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66-518: ZKB, as an independent, incorporated public-law institution, is wholly owned by the canton of Zürich . Ultimate supervision of ZKB is the responsibility of the Cantonal Council of Zürich , whose duties are laid down in Zürich's Cantonal Bank Act. Under the law, the canton of Zürich bears responsibility for all ZKB's liabilities should the bank's resources prove inadequate. This cantonal guarantee acts as

132-404: A Catholic assemblies subordinate to the legislative cantonal assembly (Grosser Rat). The constitution was revised again in 1831, introducing elements of direct democracy. The constitution of 1831 divided the canton into 15 districts ( Bezirke ), reduced to 14 in 1918 (fusion of Tablat district with St. Gallen district). Due to continuing confessional squabbles over the organisation of schools,

198-662: A branch in Austria (Salzburg). On 15 March 2006, Zurich Cantonal Bank launched the ZKB Gold ETF, which is listed in Switzerland under the symbol ZGLD. The fund invests exclusively in physical gold. The ETF has three unit classes traded in different currencies: USD , EUR , and CHF . Shares are sold in 1 ounce gold units, with a minimum purchase of one unit (one ounce). Units are normally bought and sold for cash. For payment in kind, only integral 12.5 kg ingots are assured (subject to

264-668: A nominally separate territory in the later 9th century but was often ruled by the same count as Thurgau. In 915, Zürichgau together with Thurgau fell to the Bucharding dukes of Swabia . In the late 10th century, the county of Zurich was ruled by the Nellenburger , and during 1077–1172 by the Lenzburger . By the 13th century, Zürichgau was divided between the Habsburgs and the Kyburger , who held

330-529: A purely administrative division. In 1803, some former possessions of Zurich to the west gained independence as part of the Canton of Aargau . In 1804 the Kantonspolizei Zürich was established as Landjägerkorps (rural police). A cantonal constitution was drawn up in 1814 and replaced in 1831 by a radical-liberal constitution. The Züriputsch , an armed uprising of the conservative rural population against

396-429: A stabilising force for the financial market as a whole, particularly in times of economic uncertainty. The Zurich Cantonal Bank was founded in 1870 as "bank of the citizens of Zürich" following an initiative of Johann Jakob Keller (1823–1903), then member of the cantonal council of Zürich. The canton of Zürich provided the necessary endowment capital and appointed the senior governing bodies. The public service mandate and

462-677: A systemically important bank in Switzerland by order of the Swiss National Bank , alongside UBS , Credit Suisse , Raiffeisen (Switzerland) and PostFinance , and must meet stricter capital requirements and prepare contingency plans for times of crisis. With 103 outlets, ZKB is the largest network of branches in the canton of Zürich. ZKB also maintains a network of international representatives and regional advisory offices in Beijing , Mumbai , Singapore , Panama , and São Paulo . ZKB also has

528-410: A three-room apartment was about 1192.66 CHF (US$ 950, £540, €760) and a six or more room apartment cost an average of 2550.35 CHF (US$ 2040, £1150, €1630). The average apartment price in the city of Zurich was 115.5% of the national average of 1116 CHF. The vacancy rate for the canton, in 2010 , was 0.63%. The historical population is given in the following chart: In 1519, Huldrych Zwingli became

594-465: Is a canton of Switzerland . Its capital is St. Gallen . Located in northeastern Switzerland , the canton has an area of 2,026 km (782 sq mi) (5% of Switzerland) and a resident population close to half a million as of 2015 (6% of Switzerland). It was formed in 1803 as a conflation of the city of St. Gallen , the territories of the Abbey of St. Gall and various former subject territories of

660-461: Is a large paper industry. Small and middle sized companies are important contributors to the economy of the canton of Zurich. The city of Zurich is a major banking centre, and insurance is also of importance. In 2014, about 1.2% of the workers in Zurich work in the primary sector (the total for all of Switzerland is 3.3%). In 2014 the secondary sector employed 145,744 or about 14.7% of the total, which

726-536: Is located in the north east of Switzerland. It is bounded to the north by Lake Constance ( Bodensee ). To the east lies the Rhine valley. Over the Rhine are Austria (state of Vorarlberg ) and Liechtenstein . To the south, the canton of St. Gallen is bounded by the cantons of Graubünden , Glarus and Schwyz . To the west lie the cantons of Zürich and Thurgau . The two half cantons Appenzell Innerrhoden and Appenzell Ausserrhoden are completely surrounded by lands of

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792-422: Is much lower than 21.8% for the entire country. Of those in the secondary sector, over a quarter of the workers worked in construction trades and 9.5% worked in general construction. Additionally, almost 9% of the workers manufactured electronics. The tertiary sector employed 836,410 or about 84.1% of the total, which is much higher than 74.9% nationwide. This number has increased by about 180,000 since 2010 while

858-565: Is the highest elevation of this mountain ridge. The valley of the river Sihl is located in the west of the canton. In converges with the Limmat in the city of Zurich. The Sihl is separated from the lake of Zurich by the Albis Range . The Albishorn (915 m (3,002 ft)) is the highest elevation of this range. The Schnebelhorn is a mountain located near Fischenthal in the Töss Valley, between

924-535: Is the second most common (49,750 or 4.0%) and Serbo-Croatian is the third (21,334 or 1.7%). There are 17,685 people who speak French and 2,606 people who speak Romansh . Of the population in the canton, 314,394 or about 25.2% were born in Zurich and lived there in 2000. There were 291,631 or 23.4% who were born in the same canton, while 284,461 or 22.8% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 310,532 or 24.9% were born outside of Switzerland. As of 2000 , children and teenagers (0–17 years old) make up 20.5% of

990-499: Is used for farming. 278.6 km (107.6 sq mi) of the farm land is alpine pastures. Of the rest of the canton, 259.1 km (100.0 sq mi) is considered unproductive while 176 km (68 sq mi) is filled with housing or roads. The altitude above the sea-level varies from 398 m (1,306 ft) (the lake of Constance) to 3,251 m (10,666 ft) (the Ringelspitz). The canton includes portions of

1056-576: The Act of Mediation , the area joined the Swiss Confederation as the Canton of St. Gallen. The cantonal constitution of 1803 was revised in 1814. Because of the confessional heterogeneity of the canton's population, the 1814 constitution did unusually organise matters of religion, marriage and education not on a cantonal level but introduced a twofold division (confessional dualism), with separate Protestant and

1122-541: The Duchy of Alamannia , consisting roughly of the territory between Reuss and Töss . From the 740s, substantial portions of Zürichgau were owned by the Abbey of St. Gall . In c.  760 , an administrative re-organisation under counts Ruthard and Warin exempted the castle town of Zurich from comital rule. A county of Zürichgau was established under Louis the Pious , for a count Ruadker, in 820. Zürichgau ( Zurichgeuue ) remained

1188-460: The Lake Zurich (Linth-Limmat, 88 km ), Greifensee (Glatt, 8.4 km ) and Pfäffikersee (Glatt, 3.3 km ). Minor lakes include Türlersee (Limmat), Katzensee (Glatt), Hüttnersee (Sihl), Lützelsee (Limmat). Its neighbouring cantons are Schaffhausen to the north, Aargau to the west, the cantons of Zug and Schwyz to the south and the cantons of Thurgau and St. Gallen to

1254-785: The Linth leads into the Lake Zurich and continues as the Limmat . This valley is the most significant valley of the canton of Zurich. The valley of the Glatt originates in the Greifensee and is separated from the Limmat by ridges. The valley of the Töss is gorge-like. It is located in the east of the canton and is separated from the Toggenburg area in the canton of St. Gallen by a mountainous area. The Hörnli (1133 m)

1320-491: The Old Swiss Confederacy . The canton of St. Gallen is an artificial construct of various historical territories, defined by Napoleon Bonaparte in the Act of Mediation in 1803. About half of the canton's area corresponds to the acquisitions of the abbey of St. Gallen over centuries. The city of St. Gallen became independent of the abbey in 1405. At the same time, the abbey lost control of Appenzell . Conversely,

1386-614: The Staatsarchiv Zürich houses the state archives. The canton of Zurich is situated in the eastern part of the Swiss plateau . It is entirely within the drainage basin of the High Rhine . It is characterized by Glacial landform and traversed by a series of rivers generally flowing south-east to north-west, listed west to east: Reuss , Reppisch , Sihl , Linth - Limmat (forming Lake Zurich ), Glatt , Töss and Thur . The main lakes are

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1452-549: The Toggenburg in the Old Zürich War of the 1440s. The northern parts up to the river Rhine came to the canton after the city of Zurich purchased Winterthur from the Habsburgs in 1468. In 1651, Zurich purchased Rafzerfeld from the counts of Sulz . At this point, almost all of the territory of the modern canton (as well as some territories beyond its modern borders) was owned by Zurich; exceptions include Wülflingen (acquired 1760), Buch (acquired 1761), Dietikon , which

1518-579: The Toggenburg was acquired by the Abbey in 1468. Both the city and the abbey were associates ( Zugewandte Orte ) of the Old Swiss Confederacy , but unlike Appenzell never joined as full members. The territories at Lake Zürich , Walensee and Rheintal remained independent until 1798. In the Helvetic Republic, the northern parts of the modern canton together with Appenzell became the canton of Säntis , while its southern parts together with Glarus became

1584-659: The Unterland in the northwest, the Oberland in the southeast, the Weinland and Winterthur in the northeast, and the Knonaueramt southwest of the Albis . The Zurich Metropolitan Area extends beyond the cantonal borders. The canton has an area, as of 2011 , of 1,728.8 square kilometers (667.5 sq mi). Of this area, 43.4% is used for agricultural purposes, while 30.7% is forested. Of

1650-426: The canton of Linth . Before the 1798 French invasion , the territory of the modern canton consisted of the free city of St. Gallen , the territories of the Abbey of St. Gallen (including Fürstenland and Toggenburg ), the free city of Rapperswil , Pfäfers Abbey , Sargans and the independent lordships (bailiwicks) of Rheintal , Sax-Forstegg , Hohensax , Werdenberg , Windegg and Uznach . In April 1798,

1716-475: The coat of arms is Per bend azure and argent. The Cantonal Council ( Kantonsrat ) has 180 members elected every four years. The canton is governed by a seven-member council ( Regierungsrat ). On 24 March 2019, the following were elected for four years: The canton is divided into 12 districts (German: Bezirke ): There are, as of December 2015 , 169 municipalities in the canton ( Politische Gemeinden ). There were no changes between 1934 and 2013, but

1782-417: The de facto capital of the canton, but is not specifically mentioned in the constitution. The official language is German . The local Swiss German dialect, called Züritüütsch , is commonly spoken. The canton has the highest Human Development Index score (0.994) out of 1,790 subnational regions as of 2022, coming the closest to a perfect score of 1. It is also a global financial center and has

1848-469: The death penalty (the last execution by hanging in Zurich took place in 1810, the last public execution by guillotine in 1865), guaranteed freedom of religion and freedom of association and introduced progressive taxes . In 1877, the Cantonal Laboratory Zurich was founded in order to regulate the quality of food and drinking water. The first cantonal chemist was Haruthiun Abeljanz , who

1914-585: The fourth-highest GRP in Switzerland behind Basel-Stadt , Zug and Geneva by GDP per capita. The prehistoric pile dwellings around Lake Zurich , which are located around Lake Zurich in the cantons of Schwyz , St. Gallen and Zurich, make up a considerable portion of the 56 sites in Switzerland that are included in the UNESCO World Heritage Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps . Nine of these UNESCO World Heritage sites are located on

1980-501: The radical-liberal order , led to the dissolution of the cantonal government, and a provisional conservative government was installed by colonel Paul Carl Eduard Ziegler. Under the threat of intervention of the other radical-liberal cantons of the Confederacy, the provisional government declared that the 1831 constitution would remain in effect. In a tumultuous session on 9 September 1839, the cantonal parliament declared its dissolution In

2046-427: The secondary sector and there were 11,383 businesses in this sector. 655,848 people were employed in the tertiary sector , with 58,796 businesses in this sector. In 2008 the total number of full-time equivalent jobs was 678,306. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 8,120, of which 7,771 were in agriculture, 320 were in forestry or lumber production and 29 were in fishing or fisheries. The number of jobs in

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2112-534: The 2000 census , 497,986 or 39.9% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church , while 380,440 or 30.5% were Roman Catholic . Of the rest of the population, there were 29,592 members of an Orthodox church (or about 2.37% of the population), there were 1,435 individuals (or about 0.11% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church , and there were 70,897 individuals (or about 5.68% of

2178-540: The FDP (13.2% in 2007), while the glp was the big winner of the election (7.0% in 2007). Zurich has a population (as of December 2020 ) of 1,553,423. As of 2010 , 23.7% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2000–2010) the population has changed at a rate of 12.7%. Migration accounted for 10.3%, while births and deaths accounted for 2.6%. Most of the population (as of 2000 ) speaks German (1,040,168 or 83.4%) as their first language, Italian

2244-516: The canton and beyond in the final decades of the 20th century, further accelerated by the S-Bahn from 1990, with only a few municipalities in Weinland , Knonaueramt and Oberland remaining out of easy commuting distance to the city. The current constitution replaced the one of 1869 in January 2006. The Antiquarische Gesellschaft in Zürich is an organization devoted to preserving the canton's history,

2310-445: The canton eventually placed education under its authority in 1861. The constitution was revised again in 1890, with a stronger emphasis on direct democracy. The 1890 constitution remained in effect, with numerous later changes, until 2001, the date of the latest revision of the cantonal constitution, when the division into districts was replaced by a division into eight constituencies ( Wahlkreise ), effective 1 January 2003. The canton

2376-430: The canton is subdivided into 8 constituencies ( Wahlkreise ) replacing the districts ( Bezirke ). There are 77 municipalities in the canton (As of 2017 ). 88% of the population is German-speaking. The main centres of population are the capital St. Gallen (69,700 inhabitants), Rapperswil-Jona (27,000), Wil (17,500) and Gossau (17,000). As of 2007 , the population included 97,461 foreigners, or about 20.9% of

2442-522: The canton of St. Gallen. The main rivers of the canton are the Rhine , Thur , Linth and Seez . The topography changes from the plains, near river Rhine and Lake Constance, towards the mountainous areas of the Alps in the south ( Appenzell Alps and Glarus Alps ). About one third (619.7 square kilometers (239.3 sq mi)) of the canton is wooded, while nearly half is 9,790.6 km (3,780.2 sq mi)

2508-514: The cantons of Zurich (west) and St. Gallen (east). It is the highest summit (1,292 m (4,239 ft)) of the canton of Zurich. The Uetliberg is part of the Albis Range. This mountain is popular with the population of the city of Zurich for recreation. The vast majority of the canton lies to the south of the Rhine, the exceptions being Rafzerfeld as mentioned and a tiny portion of the village of Laufen-Uhwiesen called Nohl . The blazon of

2574-490: The city of Zurich rose to the status of economic and financial center it still retains. Opposition against the dominance of Sytstem Escher increased after 1863. The cantonal government was accused to continue the system of aristocratic rule liberalism had claimed to abolish. The oppositional Democratic Movement was centered in Winterthur , led by mayor Johann Jakob Sulzer and publicist Salomon Bleuler. They succeeded in imposing

2640-630: The closing of the Abbey caused unrest throughout the area. When the War of the Second Coalition broke out in 1799, an Austrian army marched into eastern Switzerland and returned the Prince-Abbot to his throne at the Abbey. However, his victory was short-lived. The Austrian and Russian armies were defeated outside Zürich and the French Army returned to St. Gallen driving the Prince-Abbot out. In 1803, as part of

2706-406: The construction rate of new housing units was 5.3 new units per 1000 residents. As of 2003 the average price to rent an average apartment in the city of Zurich was 1288.84 Swiss francs (CHF) per month (US$ 1030, £580, €820 approx. exchange rate from 2003). The average rate for a one-room apartment was 733.01 CHF (US$ 590, £330, €470), a two-room apartment was about 1009.94 CHF (US$ 810, £450, €650),

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2772-401: The corresponding social and political responsibility were established by law. In October 2009, Global Finance magazine rated ZKB at one of the five safest banks in the world, on the basis of it being one of only five financial institutions that enjoyed a triple Standard & Poor's , Fitch and Moody's AAA/Aaa rating globally. In November 2013, Zürcher Kantonalbank was classified as

2838-510: The east. It also has an international border with the German district of Waldshut and though only for 460 m (1,510 ft)) the district of Konstanz in Baden-Württemberg owing to its short border with Stemmer , an outlying hamlet belonging to the municipality which forms the small German enclave of Büsingen am Hochrhein . The canton can be roughly divided into the city and lake,

2904-580: The following occurred after 2013. In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the SVP which received 29.8% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (19.3%), the FDP (11.6%) and the glp (11.5%). The SVP received about the same percentage of the vote as they did in the 2007 Federal election (33.9% in 2007 vs 29.8% in 2011). The SPS retained about the same popularity (19.8% in 2007), as well as

2970-572: The information industry, 81,163 or 15.1% were the insurance or financial industry, 65,139 or 12.1% were technical professionals or scientists, 36,792 or 6.9% were in education and 63,800 or 11.9% were in health care. Of the working population, 37.4% used public transportation to get to work, and 41.8% used a private car. Canton of St. Gallen The canton of St. Gallen or St Gall (German: Kanton St. Gallen [saŋkt ˈɡalən] ; Romansh : Chantun Son Gagl ; French : Canton de Saint-Gall ; Italian : Canton San Gallo )

3036-436: The introduction of the direct democratic instrument of the popular initiative in 1865, which precipitated a revision of the cantonal constitution. In April 1869, a new cantonal constitution was adopted by popular vote, introducing additional direct democratic elements and the popular election of both the cantonal government and the cantonal representatives in the federal Council of States . The new constitution also abolished

3102-476: The lake of Constance (54 km (21 sq mi)), of the Walensee (rather over 18 km (6.9 sq mi)), and of the lake of Zürich (10 km (3.9 sq mi)), and several small lakes wholly within its limits. The mountains of the canton include part of a thrust fault that was declared a geologic UNESCO World Heritage Site , under the name Swiss Tectonic Arena Sardona , in 2008. Since 2003

3168-414: The name of the medieval pagus , was in use for the territories of the city of Zurich during the 15th and 16th century; the term canton ( Kanton ) gradually entered use in the 16th century, but Zürichgau remained widely used well into the 19th century (becoming obsolescent after the formation of the modern canton in 1831). Under the short-lived Helvetic Republic (1798–1803), the canton of Zurich became

3234-482: The pastor of the Grossmünster in Zurich, and soon thereafter Zurich became a reformed or Protestant canton. Even though Zwingli died in battle in 1531, the canton remained a stronghold of the Swiss Reformed Church over the following centuries. While a plurality of the population is Protestant (43%), 31% of the population was Roman Catholic in 2004, a legacy of considerable immigration from Southern Europe. From

3300-442: The population in the canton has only increased by 73,000 over the same time period. Of those in the tertiary sector, the fourth largest sub-sector (in 2008) was financial services with 6.2% of the tertiary total. As of  2010 , Zurich had an unemployment rate of 3.9%. As of 2008 , there were 12,507 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 4,227 businesses involved in this sector. 143,231 people were employed in

3366-406: The population) did not answer the question. Most of the land is cultivated, but the canton of Zurich is not considered as an agricultural area. The lands to the north and east are more agricultural, but in every part of the canton manufacturing predominates. The canton of Zurich is noted for machinery. Silk and cotton weaving were important in the past, but have now ceased to be of importance. There

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3432-483: The population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 6,461 individuals (or about 0.52% of the population) who were Jewish , and 66,520 (or about 5.33% of the population) who were Islamic . There were 5,878 individuals who were Buddhist , 6,024 individuals who were Hindu and 1,456 individuals who belonged to another church. 165,324 (or about 13.25% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist , and 50,090 individuals (or about 4.01% of

3498-544: The population, while adults (18–64 years old) make up 64.4% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 15%. As of 2000 , there were 531,094 people who were single and never married in the canton. There were 566,636 married individuals, 66,012 widows or widowers and 84,164 individuals who are divorced. As of 2000 , there were 567,573 private households in the canton, and an average of 2.1 persons per household. There were 223,869 households that consist of only one person and 27,935 households with five or more people. As of 2009 ,

3564-446: The rest of the land, 20.1% is settled (buildings or roads) and 5.8% is unproductive land. Most of the canton consists of shallow river valleys which drain towards the High Rhine to the north. Rafzerfeld is a territory north of the Rhine acquired by the canton in 1651. In the northwest and southeast of the canton the territory rises towards the Jura and Alps , respectively. The valley of

3630-527: The rise of the Social Democrats . A proposal for the introduction of female suffrage was rejected in 1920; female suffrage was introduced on the municipal level in 1969 and on the cantonal level in 1970, shortly before its imposition by federal law, passed in 1971. Economic growth continued in the 20th century. A first airport was built at Dübendorf in 1910, replaced by the international airport at Kloten in 1948. Rapid urbanisation expanded throughout

3696-423: The secondary sector was 133,723 of which 81,212 or (60.7%) were in manufacturing, 774 or (0.6%) were in mining and 47,014 (35.2%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 536,463. In the tertiary sector; 105,226 or 19.6% were in the sale or repair of motor vehicles, 38,005 or 7.1% were in the movement and storage of goods, 33,417 or 6.2% were in a hotel or restaurant, 35,571 or 6.6% were in

3762-550: The settlements Greifensee–Storen/Wildsberg at the Greifensee and Wetzikon–Robenhausen at the Pfäffikersee. As well as being part of the 56 Swiss sites of the UNESCO World Heritage Site , each of these 11 prehistoric pile dwellings is also listed as a Class object in the Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance . Zurihgauuia (Zürichgau) was a subdivision of Turgowe (Thurgau) in

3828-541: The shore of Lake Zurich: Freienbach–Hurden Rosshorn , Freienbach–Hurden Seefeld , Rapperswil-Jona/Hombrechtikon–Feldbach , Rapperswil-Jona–Technikum , Erlenbach–Winkel , Meilen–Rorenhaab , Wädenswil–Vorder Au , Zürich–Enge Alpenquai and Kleiner Hafner . Because the lake has grown in size over time, the original piles are now around 4 metres (13 ft) to 7 metres (23 ft) under the water level of 406 metres (1,332 ft). Within an area of about 40 square kilometres (15 sq mi) around Lake Zurich, there also

3894-451: The so-called Septemberregime , the newly elected cantonal government replaced all cantonal officials with conservatives, but it was again ousted by a radical-liberal election victory in 1844. Alfred Escher was a member of the new cantonal parliament of 1844; he was elected to the cantonal government in 1848 and later in the same year into the first National Council under the new federal constitution . The radical-liberal era of 1844–1868

3960-574: The territories of the later canton of St. Gallen were divided between the cantons of Säntis and Linth of the Helvetic Republic , along with Appenzell , Glarus and parts of Schwyz . However, the two new Cantons had immediate financial problems and were forced to institute a number of unpopular taxes and laws. The Abbey was secularized on 17 September 1798 and the Prince-Abbot Pankraz Vorster fled to Vienna. The unpopular laws and

4026-466: The territory west and east of Lake Zurich, respectively. The territory of the canton of Zurich corresponds to the lands acquired by the city of Zurich after it became reichsfrei in 1218. Zurich pursued a policy of aggressive territorial expansion especially during the century following the revolution of the guilds in 1336. Zurich joined the Swiss Confederacy in 1351. Zurich claimed and lost

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4092-451: The total holding). The NAV is based on closing prices on the New York exchange according to Bloomberg Golds Comdty HP. Canton of Z%C3%BCrich The canton of Zurich is an administrative unit ( canton ) of Switzerland, situated in the northeastern part of the country. With a population of 1,553,423 (as of 31 December 2020), it is the most populous canton of Switzerland. Zurich is

4158-416: The total population. The majority of the population (as of 2000 ) is Roman Catholic (52%) while a large minority is Protestant (28%). The historical population is given in the following table: Agricultural activity consists predominantly of dairy farming and cattle breeding in the mountainous areas. In the plains fruit and wine production are important, but there is also mixed farming. Industries of

4224-472: Was a condominium , and Rheinau (owned by Rheinau Abbey ). In the 18th century, the "inner bailiwicks" ( Innere Vogteien ) were under direct administration of city officials, while the "outer bailiwicks" ( Äussere Vogteien ) were ruled by the reeves of Kyburg , Grüningen , Greifensee , Eglisau , Regensberg , Andelfingen , Wädenswil , and Knonau . The city of Winterthur was nominally subject to Zurich but retained far-reaching autonomy. Zürichgau ,

4290-408: Was dominated by the so-called System Escher , a network of liberal politicians and industrialists built by Alfred Escher. Escher governed the canton almost in monarchical fashion, and was popularly dubbed Alfred I. or Tsar of All Zurich . Escher controlled all cantonal institutions, at first with very little political opposition, expunging all trace of the conservative takeover of 1839. Under Escher,

4356-484: Was instrumental in setting up the new laboratory, moving it from an unpromising start in converted storage rooms to Lintheschergasse 10, which was located just behind the Pestalozziwiese, a memorial to Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi . The Cantonal Bank was established in 1870 to regulate cantonal loans at fixed interest rates to farms and businesses. A law of proportional representation was passed in 1916, favouring

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