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54-723: The Zorn is a river that flows through the Lorraine and the Alsace as the largest and last of the tributaries of the river Moder , before the latter empties into the Rhine . It rises on the territory of Walscheid as the Yellow Zorn (German: Gelber Zorn , French: Zorn Jaune ) and becomes the Zorn after its confluence with the right-hand tributary, the White Zorn (Ge: Weißer Zorn , Fr.: Zorn Blanche ). It has

108-516: A pliosaurid from the Middle Jurassic ( Bajocian ) deposits, was discovered in Lorraine and named after this region in 2023. Most of Lorraine has a clear French identity, with the exception of the northeastern part of the region, today known as Moselle , which historically has had a German-speaking population. In 1871, Bismarck annexed about a third of today's Lorraine to the new federation of

162-599: A crossroads between French and German cultures, Lotharingia experienced tremendous economic, artistic, and cultural prosperity during the 12th and 13th centuries under the Hohenstaufen emperors. Along with the rest of Europe, this prosperity was terminated in Lorraine in the 14th century by a series of harsh winters, bad harvests, and the Black Death . During the Renaissance , a flourishing prosperity returned to Lotharingia until

216-455: A gigantic 44.3-meter (145 feet) high Cross of Lorraine. The use of the potato in Lorraine can be traced back to 1665. It was imported to Europe from South America. It is used in what developed as various traditional dishes of the region, such as the potée lorraine . The Breux potato, which takes its name from the village of Breux in the north of the Meuse, is considered to be excellent because of

270-498: A length of just under 97 kilometres and drains an area of 757 km². The French spelling Zorn first surfaced in the 18th century. Hitherto the river was called the Sorn , which stems from the pre-Celtic era and probably meant "the flowing one". The upper reaches of the river, as far as Saverne , are home to many fine examples of architecture. This article related to a river in France

324-434: A permanent part of the modern Republic of France . Because of wars, it came under control of Germany several times as the border between the nations shifted. While Lorrainian separatists do exist in the 21st century, their political power and influence is negligible. Lorraine separatism today consists more of preserving its cultural identity rather than seeking genuine political independence. With enlightened leadership and at

378-554: Is Lorrain , which is a moribund minority Romance language that is spoken in southeastern Lorraine. The second is the German dialect of Lorraine Franconian , a group of three Franconian dialects independently surviving in northern and western Lorraine. They are referred to collectively as Plàtt in Franconian or francique or platt (lorrain) in French (not to be confused with Lorrain ,

432-658: Is a West Central German dialect spoken by a minority in the northern part of the region. This is distinct from the neighbouring Alsatian language , although the two are often confused. Neither has any form of official recognition. Lorrain is a Romance dialect spoken by a minority in the southern part of the region. The duchy produced a number of important painters, including Claude Lorrain , Georges de La Tour and Jean LeClerc . Like most of France's regional languages (such as Breton , Franco-Provençal , Occitan , Alsatian , Catalan , Basque and Flemish ), Lorrain and Lorraine Franconian were largely replaced by French with

486-402: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Lorraine (region) From 1982 until January 2016, Lorraine was an administrative region of France. In 2016, under a reorganisation, it became part of the new region Grand Est. As a region in modern France, Lorraine consisted of the four departments Meurthe-et-Moselle , Meuse , Moselle and Vosges (from a historical point of view

540-525: Is about 2,356,000. Lorraine's borders have changed often in its long history. The location of Lorraine led to it being a paramount strategic asset as the crossroads of four nations. This, along with its political alliances, marriage alliances, and the ability of rulers over the centuries to choose sides between East and West, gave it a tremendously powerful and important role in transforming all of European history. Its rulers intermarried with royal families over all of Europe, played kingmaker, and seated rulers on

594-577: Is generally used as a garden or for car parking. Furniture developed a specific identity after the Thirty Years' War : the "Lorrain style". At €44 billion (in 2000), Lorraine generates 3.4% of France's GDP. Despite ranking 11th in population, it ranks 8th in GDP out of the 22 regions of France, making it per capita among the top economic producing regions in the country, along with Alsace and Île-de-France (Paris). The logistics and service sectors have experienced

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648-577: Is identical to the same dialects spoken in the neighboring Rhineland of Germany. Like most of France's regional languages (e.g. Basque , Breton , West Flemish , Catalan , Provençal , and Alsatian which is close to dialects of its neighboring Lorraine), Lorrain and Lorraine Franconian have largely been replaced in use by French. For more than a century, nationalistic policies of the central government required public schooling to be conducted only in French. Now, however, there are efforts being made to revive Lorraine Franconian , whose linguistic vitality

702-553: Is now a separate administrative region. Most of the region forms part of the Paris Basin , with a plateau relief cut by river valleys presenting cuestas in the north–south direction. The eastern part is sharper with the Vosges. Many rivers run through Lorraine, including Moselle , Meurthe , and Meuse . Most of them are on the Rhine drainage basin . Lorraine has an oceanic climate with continental influences. Lorrainosaurus ,

756-474: Is still relatively high. Recent efforts include the use of bilingual signs in Franconian areas, and Franconian-language classes for young children whose parents can no longer speak their ancestral language. During World War II, the cross was adopted as the official symbol of the Free French Forces (French: Forces Françaises Libres , or FFL) under Charles de Gaulle . Georges Thierry d'Argenlieu suggested

810-455: The Alemannic language once spoken in Lorraine, the -ingen suffix signified a property; thus, in a figurative sense, "Lotharingen" can be translated as "Land belonging to Lothair", or more simplified *Lothair's realm*. As Lothair II had without heirs, his territory was divided by the 870 Treaty of Meerssen between East and West Francia and finally came under East Frankish rule as a whole by

864-524: The Austrian Netherlands . For political reasons, he decided to hide those heirs who were not born by his first wife, Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria , who was deceased when he took office. The vacuum in leadership, the French Revolution , and the political results and changes issuing from the many nationalistic wars that followed in the next 130 years, ultimately resulted in Lorraine becoming

918-468: The Cross of Lorraine was a symbol of Free France . The administrative region of Lorraine is larger than the 18th century duchy of Lorraine , which gradually came under French sovereignty between 1737 and 1766. The modern region includes provinces and areas that were historically separate from the duchy of Lorraine proper. These are: Some historians consider the traditional province of Lorraine as limited to

972-465: The French language and culture in favor of High German, which became the administrative language (Geschäftssprache. ) It required the use of German in schools in areas which it considered or designated as German-speaking , an often arbitrary categorisation. French was allowed to remain in use only in primary and secondary schools in municipalities definitely considered Francophone, such as Château-Salins and

1026-592: The German Empire following a decisive victory in the Franco-Prussian War . This disputed third has a culture not easily classifiable as either French or German , since both Romance and German dialects are spoken here. Like many border regions, Lorraine was a patchwork of ethnicities and dialects not mutually intelligible with either standard French or German (see linguistic boundary of Moselle ). Traditionally, two languages are native to Lorraine. The first

1080-687: The German Sixth Army under Crown Prince Rupprecht of Bavaria counterattacked and forced the French forces into retreat at the Battles of Sarrebourg and Morhange . Lorraine remained under martial law , close to the Western Front in northeastern France, and suffering from refugee crises for the rest of the war. The population effectively revolted against German rule by participating in the German Revolution of 1918–1919 , and welcomed French troops into

1134-483: The Haute-Marne department is also located in the region), containing 2,337 communes. Metz is the regional prefecture . The largest metropolitan area of Lorraine is Nancy , which was the seat of the duchy for centuries. To the north, Lorraine borders Germany , Belgium , and Luxembourg . In French, its male inhabitants are called Lorrains and its female inhabitants are called Lorraines . The population of Lorraine

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1188-525: The Kingdom of France , via derivative aristocratic house alliances. The succession within these houses, in tandem with other historical events, would have later restored Lorraine's status as its own duchy, but a vacuum in leadership occurred. Its duke Francois Stephen de Lorraine took the throne of the Holy Roman Empire as Francis I , and his brother Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine became governor of

1242-641: The Middle Ages . In 1301, Count Henry III of Bar had to receive the western part of his lands ( Barrois mouvant ) as a fief by King Philip IV of France . In 1475, the Burgundian duke Charles the Bold campaigned for the Duchy of Lorraine, but was finally defeated and killed at the 1477 Battle of Nancy . In the 1552 Treaty of Chambord , a number of insurgent Protestant Imperial princes around Maurice, Elector of Saxony ceded

1296-409: The Thirty Years' War . France inherited Lorraine in 1766. The region's location has caused the population to be mixed. The north largely speaks German , Lorraine Franconian and other German dialects . A strong centralised nationalism had only just begun to replace the feudalist system which had formed the multilingual borders, and an insurrection against the French occupation influenced much of

1350-669: The War of the Polish Succession , an agreement between France, the Habsburgs and the Lorraine House of Vaudémont assigned the Duchy to Stanisław Leszczyński , former king of Poland . He was also father-in-law to King Louis XV of France, and had recently lost out to a candidate backed by Russia and Austria in the War of the Polish Succession. The duke of Lorraine, Francis Stephen , betrothed to

1404-702: The 880 Treaty of Ribemont . After the East Frankish Carolingians became extinct with the death of Louis the Child in 911, Lotharingia once again attached itself to West Francia, but was conquered by the German king Henry the Fowler in 925. Stuck in the conflict with his rival Hugh the Great , in 942 King Louis IV of France renounced all claims to Lotharingia. In 953, the German king Otto I had appointed his brother Bruno

1458-639: The Emperor's daughter Archduchess Maria Theresa , was compensated with the Grand Duchy of Tuscany , where the last Medici ruler had recently died without issue. France also promised to support Maria Theresa as heir to the Habsburg possessions under the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 . Leszczyński received Lorraine with the understanding that it would fall to the French crown on his death. The title of Duke of Lorraine

1512-520: The Great Duke of Lotharingia. In 959, Bruno divided the duchy into Upper and Lower Lorraine ; this division became permanent following his death in 965. The Upper Duchy was further "up" the river system, that is, it was inland and to the south. Upper Lorraine was first denominated as the Duchy of Mosellane, both in charters and narrative sources, and its duke was the dux Mosellanorum . Lower Lorraine disintegrated into several smaller territories and only

1566-765: The High German standard (i.e. Germanised ) a number of genuine Francophone toponyms remained untouched. During the Nazi occupation between 1940 and 1944, however, its government imposed German translations to replace French names. For instance, Château-Salins was called Salzburg in Lothringen. During the Battle of the Frontiers at the beginning of World War I , the French First Army invaded Lorraine and briefly occupied Mulhouse . However,

1620-683: The Imperial House of Habsburg . France returned the Duchy in the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick ending the Nine Years' War and Charles' son Leopold (1679–1729), became duke and was known as 'Leopold the Good;' in the 1701–1714 War of the Spanish Succession , parts of Lorraine, including the capital Nancy, were again occupied by France, but Leopold continued to reign at the Château de Lunéville . In 1737, after

1674-570: The Kingdom of France in 1766. During the French Revolution , four departments were created from the main parts of the territories of Barrois, Three Bishoprics and the Duchy of Lorraine: After 1870 some parts of Moselle and Meurthe became German. Of the remaining parts, France formed the new department named Meurthe-et-Moselle . After 1918 and the Great War, France took over control again of Moselle . When France created its administrative regions in

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1728-567: The Meuse River) was the Duchy of Bar , part of the Holy Roman Empire . In the 15th century, it was united with the Duchy of Lorraine by the marriage of the Duke of Bar, René of Anjou , with Isabella , daughter of the Duke of Lorraine. Thus the duchies of Bar and Lorraine were united in personal union under the same duke, although formally they were officially separate until being annexed and incorporated into

1782-565: The Romance language). Now mainly rural and isolated, these dialects gradually differ in the region, though they are mutually intelligible. Lorraine Franconian is distinct from neighbouring Alsatian , to the south, although the two are often confused. Neither of them has official status where they are spoken, but Alsatian is far more widely used. Technically, Lorraine Franconian is a catch-all term for what were historically three dialects: Luxembourgish , Mosel Franconian , and Rhine Franconian . Each

1836-463: The Three Bishoprics to King Henry II of France in turn for his support. Due to the weakening of Imperial authority during the 1618–1648 Thirty Years' War , France was able to occupy the duchy in 1634 and retained it until 1661 when Charles IV was restored. In 1670, the French invaded again, forcing Charles into exile; his nephew and heir Charles V (1643–1690) spent his life in the service of

1890-535: The adoption of the Cross of Lorraine as the symbol of the Free French. In his General Order No. 2 of 3 July 1940, Vice-Admiral Émile Muselier , chief of the naval and air forces of the Free French for two days, created the bow flag displaying the French colours with a red Cross of Lorraine, and a cockade also featuring the Cross of Lorraine. De Gaulle is memorialised at his home village of Colombey-les-Deux-Églises by

1944-473: The area's early identity. In 1871, the German Empire regained a part of Lorraine ( Bezirk Lothringen , corresponding to the current department of Moselle ). The department formed part of the new German Empire 's Imperial Territory of Alsace–Lorraine . In the French Third Republic , the revanchist movement developed to recover this territory. The Imperial German administration strongly discouraged

1998-498: The death of Lothair I, Middle Francia was divided in three by the Treaty of Prüm in 855, with the northern third called Lotharingia and going to Lothair II . Due to Lotharingia being sandwiched between East and West Francia , the rulers identified as a duchy from 870 onward, enabling the duchy to ally and align itself nominally with either eastern or western Carolingian kingdoms in order to survive and maintain its independence. Thus, it

2052-543: The duchy of Lorraine proper, while others consider that it includes Barrois and the Three Bishoprics. The duchy of Lorraine was originally the duchy of upper Lorraine, and did not include the entire area since called Lorraine . The case of Barrois is the most complicated: the western part of Barrois (west of the Meuse), known as Barrois mouvant , was detached from the rest of Barrois in the early 14th century and taken over by French sovereignty. The largest part of Barrois (east of

2106-459: The hours). By tradition, they do not toll during Holy Week preceding Easter. Instead, the children of the villages play ratchets and announce, C'est l'Angélus! (It's the Angelus). After Easter , the children go from house to house and receive small presents for their service. Sinterklaas is celebrated in Lorraine, where he is called "Saint Nicolas". Each year, more than 150,000 people gather in

2160-517: The middle of the 20th century, it decided to gather Meurthe et Moselle , Meuse , Moselle and Vosges into a single region, known as Lorraine. Lorraine is the only French region to have borders with three other countries: Belgium ( Wallonia ), Luxembourg , and Germany ( Saarland , Rhineland-Palatinate ). It also borders the French regions of Franche-Comté , Champagne-Ardenne , which were at times part of historical Lorraine Lotharingia , and Alsace , which, while still part of Lorraine's identity,

2214-546: The perfect conditions of the area for its cultivation. Smoked bacon is also a traditional ingredient of the cuisine of Lorraine. It is used in various traditional dishes of the region, including the famous quiche Lorraine . The mirabelle plum of Lorraine is the emblematic fruit of Lorraine. It is used in pies and other desserts, as well as in alcoholic beverages . Traditional dishes in the region include: Traditional cheeses of Lorraine include: Carré de l'Est , Brouère , Munster-géromé , Tourrée de l'Aubier . Desserts from

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2268-526: The region include: madeleine , macaron , rum baba , plombières ice-cream , various pie recipes ( brimbelles bilberry, mirabelle plum, rhubarb, quark ...). The Christstollen is also popular in Lorraine during the Christmas season. Lorraine has a Roman Catholic heritage. Almost every village has a church, often centuries old, although many do not have a dedicated priest anymore. Church bells are traditionally rung to announce Angelus time (and often toll

2322-540: The region several days later. In the 1919 Treaty of Versailles , the Weimar Republic suffered severe territorial losses following World War I , including the portion of Lorraine territory that had been part of its state of Alsace-Lorraine. With the exception of its de facto annexation by Nazi Germany as part of the Gau Westmark during World War II , that area has since remained a part of France. During that war,

2376-464: The streets of Nancy to celebrate Sinterklaas . A total of that number gather in other areas across the region. Except for dispersed settlement in the Vosges mountains, traditional farms display linked houses, forming linear villages . They are built quite far from the road. The area between the house and the road is called l'usoir  [ fr ] . Until the 1970s, the usoir was used to store farming tools, firewood, or manure. Today this area

2430-715: The strongest growth in recent years. The traditional industries ( textiles , mining , metallurgy ) have undergone a decline due to restructuring and the move of some jobs offshore. Consequently, the region has struggled with rising unemployment, although its rate is still below the national average. In 1997 the last iron ore mine in Lorraine was closed; it had once produced more than 50 million tonnes of iron. 49°00′N 6°00′E  /  49.000°N 6.000°E  / 49.000; 6.000 Duchy of Lorraine The Duchy of Lorraine ( French : Lorraine [lɔʁɛn] ; German : Lothringen [ˈloːtʁɪŋən] ), originally Upper Lorraine ,

2484-430: The surrounding arrondissements, as well and in their local administration. After 1877, higher education, including state-run colleges, universities and teacher seminaries, was conducted exclusively in German. The predominance of German and the partial usage of French, though restricted, were both guaranteed by the 1911 constitution of Alsace-Lorraine. While many toponyms of German etymology in Lorraine were adapted to

2538-679: The thrones of the Holy Roman Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire , and others. In 840, Charlemagne 's son Louis the Pious died. The Carolingian Empire was divided among Louis' three sons by the Treaty of Verdun of 843. The middle realm, known as Middle Francia , went to Lothair I , reaching from Frisia in Northern Germany through the Low Countries , Eastern France, Burgundy , Provence , Northern Italy, and down to Rome . On

2592-570: The title of a " Duke of Lothier " remained, held by Brabant . By the time Upper Lorraine came into the possession of René of Anjou , several territories had already split off, such as the County of Luxembourg , the Electorate of Trier , the County of Bar and the " Three Bishoprics " of Verdun , Metz and Toul . The border between the Empire and the Kingdom of France remained relatively stable throughout

2646-424: Was a duchy now included in the larger present-day region of Lorraine in northeastern France. Its capital was Nancy . It was founded in 959 following the division of Lotharingia into two separate duchies: Upper and Lower Lorraine , the westernmost parts of the Holy Roman Empire . The Lower duchy was quickly dismantled, while Upper Lorraine came to be known as simply the Duchy of Lorraine. The Duchy of Lorraine

2700-520: Was a duchy in name but operated as an independent kingdom. In 870, Lorraine allied with East Francia while remaining an autonomous duchy. In 962, when Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor , restored the Empire ( restauratio imperii ), Lorraine was designated as the autonomous Duchy of Lorraine within the Holy Roman Empire. It maintained this status until 1766, after which it was annexed under succession law by

2754-464: Was allotted to Emperor Lothair I , therefore called Lotharii Regnum . On his death in 855, it was further divided into three parts, of which his son Lothair II took the northern one. His realm then comprised a larger territory stretching from the County of Burgundy in the south to the North Sea . In French, this area became known as Lorraine , while in German, it was eventually known as Lothringen . In

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2808-468: Was annexed by France and reorganized as the province of Lorraine and Barrois . Lorraine's predecessor, Lotharingia , was an independent Carolingian kingdom under the rule of King Lothair II (855–869). Its territory had originally been a part of Middle Francia , created in 843 by the Treaty of Verdun , when the Carolingian empire was divided between the three sons of Louis the Pious . Middle Francia

2862-488: Was coveted and briefly occupied by the dukes of Burgundy and the kings of France , but was ruled by the dukes of the House of Lorraine after 1473. In 1737, the duchy was given to Stanisław Leszczyński , the former king of Poland , who had lost his throne as a result of the War of the Polish Succession , with the understanding that it would fall to the French crown on his death. When Stanisław died on 23 February 1766, Lorraine

2916-455: Was given to Stanisław, but also retained by Francis Stephen, and it figures prominently in the titles of his successors (as a non-claimant family name), the House of Habsburg-Lorraine . When Stanisław died on 23 February 1766, Lorraine was annexed by France and reorganized as a province by the French government. Two regional languages survive in the region. Lorraine Franconian , known as francique or platt (lorrain) in French,

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