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48-497: Zvezdara forest is completely surrounded by the city's urban area and covers most of the 253 m (830 ft) tall Zvezdara Hill. It is situated in the northernmost section of the municipality of Zvezdara, on the border with Palilula. The northern and eastern boundary of the forest is formed mostly by the Dragoslava Srejovića street, except for a wooded patch which spreads into the neighborhood of Karaburma . Karaburma marks

96-582: A name it still bears today. The school was relocated from the factory premises in 1934 in the new building, built on the land in Old Karaburma donated by the industrialists, brothers Ivković, where it is still located. During Ilić's tenure as a mayor, a King Peter II Bridge (today the Pančevo Bridge across the Danube was built and open on 27 October 1935, right at the western edge of Karaburma. A railway from

144-539: A possibility of demolition of the small, residential houses with backyards and construction of the 5-storey buildings. Zvezdara forest is an example of an urban biotope . There are 136 plant species in the forest. Trees are mostly allochthonous and typical for the ruderal habitats. Nine of the tree species are rare, relict, endemic or endangered: American mountain ash , white poplar , cherry tree , birch , Norway maple , European white-elm , walnut tree , field elm and Turkish hazel . The most common tree species in

192-523: A result, many today believe Zvezdara was named simply after stars (Serbian zvezda , star). After the construction of the observatory, the forest creation began in 1933, making a unique artificially created green zone in Belgrade's urban tissue. The forestation was intensified after 1945. The most massive forestation occurred from 1948 to 1950 when tens of thousands of seedlings were planted. Belgrade's 1972 General urban plan officially classified Zvezdara forest as

240-595: Is Turkish for rocky headland . Chronicler Milan Milićević confirms this, using also the name Kajaburma as the mid-variant of the name, referring to Karaburma as the "nose" of the hill which descends into the Danube. Karaburma was geographically a headland peaking into the Danube . It was the ending section ("nose" or "point") of the Great Vračar hill, today called Zvezdara , which descended in slopes where modern neighborhoods of Karaburma and Ćalije are today, plunging into

288-502: Is a high air pressure (an anticyclone) over Eastern Europe and/or west Asia and a low pressure (a cyclone) over the middle and/or western Mediterranean region. The strong anticyclone, however, is the main trigger for the Košava wind. Košava is also a gap flow windstorm. Košava's occurrence can be successfully forecast using the across-mountain mean sea level pressure and potential temperature differences. This wind –related article

336-421: Is an urban neighborhood of the municipality of Palilula , Belgrade , Serbia. As of 2002, it has a population of 55,343 inhabitants. The name, Karaburma, is Turkish for black ring which is supposed to mean that the area was forbidden, that is, it should be avoided by people. However, this may be an example of folk etymology as the old Ottoman and Austrian maps name the area Kajaburun (Kaya-burun) which

384-566: Is supposed to be the 900 m (3,000 ft) long forested esplanade which would connect the Volgina street and the FC Mladi proleter stadium with the roundabout in the neighborhood of Bogoslovija . The promenade will have small squares and scenic viewpoints . It is part of the wider reconstruction of the area which would cover 35.18 ha (86.9 acres). The project includes the removal or reconstruction of many public buildings and companies but also

432-571: The Adriatic Sea and a corresponding high pressure zone in southern Russia . The name is also used traditionally in northwestern Bulgaria to mean a northeastern or eastern wind. There is a saying that goes: "When košava blows, the Nišava freezes". The speed and occurrence of the Košava wind declined from 1949 to 2010. The same study showed that Košava usually lasts for two or three days, one-day events being very rare. Košava wind blows when there

480-499: The Avala mountain instead. The forest is generally a crescent -shaped wooded area which today covers an area of 137 ha (340 acres), out of which 21 ha (52 acres) is arranged as a park. There are many paths and proper streets, including the Volgina street which criss crosses the entire forest. The forest was partially expanded to alleviate the effect of the strong košava wind . while

528-591: The Belgrade Main railway station , which encircled the central ridge of the city along the rivers, and then continuing over to the King Peter II Bridge was also constructed. He also built apartments in Karaburma for his employees, and even his villa was built on a location close to his factories, though in the western neighborhood of Viline Vode . After the war Ilić was imprisoned and his companies nationalized by

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576-475: The Iron Gate region where it gains a jet effect , then continues to Belgrade . It can spread as far north as Hungary and as far south as Niš and Sofia. In the winter, it can cause temperatures to drop to around −30 °C (−22 °F). In the summer, it is cool and dusty. It varies diurnally , and is strongest between 5:00 and 10:00 in the morning. Košava is usually caused by a low pressure zone over

624-528: The Višnjička street while the eastern is the Mirijevo Boulevard . On 1 September 1955, Karaburma became one of the municipalities of Belgrade, but already on 3 January 1957 it was incorporated into the municipality of Palilula. Today, it roughly consists of several communities: Stara Karaburma (Old Karaburma), the western section, Karaburma-Dunav or Nova Karaburma (Karaburma-Danube or New Karaburma),

672-442: The 2010s, demolition of several derelict industrial complexes began. In April 2017 a new Big Fashion Mall was open on the lot of the former sportswear and sport equipment kombinat "Sport". In October 2018 it was announced that even larger lot of the former "Minel Kotlogradnja" factory will be demolished. A new residential-commercial complex will be built instead, starting from August 2019. Even larger shopping mall, Big Fashion Park,

720-557: The Celtic town, except for them. The necropolises contained valuable artistic artifacts which belonged to the warriors of the Scordisci tribe. An apparent Celtic cultural influences have been woven into the spiritual culture of the Singidunum inhabitants, and later mixed with Roman classical cultural elements. Though it is today generally considered that the old Celtic fortress was located where

768-563: The Danube 'd direction in the case of war. In the beginning of the 20th century the Veliki Vračar Hill area was designed for afforestation. After the World War I the hill was covered with meadows, vineyards and many brickyards and the neighborhood at the foothills of Veliki Vračar began to develop, mostly a modest settlements of the farmers and wage earners. In 1929-32 an observatory designed by Czech -born architect Jan Dubový (1892–1969)

816-459: The Ilić brothers acquired the latest English technology for the cloth production as they bought the "Crompton Ltd", a Belgrade branch of the "Ungarische Tehtilindustrie". "Crompton Ltd", a successor of "Hattersley & Crompton", had looms made by the latest Hattersley technology, which boosted the production. After his brother Sotir died in 1935, Vlada took over as a sole head of the conglomerate. Company

864-643: The Marijane Gregoran Street has been adapted into the Park of Serbian-Greek friendship, which covers 0.28 hectares (0.69 acres). Ko%C5%A1ava (wind) Košava ( Serbian Cyrillic : Кошава , pronounced [kɔ̌ʃaʋa] ) is a cold, very squally southeastern wind found in parts of Eastern Europe and the Balkans. It starts in the Carpathian Mountains and follows the Danube northwest through

912-527: The area. Until Belgrade's expansion after the World War I , Karaburma was sparsely inhabited with small and scattered shanty towns. Today it is a modern neighborhood 10 minutes away from downtown Belgrade with good transportation connections. Before the joint German-Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia in World War I , Austro-Hungarian army temporarily entered Belgrade, from 3 to 14 December 1914. Already on 4 December they erected gallows in Karaburma for hanging civilians, so as in several other locations around

960-434: The center of the forest. Altogether, a 5 ha (12 acres) of wood was to be cut and cleared. This prompted the protests of the local population which wanted to preserve the forest. The protest was publicly supported by musicians Dejan Cukić , Sevdah baby, Beogradski Sindikat and others, who organized concerts to support the cause. The city health department responded that they only wanted to build two additional buildings in

1008-399: The eastern section. The south-eastern corner, which extends into Ćalije, is also known as Karaburma II . Karaburma is a residential area, and one of the most populous neighborhoods of Belgrade, with a combined population of 34,343 (several local communities which make the neighborhood). Some of distinctive features are two green markets and the stadium of OFK Beograd . Pedestrian square in

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1056-415: The extension on the southern slope, towards the hospital, prevents the possible mass wasting . It creates a milder microclimate, conducts fresh air to the central urban tissue, prevents the erosion and creates a mass natural underground water reservoir. Also, it prevents the pollution from the industrial city of Pančevo on the east to reach the center of the city. Apart from the observatory, objects within

1104-629: The forest are the Clinical-hospital Center Zvezdara and sports center Olimp. The hospital was built in the early 1930s and is colloquially known as the "City hospital". East of the forest is the Belgrade New Cemetery . The forest is damaged by the unauthorized individual residential construction, so in 2007 Belgrade City government announced further plans to extend the Zvezdara Forest to the north and south, connecting it in

1152-479: The forest include black locust , black poplar , Canadian poplar , sycamore maple , pedunculate oak , black pine and Scots pine . In 2009 an average tree age was estimated at 50 years. Herbaceous plants are typical for this area: sweetscented bedstraw , wood avens , white dead-nettle , yellow archangel , cleavers and blackberries . There are no protected or endangeres species of this type of plants. There are three amphibian and four reptilian species in

1200-490: The forest or near it include the "Mihajlo Pupin Institute" in the north-central and seven small stadiums (FC 29. Novembar, FC Zvezdara , FC Mladi proleter, FC Bulbulderac, Omladinski stadion ) in the north-western section. Children complex "Zvezdani Gaj" is also located in the forest. Patches of the northern section are urbanized, forming a neighborhood of Zvezdara II (especially along the Dragoslava Srejovića street). South of

1248-428: The forest's northern ( Stara Karaburma ) and northeastern border ( Ćalije ). The forest is bordered by the neighborhood of Mirijevo on the east, Zeleno Brdo on the southeast, Zvezdara on the south, Bulbulder and Zvezdara II on the east and Bogoslovija on the northeast. On the northern slopes of the hill remnants of the prehistoric and Celtic period have been found ( Rospi Ćuprija ). Historically, Zvezdara hill

1296-423: The forest. Amphibians are fire salamander , European green toad and agile frog , while the reptiles include slowworm , European green lizard , common wall lizard and Caspian whipsnake . Zvezdara forest is inhabited by the 48 bird species, in different protection statuses. There are 21 species of the birds which nest in the protected area, with another 9 species in the rest of the forest. In winter and during

1344-467: The hill Ekmekluk and built their summer houses there. When Belgrade was occupied in 1717 by the Austria , a defense moat was built whose outer section crossed the hill, where the modern Volgina street is today. After Austria re-occupied Belgrade in 1789, the trench was reconstructed by the general Ernst Gideon von Laudon and became known as the "Laudan trench" (Serbian: Laudanov šanac or simply Šanac). Due to

1392-495: The hospital complex on just a few ares , while the Environment Department issued a statement that they don't support any cutting of the forest. City later dropped the idea. In 2012 a Science Technology Park Belgrade was finished and opened, after being in the construction since 1989. It is located in the east central entry into the park. In July 2017 the city government announced the project of "Zvezdara promenade". It

1440-501: The main street. This style became very popular across the Europe. Two such suburbs originated on territory of modern Karaburma, Suburb of King Alexander Karađorđević and Suburb of Prince Paul Karađorđević. The rapid development of Karaburma during the Interbellum is connected with the development of the textile industry and the business enterprises of the Ilić family, especially Vlada Ilić

1488-414: The migration, another 9 species settles in the forest. Protected species include common buzzard , tawny owl , long-eared owl , scops owl and little owl . By 2021, a total of 77 species was recorded in the forest, including nightingale , Eurasian blackcap , great tit , common blackbird , and black woodpecker . Protected mammal species are northern white-breasted hedgehog (which has been chosen as

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1536-464: The military importance of the hill, its gardens were neglected. In the 19th century the foothills were not urbanized and, being far from the city center, were used by the Belgraders as a resort and picnic area, named Baba Ružin kraj ("Grandma Ruža's neighborhood"). King Peter I of Serbia wanted to build his royal court on the hill but was persuaded not to do so because it would be easily accessed from

1584-563: The modern Belgrade Fortress is, it can't be confirmed as there are no records of where the Celts settled. Some historians suggested that it was rather close to the necropolises in Karaburma and Rospi Ćuprija. Celtic settlements belonged to the La Tène culture . In the area bounded by the modern Karaburma, Rospi Ćuprija and, at that time island, Ada Huja, Romans cultivated grapevines and used thermal springs for public bathhouses . For centuries area

1632-402: The nearby Lavadinović kafana , still fully financed by him. The local population objected that a school and kafana share a building. Ilić then purchased a lot, some 100 m (330 ft) away and built a proper school while the old one remained in use until 1933. Named elementary school "Cloth Factory Ilić", it was built from his donations in 1923. It has been renamed "Jovan Cvijić" in 1931,

1680-479: The new Communist government. Well known after-war Serbian state owned textile companies, like Beteks , Beko and Vunarski kombinat , some of which were located in Karaburma, developed from Ilić's factories. Another person who worked on development of Karaburma in this period was deputy mayor Viktor Krstić. He conducted the waterworks in the neighborhood, though only for the public service at first, and built 4 drinking fountains in Karaburma in 1932. He also organized

1728-510: The park-forest. After Belgrade was declared a national ski center in 1934, there were plans for the construction of ski pistes at the outskirts of the city. One of the proposed locations were the still baren sections of the Veliki Vračar. Due to the gentle slopes, the planned skiing ground was selected for the beginners. In the end, skiing facilities were built by 1936 on the Košutnjak hill and

1776-466: The paving of the streets with kaldrma , a type of cobblestone . On one of the fountains, the inhabitants of Karaburma placed a memorial plaque, thanking Krstić for bringing the water in the neighborhood. None of the fountains survived until today. After the economic collapse in the 1990s and bankruptcy of the major industrial companies, Karaburma began to change as the vast and neglected, previously heavily industrialized areas, began to deteriorate. Since

1824-416: The process to Ada Huja and Šumice , respectively, either as real park or just avenues , and thus creating Belgrade's greenway . But in 2009 city authorities decided to transform parts of the wood into the building land, allegedly to expand the hospital complex, though the projected land covered three times more area than the complex occupies now. Also the city wanted to build the church and summer houses at

1872-450: The river. When the neighboring island of Ada Huja was connected to the mainland thus becoming a peninsula, Karaburma's area on the right bank of Danube also became known as Ada Huja, so Karaburma is now a few hundred meters away from the river. In the expansion of the population of jackals in the outskirts of Belgrade since the 2000s, the animals were reported in Karaburma in the spring of 2022. The oldest settlement known by name on

1920-527: The symbol of the forest) and European mole . Zvedara forest is protected as the natural monument ( IUCN Category III ), which many consider to be too low level of protection so environmental groups and local population agitate for that to change. The protected area is 80.57 ha (199.1 acres) owned by the state and 87 m (940 sq ft) of privately owned land. [REDACTED] Media related to Zvezdarska šuma at Wikimedia Commons Karaburma Karaburma ( Serbian Cyrillic : Карабурма )

1968-499: The territory of modern Belgrade was found in the Karaburma area. Remains of the Celtic (and later Roman ) settlement of Singidunum were found near Karaburma and neighboring Rospi Ćuprija, including necropolis (Horseman's grave 16 ) rich in artifacts and parts of dunum , fortress, so it is believed that the settlement itself was located here. These remains represent a limited archaeological evidence as there were almost no traces left of

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2016-582: The town. A whole string of new neighborhoods encircled eastern outskirts of Belgrade, with names usually containing "suburb" and some member of the royal family . These original names either never became popular or were suppressed after World War II and replaced. The inspiration for the design of the neighborhoods came from the complex built in 1912 along the Daviel Street  [ fr ] in Paris . It consisted of 40 one-floor houses with gardens, indented from

2064-455: Was a true swamp with vast quick clay areas so it was avoided by humans ever since the Roman period. Today non-existing thermal springs along the Danube's bank fumed and heated the water so the swamp was in constant mist. In the 19th century Serbian prince Miloš Obrenović ordered that Karaburma will be the official place of death sentences executions (until 1912) which just added to the notoriety of

2112-427: Was an industrialist and mayor of Belgrade from 1935 to 1939. In 1897, German entrepreneurs Eugen Michael and Carl Wolf founded a cloth factory in Karaburma, near the modern Velje Miljkovića Street. Kosta Ilić, father of Vlada, purchased the factory in 1906, in partnership with his sons. In 1910 the company was transformed into the joint-stock company with the capital of 3,000,000 dinars in gold. Prior to World War I ,

2160-508: Was boosted when the new contract was signed with the Yugoslav Army in 1939. After acquiring the Michael's factory in 1906 in Karaburma, Ilić sequestered a room and adapted it into the school for the children of his workers. He personally paid the teacher's wages. As the factory complex expanded and number of workers grew, the provisional school became too small, so Ilić rented the upper floor of

2208-462: Was built on top of the hill, roughly in the middle of the forest. The observatory was originally called zvezdara ("star-house") in Serbian, so the hill and the developing suburban area of Belgrade around it was named that way soon. In time, Latinism opservatorija replaced zvezdara , which in turn completely disappeared from spoken language as such, but remained as a name of Belgrade's neighborhood. As

2256-418: Was known as Veliki Vračar (Great Vračar). Vračаr area at that time occupied much wider area that it does today and was divided into West Vračar , East Vračar and Great Vračar. Turkish source from 1621 describes it as "a hill and a big field". In the 17th and 18th century, the area was covered in vineyards, orchards and lush oriental gardens, a major excursion ground for the wealthy Belgrade Turks which called

2304-501: Was opened in this complex in December 2019. Karaburma is located between the neighborhoods of Zvezdara (south), Bogoslovija (west), Ada Huja (north), Rospi Ćuprija (east) and Ćalije (southeast). Its entire southern border ( Dragoslava Srejovića street ) is also municipal border between Palilula and Zvezdara, for the most part dividing it from the Zvezdara woods. Northern border is

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