-646: Was again appointed prime minister. Moret was forced to resign in February 1910 when he was replaced by Canalejas who became Prime Minister and chief of the Liberal party. Moret denounced the Canalejas Ministry as "a democratic flag being used to cover reactionary merchandise". While in office, Canalejas (with the support of his sovereign, Alfonso XIII ) introduced several electoral reforms that aimed to win working-class support for moderately conservative policies; to curb

650-468: Was entitled the following seats: For the Senate, 180 seats were indirectly elected by the local councils and major taxpayers, with electors voting for delegates instead of senators. Elected delegates—equivalent in number to one-sixth of the councillors in each local council—would then vote for senators using a write-in , two-round majority voting system. The provinces of Barcelona , Madrid and Valencia were allocated four seats each, whereas each of

676-752: Was window-shopping the literary novelties of the day from a bookstore in central Madrid , he was fatally shot by anarchist Manuel Pardiñas . Canalejas believed in the possibility of a monarchy open to a thoroughgoing democratic policy both in economic and in civil and political matters. Salvador de Madariaga , the liberal historian, argued that the disasters Spain experienced during the 1930s could be traced to Canalejas' murder, given that this murder deprived King Alfonso of one of his few genuine statesmen. [REDACTED] Media related to José Canalejas at Wikimedia Commons Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences The Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences ( Spanish : Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales )

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