Zweiflingen is the smallest town in the district of Hohenlohe in Baden-Württemberg in Germany .
31-522: Zweiflingen's history traces back to the 11th century. Today it consists of 7 villages. Populated since 1037, it was then called Eichehe . The name changed to Eichech in 1357, to Aichach in 1672 and later to its current version. It is probably named after the german word of the Oak tree , "Eiche". Its border with Sindringen (today part of Forchtenberg ) was defined in 1575. In 1672, Eichach consisted of 23 houses and 10 barns . 18 Houses were destroyed because of
62-526: A list produced by Denk et al. for their 2017 classification of the genus. Species with evergreen foliage (" live oaks ") are tagged '#'. Species in the genus have been recategorized between deciduous and evergreen on numerous occasions, although this does not necessarily mean that species in the two groups are closely related. Section Mesobalanus was included in section Quercus in the 2017 classification used here. Other synonyms include Q. sect. Albae and Q. sect. Macrocarpae . The section comprises
93-621: A narrow belt along the Himalayas to cover mainland and island Southeast Asia as far as Sumatra , Java , Borneo , and Palawan . Finally, oaks of multiple sections ( Cyclobalanopsis , Ilex , Cerris , Quercus and related genera like Lithocarpus and Castanopsis ) extend across east Asia including China, Korea, and Japan. Potential records of Quercus have been reported from Late Cretaceous deposits in North America and East Asia. These are not considered definitive, as macrofossils older than
124-607: A population of 120, which makes it the smallest village in Zweiflingen. The village of Tiefensall was probably created in the 11th or 12th century, as it was first documented as Thieffensalle in 1231. Historical versions of the name include Tieffensalle (1357) and Dieffensall (1702). The name derives from the river Sall . A chapel in southern Tiefensall that stands to this day was built in 1499. 18 residential houses and 14 barns were counted in 1702. In 1819, there were 29 residential houses and 25 other buildings. Today, Tierensall has
155-417: A population of around 190. Westernbach has its origins in an early Roman settlement from the second century, of which almost nothing remains today. In 1037, two different settlements named Westernbach were mentioned, which are identical to the settlements of Upper Westernbach and Lower Westernbach (mentioned in 1505 and 1595), the two hamlets that make up Westernbach today. The current population of Westernbach
186-485: A range of flavours, colours, and aromas. The spongy bark of the cork oak is used to make traditional wine bottle corks. Almost a third of oak species are threatened with extinction due to climate change, invasive pests , and habitat loss . In culture, the oak tree is a symbol of strength and serves as the national tree of many countries. In Indo-European and related religions, the oak is associated with thunder gods . Individual oak trees of cultural significance include
217-508: A single oak tree produces both staminate ('male') flowers in the form of catkins , and small pistillate ('female') flowers, meaning that the trees are monoecious . The fruit is a nut called an acorn , borne in a cup-like structure known as a cupule ; each acorn usually contains one seed and takes 6–18 months to mature, depending on the species. The acorns and leaves contain tannic acid , which helps to guard against fungi and insects. There are some 500 extant species of oaks. Trees in
248-546: A small area of the west of Cuba ; in Mesoamerica it occurs mainly above 1000 metres. The genus crossed the isthmus of Panama when the northern and southern continents came together and is present as one species, Q. humboldtii , above 1000 metres in Colombia. The oaks of North America are of many sections ( Protobalanus , Lobatae , Ponticae , Quercus , and Virentes ) along with related genera such as Notholithocarpus . In
279-403: Is 255. Zweiflingen, which is the town's main village, was first mentioned in 1230, but is thought to have originated from a germanic settlement from around 500. Throughout the years, the village's name evolved: Zwivelingen in 1230, Zwifelingen in 1354, Zwiflingen 1357 and Zweifflingen 1672. Its borders with Orendelsall were disputed in the 16th century until they were set in 1577. In 1672,
310-521: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Oak See also List of Quercus species . An oak is a hardwood tree or shrub in the genus Quercus of the beech family . They have spirally arranged leaves, often with lobed edges, and a nut called an acorn , borne within a cup. The genus is widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere; it includes some 500 species, both deciduous and evergreen . Fossil oaks date back to
341-452: Is from Old English ac (seen in placenames such as Acton , from ac + tun , "oak village" ), which in turn is from Proto-Germanic *aiks , "oak". Oaks are hardwood ( dicotyledonous ) trees, deciduous or evergreen, with spirally arranged leaves , often with lobate margins ; some have serrated leaves or entire leaves with smooth margins. Many deciduous species are marcescent , not dropping dead leaves until spring. In spring,
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#1732892052863372-447: Is the case with many large genera , is divided into subgenera and sections . Traditionally, the genus Quercus was divided into the two subgenera Cyclobalanopsis , the ring-cupped oaks, and Quercus , which included all the other sections. However, a comprehensive revision in 2017 identified different relationships. Now the genus is commonly divided into a subgenus Quercus and a subgenus Cerris , with Cyclobalanopsis included in
403-622: The Paleogene , and possibly from before the Eocene are mostly poorly preserved without critical features for certain identification. Amongst the oldest unequivocal records of Quercus are pollen from Austria, dating to the Paleocene -Eocene boundary, around 55 million years ago. The oldest records of Quercus in North America are from Oregon , dating to the Middle Eocene, around 44 million years ago, with
434-810: The Royal Oak in Britain, the Charter Oak in the United States, and the Guernica Oak in the Basque Country . The generic name Quercus is Latin for "oak", derived from Proto-Indo-European *kwerkwu- , "oak", which is also the origin of the name " fir ", another important or sacred tree in Indo-European culture. The word "cork", for the bark of the cork oak , similarly derives from Quercus . The common name "oak"
465-466: The Thirty Years' War . In 1819, there were 28 residential houses and 26 other buildings. Today, Eichach has a population of around 164, and is therefore the second-smallest village in Zweiflingen. A well-preserved tower in the middle is occasionally used to host exhibitions. In 1612, Kraft of Hohenlohe-Neuenstein [ de ] , built a zoological garden for fallow deers and a hunting lodge. It
496-436: The oak apple , and a large number of pests and diseases. Oak leaves and acorns contain enough tannin to be toxic to cattle, but pigs are able to digest them safely. Oak timber is strong and hard, and has found many uses in construction and furniture-making. The bark was traditionally used for tanning leather . Wine barrels are made of oak; these are used for aging alcoholic beverages such as sherry and whisky , giving them
527-591: The Middle Eocene . Molecular phylogeny shows that the genus is divided into Old World and New World clades , but many oak species hybridise freely, making the genus's history difficult to resolve. Ecologically, oaks are keystone species in habitats from Mediterranean semi-desert to subtropical rainforest . They live in association with many kinds of fungi including truffles . Oaks support more than 950 species of caterpillar , many kinds of gall wasp which form distinctive galls , roundish woody lumps such as
558-687: The Old World, oaks of section Quercus extend across the whole of Europe including European Russia apart from the far north, and north Africa (north of the Sahara) from Morocco to Libya. In Mediterranean Europe, they are joined by oaks of the sections Cerris and Ilex , which extend across Turkey, the Middle East, Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan , while section Ponticae is endemic to the western Caucasus in Turkey and Georgia . Oaks of section Cyclobalanopsis extend in
589-513: The West Indies (Cuba), and Central America. A 2017 classification included seven species: Species are native to Europe, north Africa and Asia. Styles long; acorns mature in 18 months, very bitter, inside of acorn shell hairless or slightly hairy. Species in section Ilex are native to Eurasia and northern Africa . Styles medium-long; acorns mature in 12–24 months, appearing hairy on the inside. Evergreen leaves, with bristle-like extensions on
620-404: The genus Quercus consisted of Old World and New World clades. The entire genome of Quercus robur (the pedunculate oak) has been sequenced , revealing an array of mutations that may underlie the evolution of longevity and disease resistance in oaks. In addition, hundreds of oak species have been compared (at RAD-seq loci), allowing a detailed phylogeny to be constructed. However,
651-625: The genus are often large and slow-growing; Q. alba can reach an age of 600 years, a diameter of 13 feet (4.0 m) and a height of 145 feet (44 m). The Granit oak in Bulgaria, a Q. robur specimen, has an estimated age of 1637 years, making it the oldest oak in Europe. The Wi'aaSal tree, a live oak in the reservation of the Pechanga Band of Indians , California, is at least 1000 years old, and might be as much as 2000 years old, which would make it
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#1732892052863682-1220: The high signal of introgressive hybridization (the transfer of genetic material by repeated backcrossing with hybrid offspring) in the genus has made it difficult to resolve an unambiguous, unitary history of oaks. The phylogeny from Hipp et al. 2019 is: CTB lineage [REDACTED] Cyclobalanoides Glauca [REDACTED] Acuta [REDACTED] Semiserrata East Asian Cerris [REDACTED] West Eurasian Cerris [REDACTED] Early-diverging Ilex [REDACTED] East Asian Ilex [REDACTED] Himalaya-Mediterranean [REDACTED] Himalayan subalpine [REDACTED] Agrifoliae [REDACTED] Palustres [REDACTED] Coccineae (Rubrae) [REDACTED] Phellos (Laurifoliae) [REDACTED] Texas red oaks [REDACTED] Erythromexicana [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Dumosae [REDACTED] Prinoids [REDACTED] Albae [REDACTED] Roburoids [REDACTED] Stellatae [REDACTED] Texas white oaks [REDACTED] Leucomexicana [REDACTED] List of Quercus species The genus Quercus contains about 500 known species, plus about 180 hybrids between them. The genus, as
713-510: The largest number of oak species, with approximately 160 species in Mexico, of which 109 are endemic, and about 90 in the United States. The second greatest area of oak diversity is China, with approximately 100 species. In the Americas, Quercus is widespread from Vancouver and Nova Scotia in the south of Canada, south to Mexico and across the whole of the eastern United States. It is present in
744-667: The latter. The sections of subgenus Quercus are mostly native to the New World , with the notable exception of the white oaks of sect. Quercus and the endemic Quercus pontica . In contrast, the sections of the subgenus Cerris are exclusively native to the Old World . Unless otherwise indicated, the lists which follow contain all the species accepted by Plants of the World Online as of February 2023 , plus selected hybrids that are also accepted, with placement into sections based on
775-427: The name Friedrichsruhe came up in 1750. In 1819, the settlement had grown to 21 residential houses and 13 other buildings. Today Friedrichsruhe's population stands at 332, which makes it one of the biggest villages of Zweiflingen. Probably created in the 8th century by people from Wülfingen (Forchtenberg) [ de ] , the village consisted of 34 residential houses and 34 other buildings in 1819. Pfahlbach
806-547: The oldest oak in the US. Among the smallest oaks is Q. acuta , the Japanese evergreen oak. It forms a bush or small tree to a height of some 30 feet (9.1 m). The genus Quercus is native to the Northern Hemisphere and includes deciduous and evergreen species extending from cool temperate to tropical latitudes in the Americas , Asia, Europe, and North Africa. North America has
837-855: The oldest records in Asia from the Middle Eocene of Japan; both forms have affinities to the Cyclobalanopsis group. Quercus forms part, or rather two parts, of the Quercoideae subfamily of the Fagaceae , the beech family. Modern molecular phylogenetics suggests the following relationships: Fagus (beeches) Trigonobalanus (3 evergreen species) Lithocarpus (stone oaks) Chrysolepis (chinquapins) Quercus pro parte Notholithocarpus (tan oak) Quercus pro parte Castanopsis (also called chinquapins) Castanea (chestnuts) Molecular techniques for phylogenetic analysis show that
868-509: The village consisted of 29 houses and 24 barns. In 1819 there were 45 houses and 36 other buildings. Today it has 362 inhabitants. A primary school, visited by around 80 to 90 children offers four years of education for children aged 5/6 to 9/10. It consists of two buildings that were built in the 1930s and 1960s. A day care center, the Mosaik Kinderhaus , is visited by around 95 children. This Hohenlohe district location article
899-773: The white oaks from Europe, Asia, north Africa, Central and North America. Styles short; acorns mature in 6 months, sweet or slightly bitter, inside of acorn shell hairless. Species are native to Western Asia and Western North America. They produce catkins up to 10cm long; the acorns mature annually. The intermediate oaks . Southwest USA and northwest Mexico. Styles short, acorns mature in 18 months, very bitter, inside of acorn shell woolly. The red oaks (synonym sect. Erythrobalanus ), native to North, Central and South America. Styles long, acorns mature in 18 months (in most species), very bitter, inside of acorn shell woolly. Section Virentes has also been treated at lower ranks. Species are native south-eastern Northern America, Mexico,
930-524: Was first mentioned in 795. The name comes from the Germanic name of the Limes , which Pfahlbach was built next to. Throughout its history, the name has evolved: first appearing as Phalbach (in 795 and 1037), transitioning to Pfolbach by 1357, and eventually settling as Pfahlbach in 1672. The village consisted of 16 houses and 13 barns in 1672. In 1819 there were 34 residential houses and 21 other buildings. Today, it has
961-492: Was mostly destroyed in the Thirty Years' War. His oldest son, Johann Friedrich I of Hohenlohe-Öhringen) [ de ] started reconstructing the zoological garden in 1651. The currently standing hunting lodge was built from 1712 to 1717 by Johann Friedrich II of Hohenlohe-Öhringen , Kraft's grand-son. Following plans originating to 1719, the property was split among 9 farmers in 1738. In remembrance of Johann Friedrich II