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66-564: The Rhineland-Palatinate state-owned stud facilities of Zweibrücken house the smallest number of state stallions in Germany, but the region's horse-breeding history is rich. The modern city of Zweibrücken , meaning "two bridges", was a county throughout the Middle Ages and then later on became a duchy of the Holy Roman Empire . The state stud was founded in 1755 by Duke Christian IV following

132-630: A small prop-driven transport plane, also flew out of the base in the 1980s under the 10th Military Airlift Squadron , a tenant Military Airlift Command unit. The squadron's mission was to deliver high-priority aircraft parts to bases in USAFE to ensure a maximum number of aircraft were combat-ready. Today Zweibrücken Air Base has been transformed into the modern Zweibrücken Airport , an international airport with flights to Palma de Mallorca , Antalya , Gran Canaria , Teneriffe , Rhodos , Heraklion and Fuerteventura (TUIfly), Istanbul (Pegasus Airlines). On

198-402: A temporary license which is accepted by all of the south-German breeding associations. The stallion has a period of a few years during which he must prove himself in performance, and in this way he earns full approval. This process is common to all German Warmbloods, and is quite similar to the studbook selection process used for other Warmbloods, as well. The best way to identify a Zweibrücker

264-452: A visit to England. While abroad he admired the refined, spirited English Thoroughbreds , as a breed less than 100 years old at the time. When Christian IV returned to Zweibrücken, he financed the establishment of "royal facilities" throughout the region, populating them with noble stallions and mares . Christian IV's successor, Charles II August , continued to improve horse-breeding in politically influential Zweibrücken by decreeing that

330-483: Is " Cfb " (Marine West Coast Climate/ Oceanic climate ). Zweibrücken is twinned with: Trakehner Trakehner is a light warmblood breed of horse , originally developed at the East Prussian state stud farm in the town of Trakehnen from which the breed takes its name. The state stud  [ de ] was established in 1731 and operated until 1944, when the fighting of World War II led to

396-425: Is 160 to 170 cm or 15.3 to 16.3hh at the age of 3, but deviations in either direction are not uncommon nor are they disqualifying. The most common colors are bay , chestnut , gray , and black , however several breeders of colored warmbloods have chosen to register their horses as Zweibrücken, so there are tobiano pintos and colors such as palomino , buckskin , and cremello . The Anglo-Arabian ancestry of

462-643: Is a town in Rhineland-Palatinate , Germany , on the Schwarzbach River . The name Zweibrücken means 'two bridges'; older forms of the name include Middle High German Zweinbrücken , Latin Geminus Pons and Bipontum , and French Deux-Ponts , all with the same meaning. The town was the capital of the former Imperial State of Palatine Zweibrücken owned by the House of Wittelsbach . The ducal castle

528-494: Is about 26 kilometres (16 mi) from Pirmasens , 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Saarbrücken and 55 kilometres (34 mi) from Kaiserslautern. The town stretches about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) north to south and about 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) east-west. Weaving, brewing and the manufacture of machinery, chicory, cigars, malt, boots, furniture and soap were the chief industries before World War II. Nowadays Terex cranes and bulldozers and John Deere harvesting equipment are

594-412: Is also mentioned. In North America, the breeding objective includes suitability for show hunter competition, as well. Zweibrücken share the standard of German Riding or Sport Horse with their parallels in other regions. Ideally, the horse is characterized by a noble expression, with long-lined and correct conformation . The head is dry, expressive, and aesthetically appealing though need not have out of

660-514: Is by the brand on the left hind leg. It features the two bridges of the city of Zweibrücken topped by a representation of the duke's crown. Otherwise, it is not possible to distinguish a Zweibrücker from a German Warmblood bred elsewhere based solely on appearance. All German Warmblood registries exchange genetic material in an effort to continuously improve their own horses. Most Zweibrücken are middle-weight horses with "old style" examples heavier set than those deemed "modern" in type. The ideal height

726-623: Is considered one of the toughest tests to which an entire breed of horses has been submitted. Refugee convoys were bombed while on the ice by the Soviet airforce, so only a small number of horses made it to safety. 700 surviving horses were accounted for. The horses left behind in East Prussia became important in the breeding of Russian breeds such as the Kirov as well as the Polish Mazury (also known as

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792-579: Is now occupied by the high court of the Palatinate ( Oberlandesgericht ). There is a fine Gothic Protestant church, Alexander's church, founded in 1493 and rebuilt in 1955. From the end of the 12th century, Zweibrücken was the seat of the County of Zweibrücken , the counts being descended from Henry I, youngest son of Simon I, Count of Saarbrücken (d. 1182). The line became extinct on the death of Count Eberhard II (1394), who in 1385 had sold half his territory to

858-404: Is often finely chiseled, narrow at the muzzle, with a broad forehead. It is known for its "floating trot" – full of impulsion and suspension. The Trakehner possesses a strong, medium-length back and powerful hindquarters. Trakehners are athletic and trainable, with good endurance, while some are more spirited than horses of other warmblood breeds. Trakehners breed true to type, due to the purity of

924-558: Is operated by DB Regio Mitte with currently DMU's of the Class 642 ( Siemens Desiro Classic ). The public transport is operated by Stadtbus Zweibrücken GmbH, a Transdev Germany company, with currently eight bus lines (221-226, 228 and 229 on saturday from 2 p.m. and sundays). The company is integrated in the Verkehrsverbund Rhein-Neckar (VRN). The bus service operates from 5:00 a.m. to 8:00 p.m. on weekdays, on weekends

990-492: Is particularly famous for his show jumping team gold and individual silver medals at the 1984 Olympics and 1985 World Cup win. Heuriger was the 1994 show jumping team silver medallist at the 1994 World Equestrian Games . Trakehner mare TSF Dalera BB, ridden by Jessica von Bredow Werndl, is the no.1 ranked dressage horse in the world as of September 2023, and has won gold medals at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics for both team and individual. Dalera has also won individual gold medals at

1056-665: The CF-100 Canuck , then the CF-104 Starfighter . When the RCAF transferred the wing 100 km (62 mi) southeast to CFB Baden–Soellingen , the USAFE moved onto the base with Phantom RF-4C aircraft, under the 38th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron of the 26th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing . These were photo-reconnaissance aircraft with missions all over Europe and used in Operation Desert Storm . The Short C-23 Sherpa ,

1122-720: The Oldenburg , Marco Polo for the Dutch Warmblood , the stallions Ibikus and Donauwind for the Danish Warmblood , and Polarstern for the Swedish Warmblood . While Trakehners compete in nearly all equestrian disciplines, they are particularly prized as dressage mounts, due to their sensitivity, intelligence and way of going. Peron anchored the United States team to an Olympic Bronze in 1996 at Atlanta. Abdullah , by Donauwind,

1188-747: The 14th century, knights used it to breed their military horses, and descendants of the Schwaikenpferd were later used by Masovian and Ostsiedlung farmers for light utility work. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the people of Ducal Prussia , Brandenburg , and Royal Prussia used a wide variety of horses from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , Crimean Tatars , Ottoman Turkey , Wallachia , Moldavia and Transylvania , Holy Roman Empire for their cavalry and stud horses, crossed on local animals. In 1732 King Frederick William I of Prussia used these horses and other imports to establish

1254-552: The 1930s there were more than 10,000 breeders and 18,000 registered mares. In the 1930s and early 1940s Hauptvorwerk Trakehnen and its 15 Vorwerke covered 6,033 hectares (14,910 acres), of which 3,845 hectares (9,500 acres) were fields, 2,427 hectares (6,000 acres) meadows, 175 hectares (430 acres) forest, 73 hectares (180 acres) garden and 351 hectares (870 acres) other. Horses such as the Trakehner were used in World War II which, at

1320-542: The Count Palatine of the Rhine, and held the other half as his feudal domain. Louis (d. 1489), son of Stephen , founded the line of the House of Palatinate-Zweibrücken . In 1533, Wolfgang, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken converted Palatine Zweibrücken to the new Protestant faith. In 1559, Wolfgang founded the earliest grammar school in the town (Herzog-Wolfgang- Gymnasium ), which lasted until 1987. When Charles X Gustav ,

1386-618: The French annexation of Zweibrücken was confirmed; on its reunion with Germany in 1814 the greater part of the territory was given to Bavaria, the remainder to Oldenburg and Kingdom of Prussia . The town of Zweibrücken became part of the Palatine region of the Kingdom of Bavaria . At the ducal printing office at Zweibrücken the fine series of the classical editions known as the Bipontine Editions

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1452-737: The Masuren) and Pozan (or Poznan), which developed into the Wielkopolski . After the war, the breed, which once numbered tens of thousands was reduced to approximately 600 broodmares and 50 stallions in West Germany. The last original Trakehner was Keith, born there in 1941, who died in November 1976 in Gilten shortly before his 35th birthday. On 23 October 1947 the East Prussian Studbook Society

1518-553: The Second World War the town was evacuated in 1939–1940, as it lay in the ‘Red Zone’ on the fortified Siegfried Line . Shortly before the end of the war, on 14 March 1945, the town was nearly completely destroyed in an air raid by the Royal Canadian Air Force, with the loss of more than 200 lives. On 20 March, American ground troops reached Zweibrücken. The town became part of the new state of Rhineland-Palatinate after

1584-578: The Trakehnen Stud at the East Prussian town Trakehnen (now Yasnaya Polyana , Russia ). Soldiers cleared the forest at the River Pissa between Stallupönen and Gumbinnen . In 1739 the king gave it to crown prince Frederick II of Prussia , who often sold stallions to make money. After his death in 1786 it became state property, named Königlich Preußisches Hauptgestüt Trakehnen . Between 1817 and 1837

1650-865: The USA MATCOMEUR (Material Command, Europe), later renamed the US Army Material Management Agency, Europe. During the US military draw down in the 1990s, control of the Air Base was transferred to the Bundeswehr. The base's housing toward the center of the city and Kreuzberg itself were eventually also transferred to the German government by the mid-1990s. Zweibrücken is situated at the Landau-Rohrbach railway and offsets hourly connections to Saarbrücken . This line

1716-651: The Zweibrücker is found primarily in what remains of its old female families. Today, the Horse Breeders' Association of Rhineland-Palatinate-Saar is known for its liberal pedigree policies, accepting breeding stock from most other warmblood studbooks which are members of the World Breeding Federation for Sport Horses . The breeding objective, based on market demands, is currently a horse suitable for dressage , jumping , and eventing , though combined driving

1782-565: The age of 2 and a half the best colts attend the licensing in Munich , Bavaria . There they are evaluated along with stallion hopefuls - köraspirants - branded Bavarian Warmblood , Württemberger and Saxony-Thuringian, along with some representatives from other regions. As all of these regions have a common goal in warmblood breeding, they are judged to the same standard. They are evaluated in terms of their conformational correctness, type, gaits and ability free-jumping. The best young stallions receive

1848-417: The age of 3, fillies may be upgraded from the foal register to the herd book through a process called Stutbuchaufnahmen or "Marebook Recording". There are several levels of mare book based on the quality of the mare and the completeness of her pedigree, which allows mares of unorthodox breeding to eventually become part of the breeding program. To be written into the herd book and thereby have registered foals,

1914-400: The annexing of East Prussia by Russia , and the town containing the stud renamed as Yasnaya Polyana . The Trakehner typically stands between 15.2 and 17  hands (62 and 68 inches, 157 and 173 cm). They can be any color, with bay , gray , chestnut and black being the most common, though the breed also includes few roan and tobiano pinto horses . It is considered to be

1980-691: The best marks for interior qualities have kind, personable temperaments, are uncomplicated to ride, strong-nerved and reliable but alert and intelligent. Another quality, called "rideability", is a measure of how comfortable and simple the horse is to ride. High rideability is coveted by amateur riders in particular. Zweibr%C3%BCcken Zweibrücken ( German pronunciation: [ˈtsvaɪˌbʁʏkŋ̍] ; French : Deux-Ponts —also historically in English—, French pronunciation: [dø pɔ̃] ; Palatinate German : Zweebrigge , IPA: [ˈtsʋeːbʁɪgə] ; literally translated as "Two Bridges")

2046-520: The bloodlines, making it valuable for upgrading other warmbloods. Old Prussians and other Baltic people such as the Lithuanians were noted for their hardy horses and cavalry during the early Middle Ages . During their conquest of Old Prussians in the 13th century Prussian crusade , the conquering Teutonic Knights named the Old Prussian horse a Schwaikenpferd , a small primitive horse. Beginning in

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2112-445: The breeding of Zweibrücken is characterized by stringent inspection criteria. Foals do not receive their papers until they are presented at a local foal show, at which judges may exclude any foal if it is markedly off-type. Along with their papers, the foals receive a brand on the left hind leg, just behind the stifle . Foal inspections also give an early indication of the quality of the sire, as well as which mares match best with him. At

2178-659: The chief industries. The Hochschule Kaiserslautern [1] , one of the largest universities in the Rhineland-Palatinate with about 6,300 students, has one of its three campuses in Zweibrücken. The city of Zweibrücken is represented at various cultural events by the Rose Queen, who is elected every two years. Zweibrücken has one of the largest Rosariums in the World with 45000 Plants and 1500 Species. It consists of 2 gardens with

2244-523: The end, nearly destroyed the breed as Soviet troops advanced from the East, causing flight and expulsion of Germans during and after WWII . The main Stud and local residents were forced to evacuate between 20 January 1945 and March 1945. Their journey West, known as Der Treck ("The Flight"), sent the horses on a dangerous journey in frigid conditions across the frozen Vistula lagoon without proper rations or shelter. It

2310-593: The front or rear - and expansive with a pure rhythm and suggestive of great work ethic. The qualities of freedom, elasticity, and power are paramount. The walk swings through the neck and back, while the trot is cadenced and powerful. Suspension and elasticity are effects of the ability of the horse's joints to store energy and absorb shock, thus are influential in soundness. The canter is important as an indicator of jumping suitability, and should be cadenced, balanced and powerful. Zweibrücken, especially stallions, are typically evaluated over fences through free jumping , where

2376-434: The ground from the correct place. The fore and hind limbs should be drawn up close to the body, which should pass close to the obstacle, while the spine forms a convex arc over the jump called " bascule ". As part of the approval process, stallions and often mares are evaluated in controlled conditions on their personality traits or "interior qualities". This information allows breeders to choose mates properly. The horses with

2442-426: The horse is let loose in a chute with specifically measured obstacles. This allows judges to draw conclusions about the horse's jumping abilities without pushing them too fast under saddle. Judges look for a horse which is capable of jumping, having an appearance of ease and confidence as he jumps, without any carelessness. The rhythm of the canter should remain unchanged while the horse adjusts his stride length to leave

2508-648: The horses bred there ought to be "good, handsome and useful". This goal was achieved to the effect of gaining the admiration of the King of Prussia , who purchased over 150 Zweibrücken stallions. These sires were sent to the Principal Stud of Trakehnen where the Trakehner was bred for use by the Prussian nobles. In 1801, Zweibrücken was annexed by France, and the noble horses were moved to Rosiers aux Salines. However, Napoleon saw

2574-451: The horses' gaits, temperament, jumping ability, and suitability over a cross country course, before being given full breeding licenses. The Trakehner is used as a "refiner" of other breeds, allowing an infusion of Thoroughbred and Arabian blood without the risks often involved in first generation outcrosses. Influential stallions include Abglanz for the Hanoverian , Herbststurm who influenced

2640-757: The largesse of others. True pure-bred Trakehner show the Ostpreußische Elchschaufel (East Prussian moose horn) branding (see Image above). Today in Germany the breed is considered a federal responsibility, with its governance falling under both the Trakehner Verband and the Trakehner Gesellschaft mbH; the latter handling all business operations. Stallion inspections are held in Neumünster , Germany, each October and approved stallions are required to complete extended performance tests, which rate

2706-406: The lightest and most refined of the warmbloods , due to its closed stud book which allows entry of only Trakehner, as well as few selected Thoroughbred , Anglo-Arabian , Shagya and Arabian bloodlines. Owing to its Thoroughbred ancestry, the Trakehner is of rectangular build, with a long sloping shoulder, good hindquarters, short cannons, and a medium-long, crested and well-set neck. The head

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2772-516: The main garden having a area of 50.000 square meters. The second, smaller garden is accessible without entry fee and is located at the Fasanerie and contains Wild Rose plants. The city is sometimes known as the "Rose City". The Zweibrücken City Museum has a permanent exhibition in the former residence of court gardener Ernst August Bernhard Petri, documenting the eventful history of Zweibrücken. In addition, special exhibitions take place regularly, e.g. on

2838-422: The mare is evaluated on her conformation and gaits . Mares which fail to meet the criteria may be placed in a lower mare book, or be denied altogether. Only mares in the highest mare books can produce breeding stallion sons. While mares can be entered into the studbook at local shows, the process of having a young stallion approved for breeding is lengthy. Stallion candidates are often identified as foals, and at

2904-544: The most important old holdings libraries in the state. The Bibliotheca Bipontina is housed in the building of the Helmholtz-Gymnasium Zweibrücken. The Zweibrücken City Library, which has existed since 1903, is housed in an adjoining building of the town hall and has a stock of around 50,000 volumes. Branches are the youth library and the Rimschweiler branch. On the outskirts of the town, Zweibrücken Air Base

2970-574: The most successful being Ararad, Dampfross, Hyperion, Pythagoras and Tempelhüter. These stallions, while refined, possessed much substance and bone. Their influence is still seen on the modern Trakehner. It was during the 1920s and 1930s that the breed was recognized for its performance abilities in competitive disciplines. Trakehners won gold and silver medals in two Olympics, including six gold medals in Berlin in 1936, and won Czechoslovakia's notoriously challenging Velká pardubická steeplechase nine times. In

3036-535: The occasion of the 200th anniversary of the State Stud. The Bibliotheca Bipontina is a scientific regional library in Zweibrücken, whose holdings mainly go back to rescued parts of the ducal libraries and therefore partly houses very valuable first editions from the 16th century. It is part of the Landesbibliothekszentrum Rheinland-Pfalz (Rhineland-Palatinate State Library Centre) and one of

3102-445: The ordinary refinement. The topline is long, generous, and slightly curved featuring a medium-length neck set on rather high, a stark, laid-back wither and long sloping shoulder. The loin is well-muscled, the croup is long, slightly tilted, and muscular. The horse stands on a foundation of dry, large joints and correct limbs ending in correct, hard hooves of sufficient size. In motion the gaits are correct - no deviations when viewed from

3168-529: The other side of the town was Kreuzberg Kaserne, home to various units of the United States Army. Only one combat unit was located there: Battery A, 2nd Battalion, 60th Air Defense Artillery , with its Headquarters and Headquarters Battery (HHB) at Ramstein Air Base . The 3d Battalion, 60th ADA was a subordinate unit of the 32nd Army Air Defense Command . Major tenants at Kreuzberg Kaserne were USAISEC-EUR (Information Systems Engineering Command - Europe) and

3234-464: The rapid transformation of the breed into much sought-after army remounts: sure-footed, intelligent and athletic. By 1918 60,000 mares per year were bred to East Prussian stallions. In 1919 the Treaty of Versailles limited Germany's army to 100,000 troops and so the breed's focus was again turned to producing horses suitable to farm duties. For this purpose, sires of heavier conformation (build) were used,

3300-424: The refined riding horses were replaced by heavy warmbloods from Oldenburg . During World War II, the entire city was evacuated and the horses brought to Bavaria . Much of the city was destroyed, and the state stud facilities came under the jurisdiction of the newly formed German federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate . Nearly a quarter of the 58 stallions standing at Zweibrücken were draft horses . Zweibrücken lost

3366-541: The rush hour. From 1996 to 1999, a temporary circuit at Zweibrucken Airport held various rounds of the Super Tourenwagen Cup and the German F3 Championship. The track still hosts historic racing events as recently as September 3, 2020 Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate

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3432-550: The size and speed of the Thoroughbred with the more tractable temperament of the Arabian . By 1900, the Principal Stud of Zweibrücken comprised more than 250 head of breeding stock and young horses, 74 of which were state-owned stallions. The first half of the 20th century was marked by increasing demands for a heavier all-purpose farm horse, which were used extensively in the first World War for pulling artillery wagons. Consequently,

3498-452: The son of John Casimir, Count Palatine of Kleeburg , succeeded his cousin, Queen Christina of Sweden , on the Swedish throne , Palatinate-Zweibrücken was in personal union with Sweden, a situation that lasted until 1718. Starting in 1680, Louis XIV 's Chambers of Reunion awarded Zweibruecken and other localities to France, but under the 1697 Treaty of Rijswijk , "The Duchy of Zweibruecken

3564-399: The stallion and mare herds at Zweibrücken Principal Stud re-established in 1806. The central facility and its many outposts and stallion depots were populated with more than 250 stallions and a herd of over 100 mares purchased from notable German breeding outfits, as well as fashionable Spanish horses and products of the formidable Austro-Hungarian empire . Less than a decade later, Zweibrücken

3630-453: The status of Principal Stud - which keeps a herd of mares in addition to standing stallions - in 1960. As the demand for an athletic riding horse blossomed, the draft horse stallions were replaced by Trakehners . From 1966 to 1976, Trakehner stallions comprised half the stallion roster. Unlike most of the State Studs of Germany, the period for which Zweibrücken stood heavy warmblood stallions

3696-670: The stud added Arabian , Thoroughbred , and Hanoverian horse blood to their stock. One especially influential Thoroughbred was Perfectionist, by Persimmon, who won The Derby and the St Leger in 1896. He was to be the sire of the great Trakehner stallion Tempelhüter, and most modern Trakehners can be traced to these two stallions. The Arabian blood was added to offset possible flaws of the Thoroughbred. East Prussian farmers were encouraged to bring their mares, by then known for their hardiness and quality, to Trakehnen's stallions. This enabled

3762-416: The times are changed depending on the requirements. On Sunday, the bus service does not start until 2:00 p.m. and is then only provided with lines 225 and 229. The end of operations is then 7:30 p.m. The fleet consists of 10 MAN Lion's City city buses from 2020, and 4 articulated buses Mercedes-Benz Citaro G and a further 3 MAN Lion's City buses are available for school buses and booster traffic in

3828-587: The war. In 1993, the town underwent a major change. With the departure of the Americans, the military area became free, which corresponded altogether to a third of the entire urban area. Unemployment increased to approximately 21%, leading to a decrease in demand in the retail trade of approximately 25%. Zweibrucken is in the Southwestern portion of the Western Palatinate , bordering the state of Saarland . It

3894-500: Was brief; the chief focus of this region has been steadily focused on an elegant riding horse since its construction. Gradually, sires from Hanoverian and Holsteiner bloodlines joined the noble Trakehners, accelerating the local horse-breeding efforts towards the production of a warmblood riding horse . Today many of the stallion depots and outposts lie in France, while others were purchased by separate entities. Most notable among these

3960-586: Was dissolved and the Association of Breeders and Friends of the Warmblood Horse of Trakehner Origin, known today as the Trakehner Verband , was created. Among the greatest obstacles the organization faced was that unlike other German breeds, the Trakehner had no mother state and could not depend on government funding. The re-establishment of the breed originally depended on the determination of its members and

4026-506: Was formed in 1977 and directs the breeding of almost all horse breeds within the region. The breed with the largest population within the studbooks is the German Riding or Sport Horse, called the Zweibrücker. The PRPS cooperates with similar associations in Bavaria , Baden-Württemberg , Saxony and Thuringia , collectively licensing and approving breeding stock. Like other German Warmbloods,

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4092-471: Was given to Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria , and Zweibrücken was retitled in 1890 as the Principal Royal Bavarian State Stud. During this period, large numbers of Anglo-Normans - Thoroughbred -influenced agricultural horses from France - and Arabians were stationed in Zweibrücken. The first organized breeding of Anglo-Arabian horses occurred at Zweibrücken during this time period. The region became widely known for its refined cavalry horses which combined

4158-406: Was home during the Cold War to the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) until early 1969, then to the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) from 1969. The RCAF stationed No. 3 Fighter Wing of No.1 Canadian Air Division at Zweibrücken AB. During the years 1953 to 1968, it was the home to the RCAF's 413 , 427 and 434 Fighter Squadrons flying F-86 Sabre jets , and 440 Squadron , which flew

4224-403: Was published (1779 sqq.). The last prominent social event before the First World War was the inauguration of the Rosengarten (rose garden) by Princess Hildegard of Bavaria in June 1914. As a consequence of the First World War, Zweibrücken was occupied by French troops between 1918 and 1930. In the course of the Kristallnacht in 1938, Zweibrücken's synagogue was destroyed. On the outbreak of

4290-407: Was restored to the King of Sweden, as Count Palatine of the Rhine." In 1731, Palatinate-Zweibrücken passed to the Palatinate-Birkenfeld-Zweibrücken branch of the counts palatine, from where it came under the sway of Bavaria in 1799. It was occupied by France in 1793 and on 4 November 1797, Zweibrücken became a canton centre in department of Mont Tonnerre . At the Peace of Lunéville in 1801,

4356-477: Was the facility at Birkhausen, which was bought by the Trakehner verband and from which Abiza, dam of the Canadian-born Trakehner Abdullah , was sold. The grounds of the state stud host stallion parades and the month-long stallion performance test for the regional breeding association. Organized breeding through much of the history of Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland was managed by the State Stud. The Horse Breeders' Association of Rhineland-Palatinate-Saar (PRPS)

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