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43-464: In-universe, Zzzax was created by accident during a terrorist act. Zzzax is a being of pure electricity who can absorb and discharge powerful currents of electricity. Its size and strength depend on the amount of electricity absorbed. It can also absorb human brain energy, temporarily taking on the personality of the victim. Debuting in the title The Incredible Hulk (vol. 2), Zzzax is a humanoid creature formed from electricity by an act of sabotage at

86-578: A Con Ed nuclear power plant in New York City . A group of terrorists destroying the dynamos started a chain reaction that caused a rapid buildup of energy, which takes on a life of its own, absorbing the minds of them and several engineers. By using the electrical energy from their brains, the entity achieves humanoid form and sentience . Calling itself Zzzax, the entity fights the Hulk and Hawkeye before being defeated. The character returns and attacks

129-500: A superconducting sample, which can be considered either as a perfect diamagnet or an ideally hard superconductor , easily levitates in an ambient external magnetic field. The superconductor is cooled with liquid nitrogen to levitate on top of a magnet becoming super diamagnetic. In a powerful magnetic field utilizing diamagnetic levitation , even small live animals have been levitated. It is possible to levitate pyrolytic graphite by placing thin squares of it above four cube magnets with

172-409: A large number of magnets. Due to the lack of friction on the guide rails, they are faster, quieter, and smoother than wheeled mass transit systems. Electrodynamic suspension uses AC magnetic fields. In electrostatic levitation an electric field is used to counteract gravitational force. Some spiders shoot silk into the air to ride Earth's electric field. In aerodynamic levitation, the levitation

215-417: A levitating force. Optical levitation is a technique in which a material is levitated against the downward force of gravity by an upward force stemming from photon momentum transfer ( radiation pressure ). Gases at high pressure can have a density exceeding that of some solids. Thus they can be used to levitate solid objects through buoyancy . Noble gases are preferred for their non-reactivity. Xenon

258-410: A levitation force instead of allowing an entire experiment to freefall. Magnetic levitation is the most commonly seen and used form of levitation. This form of levitation occurs when an object is suspended using magnetic fields. Diamagnetic materials are commonly used for demonstration purposes. In this case the returning force appears from the interaction with the screening currents . For example,

301-399: A new #1 and lasted 15 issues (Dec. 2011 – Dec. 2012). In November 2012, Marvel announced it would publish a new Hulk title, Indestructible Hulk , by writer Mark Waid and artist Leinil Yu . Hulk (vol. 2) became Red She-Hulk with issue #58 (Dec. 2012). In 2017, The Incredible Hulk was relaunched with issue #709 with the series using "legacy numbering". However, the main character

344-465: A new version of the Hulk, whose alter-ego is Rick Jones . Ross relinquishes control of the entity soon after saving his daughter Betty Ross Banner , realizing that his actions had risked lives. Zzzax battles Iron Man in the title Marvel Comics Presents and Cable in the hero's self-titled series. The entity reappears in the title New Avengers and participates in the mass escape by supervillains from

387-499: A research center in Chicago . The Hulk battles the entity to a standstill before several scientists shut down the process that recreates Zzzax. Zzzax reappears in Luke Cage, Power Man , and hunts down the men responsible for its last defeat. Power Man defeats the entity, but not before it kills one of the scientists. Zzzax returns to confront an intelligent version of the monster possessing

430-512: A smaller stabilizing force that pushes the object toward a home position whenever it is a small distance away from that home position. The force can be a fundamental force such as magnetic or electrostatic, or it can be a reactive force such as optical, buoyant, aerodynamic, or hydrodynamic. Levitation excludes floating at the surface of a liquid because the liquid provides direct mechanical support. Levitation excludes hovering flight by insects, hummingbirds, helicopters, rockets, and balloons because

473-428: A standard comic book rather than as a comics magazine. Following David's departure, Joe Casey took over as writer until this series ended with The Incredible Hulk (vol. 2) #474 (March 1999). The first volume of the shorter-titled Hulk began immediately the following month, scripted by Byrne and penciled by Ron Garney . Erik Larsen and Jerry Ordway briefly took over scripting and with issue #12 (March 2000)

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516-428: A thin gas film formed by gas flow through a porous membrane. Using this technique, high temperature melts can be kept clean from contamination and be supercooled. A common example in general usage includes air hockey , where the puck is lifted by a thin layer of air. Hovercraft also use this technique, producing a large region of high-pressure air underneath them. Acoustic levitation uses sound waves to provide

559-513: Is achieved by floating the object on a stream of gas, either produced by the object or acting on the object. For example, a ping pong ball can be levitated with the stream of air from a vacuum cleaner set on "blow" - exploiting the Coandă effect which keeps it stable in the airstream. With enough thrust, very large objects can be levitated using this method. This technique enables the levitation of an object against gravitational force by floating it on

602-456: Is the densest non-radioactive noble gas, at 5.894g/L. Xenon has been used to levitate polyethylene , at a pressure of 154atm. Scientists have discovered a way of levitating ultra small objects by manipulating the Casimir force , which normally causes objects to stick together due to forces predicted by quantum field theory . This is, however, only possible for micro-objects. Magnetic levitation

645-494: Is used to suspend trains without touching the track. This permits very high speeds, and greatly reduces the maintenance requirements for tracks and vehicles, as little wear occurs. This also means there is no friction, so the only force acting against it is air resistance. Scientists have levitated frogs, grasshoppers, and mice by means of powerful electromagnets utilizing superconductors, producing diamagnetic repulsion of body water. The mice acted confused at first, but adapted to

688-680: The Marvel Comics superhero the Hulk and his alter ego Dr. Bruce Banner . First published in May 1962, the series ran for six issues before it was canceled in March 1963, and the Hulk character began appearing in Tales to Astonish . With issue #102, Tales to Astonish was renamed to The Incredible Hulk in April 1968, becoming its second volume. The series continued to run until issue #474 in March 1999. In April 1999, it

731-532: The book, he liked my ideas so much. I did, and once installed he immediately changed his mind—'You can't do this!' Six issues was as much as I could take." Byrne's final issue featured the wedding of Bruce Banner and Betty Ross . Byrne had done a seventh issue, consisting entirely of one-panel pages. It was eventually published in Marvel Fanfare #29. Al Milgrom briefly succeeded Byrne before new regular writer Peter David took over with issue #331 (May 1987),

774-424: The character Wolverine , who would go on to become one of Marvel Comics' most popular. The original art for the comic book page that introduced Wolverine sold for $ 657,250 in May 2014. Key supporting characters included Jim Wilson and Jarella , both of whom would make few appearances outside of this decade. In 1977, Marvel launched a second title, The Rampaging Hulk , a black-and-white comics magazine. This

817-503: The day, but the Immortal Hulk will resurrect at night and take vengeance. Levitation (physics) Levitation (from Latin levitas , lit.   ' lightness ' ) is the process by which an object is held aloft in a stable position, without mechanical support via any physical contact. Levitation is accomplished by providing an upward force that counteracts the pull of gravity (in relation to gravity on earth), plus

860-421: The energy from human brainwaves , thus becoming dependent upon them. While incinerating the victim, it would temporarily take on his or her personality traits. This extends control to their nervous systems via electric currents. Only its foe, the Hulk has proven unaffected by this ability. Zzzax's size and strength increases in direct quality for the electricity it needs to feed. It is also capable of hovering . At

903-558: The holding facility the Raft . The title Sensational She-Hulk reveals the character has been contained by S.H.I.E.L.D. After briefly escaping and turning the defense systems of the organization's Helicarrier against its agents (including the Life Model Decoys), it is recaptured by the She-Hulk. The Mighty Avengers later apprehend Zzzax when it attacks New Delhi. Zzzax later appears in

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946-566: The introduction to the Hulk trade paperback Beauty and the Behemoth , David said that his wife had recently left him, providing inspiration for the storyline. Marvel executives used Ross' death as an opportunity to push the idea of bringing back the Savage Hulk. David disagreed, leading to his parting ways with Marvel. His last issue of The Incredible Hulk was (vol. 2) #467 (Aug. 1998), his 137th. Also in 1998, Marvel relaunched The Rampaging Hulk as

989-544: The mind of Bruce Banner , but is quickly defeated. Mephisto later reforms the entity in the miniseries Secret Wars II , although the Thing defeats it. In the title West Coast Avengers , Zzzax teams with fundamental force villains Graviton ; Quantum and Halflife , but is again short-circuited by Hawkeye. S.H.I.E.L.D. later captured Zzzax and transported it to Gamma Base . General Thunderbolt Ross arranges for his mind to be transferred into Zzzax's body and battles

1032-482: The north poles forming one diagonal and south poles forming the other diagonal. Researchers have even successfully levitated (non-magnetic) liquid droplets surrounded by paramagnetic fluids. The process of such inverse magnetic levitation is usually referred to as Magneto-Archimedes effect. Magnetic levitation is in development for use for transportation systems. For example, the Maglev includes trains that are levitated by

1075-524: The object is disturbed, it might oscillate around its final position, but its motion eventually decreases to zero due to damping effects. (In a turbulent flow, the object might oscillate indefinitely.) Levitation techniques are useful tools in physics research. For example, levitation methods are useful for high-temperature melt property studies because they eliminate the problem of reaction with containers and allow deep undercooling of melts. The containerless conditions may be obtained by opposing gravity with

1118-485: The object provides its own counter-gravity force. Levitation (on Earth or any planetoid) requires an upward force that cancels out the weight of the object, so that the object does not fall (accelerate downward) or rise (accelerate upward). For positional stability, any small displacement of the levitating object must result in a small change in force in the opposite direction. the small changes in force can be accomplished by gradient field(s) or by active regulation. If

1161-445: The ongoing series on hiatus. Peter David, who had initially signed a contract for the six-issue Tempest Fugit limited series, returned as writer when it was decided to make that story the first five parts of the revived volume three. After a four-part tie-in to the House of M crossover and a one-issue epilogue , David left the series once more, citing the need to do non-Hulk work for

1204-560: The point whereby water - a primary weakness - could short-circuit or evaporate Zzzax before touching it. Zzzax appears in Heroes United: Iron Man & Hulk , voiced by Dee Bradley Baker . This version was created by HYDRA scientists Dr. Cruler and Dr. Fump. Zzzax appears in Marvel Avengers Alliance . The Incredible Hulk (comic book) The Incredible Hulk is an ongoing comic book series featuring

1247-426: The sake of his career. In 2006, writer Greg Pak took over the series. With issue #113 (Feb. 2008), it was retitled The Incredible Hercules , still written by Pak but starring the mythological demigod Hercules and teenage genius Amadeus Cho . Concurrently, Marvel launched Hulk (vol. 2), written by Jeph Loeb and drawn by Ed McGuinness . While continuing to publish Hulk (vol. 2), Marvel also relaunched

1290-581: The second 1960s Hulk series with The Incredible Hulk (vol. 2) #600 (Sept. 2009). With the arrival of the Red Hulk —a transformed General "Thunderbolt" Ross, the Hulk's longtime nemesis—and the Red She-Hulk —the revived Betty Ross—this series was retitled Incredible Hulks with issue #612 (Nov. 2010). This lasted through issue #635 (Oct. 2011). Yet another Hulk series, The Incredible Hulk vol. 4, written by Jason Aaron and drawn by Marc Silvestri , began with

1333-458: The series was restarted as The Incredible Hulk vol. 3 New series writer Paul Jenkins developed the Hulk's multiple personalities, and his run was followed by Bruce Jones . Jones' storyline featuring Banner being pursued by a secret conspiracy and aided by the mysterious Mr. Blue. Jones appended his 43-issues of Incredible Hulk with the limited series Hulk/Thing: Hard Knocks #1–4 (Nov. 2004 – Feb. 2005), which Marvel published after putting

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1376-406: The series, and had held off so that he could make the readers have an emotional attachment to the grey Hulk. David worked with numerous artists over his run on the series, including Dale Keown , Todd McFarlane , Sam Kieth , Gary Frank , Liam Sharp , Terry Dodson , Mike Deodato , George Pérez , and Adam Kubert . In 1998, David followed editor Bobbie Chase's suggestion to kill Betty Ross. In

1419-406: The series. After five years, Mantlo left the title to write Alpha Flight , while Alpha Flight writer John Byrne took over the series and left it after six issues, claiming, "I took on the Hulk after a discussion with editor-in-chief Jim Shooter , in which I mentioned some of the things I would like to do with that character, given the chance. He told me to do whatever was necessary to get on

1462-470: The services of MODOK Superior when it comes to him attacking the Red Hulk. During the Fear Itself storyline, Zzzax was with MODOK Superior when it comes to competing against Zero/One and Black Fog into getting to the Red Hulk first. As a being of pure electricity, Zzzax is able to absorb and generate electrical fields, as well as manipulate nearby equipment. It can grow its own intelligence by draining

1505-460: The start of an 11-year tenure. He returned to the Stern and Mantlo abuse storyline, expanding the damage caused, and depicting Banner as suffering dissociative identity disorder . In issue #377 he merged Banner, the green Hulk, and the grey Hulk into a single being with the unified personality, intelligence, and powers of all three. David claimed he had been planning this from the beginning of his tenure on

1548-594: The supervillains the Leader , who would become the Hulk's nemesis, and the Abomination , another gamma-irradiated being. Comics artist Marie Severin finished out the Hulk's run in Tales to Astonish . Beginning with issue #102 (April 1968) the book was retitled The Incredible Hulk (vol. 2) and ran until 1999, when Marvel canceled the series and restarted the title with the shorter-titled Hulk #1. The Incredible Hulk (vol. 2)

1591-539: The writing with issue #245 (March 1980). Among the adversaries Mantlo created for the series were the U-Foes and the Soviet Super-Soldiers . Mantlo's "Crossroads of Eternity" stories, which ran through issues #300–313 (Oct. 1984 – Nov.1985), explored the idea that Banner had suffered child abuse . Later, The Incredible Hulk writers Peter David and Greg Pak called these stories an influence on their approaches to

1634-551: Was Amadeus Cho instead of Bruce Banner, since Cho succeeded Banner as the Hulk as shown in the Totally Awesome Hulk series. After being killed, Marvel resurrected Bruce Banner and restored him to the ongoing series in 2018, changing the title to The Immortal Hulk and focusing on more horror-inspired tales. Al Ewing 's acclaimed run delves deeply into Peter David's dissociative identity disorder premise with an enhanced supernatural aspect. Bruce Banner can be killed during

1677-526: Was initially scripted by writer-editor Lee and illustrated by the team of penciller Steve Ditko and inker George Roussos . Other artists later in this run included Jack Kirby from #68–87 (June 1965 – Oct. 1966), doing full pencils or, more often, layouts for other artists; Gil Kane , credited as "Scott Edwards", in #76 (February 1966), his first Marvel Comics work; Bill Everett inking Kirby in #78–84 (Feb–Oct. 1966); and John Buscema penciling Kirby's layouts in #85–87. The Tales to Astonish run introduced

1720-524: Was originally conceived as a flashback series, set between the end of his original, short-lived solo title and the beginning of his feature in Tales to Astonish . After nine issues, the magazine was retitled The Hulk! and printed in color. A nine-part "continuity insert" that in many ways contradicted the original comics stories was retconned later as a movie made by an alien movie producer, Bereet who also portrayed her people as warmongering shapeshifters. Following Roger Stern , Bill Mantlo took over

1763-429: Was published through the 1970s. At times, the writers included Archie Goodwin , Chris Claremont , and Tony Isabella . Len Wein wrote the series from 1974 through 1978. Nearly all of the 1970s issues were drawn by either Herb Trimpe , who was the regular artist for seven years, or Sal Buscema , who was the regular artist for 10 years, starting with issue #194 (December 1975). Issues #180–181 (Oct.–Nov. 1974) introduced

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1806-560: Was replaced with The Indestructible Hulk as part of Marvel's Marvel NOW! relaunch). The Incredible Hulk vol. 5 was launched in August 2023. The original series was canceled with issue #6 (March 1963). Lee had written each story, with Jack Kirby penciling the first five issues and Steve Ditko penciling and inking the sixth. A year and a half after the series was canceled, the Hulk became one of two features in Tales to Astonish , beginning in issue #60 (Oct. 1964). This new Hulk feature

1849-761: Was replaced with the series Hulk which ran until February 2000 and was retitled to The Incredible Hulk ' s third volume, running from March 2000 to March 2007 when it became The Incredible Hercules with a new title character. The Incredible Hulk returned in September 2009 beginning at issue #600, which became The Incredible Hulks in November 2010 and focused on the Hulk and the modern incarnation of his expanded family. The series returned to The Incredible Hulk vol. 4 in December 2011 and ran until December 2012 (in January 2013 it

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