The Zirkelstein is the smallest table hill of Saxon Switzerland , in Germany . It is a wooded, cone-shaped hill with a striking 40-metre-high (130 ft) summit block of sandstone rock.
77-558: The Zirkelstein is located five kilometres southeast of Bad Schandau in the part of Saxon Switzerland that lies left of the River Elbe . Immediately northwest of the hill is the village of Schöna in the municipality of Reinhardtsdorf-Schöna , whilst east of the hill – in the Elbe valley – is the municipality of Hřensko ( Herrnskretschen ), over the border in the Czech Republic . Immediately at
154-439: A cord of wood . Wood chipping is the act and industry of chipping wood for pulp, but also for other processed wood products and mulch . Only the heartwood and sapwood are useful for making pulp. Bark contains relatively few useful fibers and is removed and used as fuel to provide steam for use in the pulp mill. Most pulping processes require that the wood be chipped and screened to provide uniform sized chips. There are
231-539: A Kneipp spa. The town is the smallest German place with its own tram service, the Kirnitzschtal Tramway . The tramway runs from Schandau to Lichtenhain Waterfall and has been working since 1898. Bad Schandau was badly hit by the flooding of the Elbe in the years 1845 , 2002 and 2006 . The floodwater on 16/17 August 2002 stood at 9.78 metres (32.1 ft) above average, 4.28 metres (14.0 ft) above
308-428: A combination of chemical and thermal treatment to begin an abbreviated chemical pulping process, followed immediately by a mechanical treatment to separate the fibres. These hybrid methods include thermomechanical pulping, also known as TMP, and chemithermomechanical pulping, also known as CTMP. The chemical and thermal treatments reduce the amount of energy subsequently required by the mechanical treatment, and also reduce
385-498: A factor in the development of printing . By the 1800s, production demands on the newly industrialized papermaking and printing industries led to a shift in raw materials, most notably the use of pulpwood and other tree products which today make up more than 95% of global pulp production. The use of wood pulp and the invention of automatic paper machines in the late 18th- and early 19th-century contributed to paper's status as an inexpensive commodity in modern times. While some of
462-585: A mechanical mill. The conditions of the chemical treatment are much less vigorous (lower temperature, shorter time, less extreme pH ) than in a chemical pulping process since the goal is to make the fibers easier to refine, not to remove lignin as in a fully chemical process. Pulps made using these hybrid processes are known as chemi-thermomechanical pulps (CTMP). Chemical pulp is produced by combining wood chips and chemicals in large vessels called digesters. There, heat and chemicals break down lignin, which binds cellulose fibres together, without seriously degrading
539-539: A mixture of softwoods and hardwoods 12 metres (40 ft) tall and 15–20 centimetres (6–8 in) in diameter, it would take an average of 24 trees to produce 0.9 tonne (1 ton) of printing and writing paper, using the kraft process (chemical pulping). Mechanical pulping is about twice as efficient in using trees, since almost all of the wood is used to make fibre, therefore it takes about 12 trees to make 0.9 tonne (1 ton) of mechanical pulp or newsprint . There are roughly two short tons in
616-421: A modern spa facility, inns, villas and family homes make up the buildings of the village. With just under 100 inhabitants, the village had a very isolated existence on an exposed upland at the end of the 19th century. But even in 1900, there were ambitious plans for this location with its long-distance, all-round views to be turned into an exclusive tourist centre with sports facilities and an airfield. But only
693-410: A more sustainable means of production. There is enough straw to meet much of North America's book, magazine, catalogue and copy paper needs. Agricultural-based paper does not come from tree farms . Some agricultural residue pulps take less time to cook than wood pulps. That means agricultural-based paper uses less energy, less water and fewer chemicals. Pulp made from wheat and flax straw has half
770-442: A number of different processes which can be used to separate the wood fiber: Manufactured grindstones with embedded silicon carbide or aluminum oxide can be used to grind small wood logs called "bolts" to make stone pulp (SGW). If the wood is steamed prior to grinding it is known as pressure ground wood pulp (PGW). Most modern mills use chips rather than logs and ridged metal discs called refiner plates instead of grindstones. If
847-536: A variety of reasons, including seasonal availability, problems with chemical recovery, brightness of the pulp etc. In China, as of 2009, a higher proportion of non-wood pulp processing increased use of water and energy. Nonwovens are in some applications alternatives to paper made from wood pulp, like filter paper or tea bags . Market pulp is any variety of pulp that is produced in one location, dried and shipped to another location for further processing. Important quality parameters for pulp not directly related to
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#1733084737640924-814: Is a fibrous lignocellulosic material prepared by chemically, semi-chemically or mechanically producing cellulosic fibers from wood , fiber crops , waste paper , or rags . Mixed with water and other chemicals or plant-based additives, pulp is the major raw material used in papermaking and the industrial production of other paper products . Before the widely acknowledged invention of papermaking by Cai Lun in China around AD 105, paper-like writing materials such as papyrus and amate were produced by ancient civilizations using plant materials which were largely unprocessed. Strips of bark or bast material were woven together, beaten into rough sheets, dried, and polished by hand. Pulp used in modern and traditional papermaking
1001-578: Is a manufacturing facility that converts wood chips or other plant fibre source into a thick fiberboard which can be shipped to a paper mill for further processing. Pulp can be manufactured using mechanical, semi-chemical or fully chemical methods (kraft and sulfite processes). The finished product may be either bleached or non-bleached, depending on the customer requirements. Wood and other plant materials used to make pulp contain three main components (apart from water): cellulose fibers (desired for papermaking), lignin (a three-dimensional polymer that binds
1078-526: Is about 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) from the Czech frontier and 33 kilometres (21 mi) southeast of Dresden on the railway to Děčín . The borough of Bad Schandau consists of the core town and the villages Krippen, Ostrau, Porschdorf , Postelwitz, Prossen, Schmilka, and Waltersdorf. All of these except Krippen lie on the right (northern) bank of the Elbe, whilst Krippen lies on the left (southern) bank. The original craftsmen's and merchants' settlement left of
1155-423: Is distinguished by the maceration process which produces a finer, more regular slurry of cellulose fibers which are pulled out of solution by a screen and dried to form sheets or rolls. The earliest paper produced in China consisted of bast fibers from the paper mulberry (kozo) plant along with hemp rag and net scraps. By the 6th century, the mulberry tree was domesticated by farmers in China specifically for
1232-408: Is easily recovered by distillation. The reason for using a solvent is to make the lignin more soluble in the cooking liquor. Most common used solvents are methanol , ethanol , formic acid and acetic acid often in combination with water . Research is under way to develop biopulping (biological pulping), similar to chemical pulping but using certain species of fungi that are able to break down
1309-579: Is one of five Upper Saxon or Meissen dialects. On the left bank of the Elbe runs the track of the Dresden–Děčín railway . Bad Schandau railway station is a stop for EuroCity links between Berlin and Budapest , the CityNightLine between Prague and Copenhagen / Amsterdam / Zürich as well as the S-Bahn between Meißen and Schöna that passes through Dresden. Several cross-border regional trains also work
1386-534: Is one of the first buildings in Schmilka. The mill was closed in the 19th century. In 2007, however, the mill was restored to a functional state again. Historic pictures, including a copperplate by Adrian Ludwig Richter , were used in the restoration. Richter was one of the artists who walked the so-called Painters' Way ( Malerweg ) in Saxon Switzerland about 200 years ago. The Painters' Way runs directly by
1463-1212: Is one of the most controversial issues. The process effluents are treated in a biological effluent treatment plant , which guarantees that the effluents are not toxic in the recipient. Mechanical pulp is not a major cause for environmental concern since most of the organic material is retained in the pulp, and the chemicals used ( hydrogen peroxide and sodium dithionite ) produce benign byproducts (water and sodium sulfate (finally), respectively). Chemical pulp mills, especially kraft mills, are energy self-sufficient and very nearly closed cycle with respect to inorganic chemicals. Bleaching with chlorine produces large amounts of organochlorine compounds, including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). Many mills have adopted alternatives to chlorinated bleaching agents thereby reducing emissions of organochlorine pollution. The kraft pulping reaction in particular releases foul-smelling compounds. The sulfide reagent that degrades lignin structure also causes some demethylation, yielding methanethiol , dimethyl sulfide , and dimethyl disulfide . These same compounds are released during many forms of microbial decay, including
1540-430: Is pulp produced by processing wood chips using heat (thus " thermo- ") and a mechanical refining movement (thus "-mechanical"). It is a two-stage process where the logs are first stripped of their bark and converted into small chips. These chips have a moisture content of around 25–30 percent. A mechanical force is applied to the wood chips in a crushing or grinding action which generates heat and water vapour and softens
1617-413: Is used in making regenerated cellulose that is used textile and cellophane production. It is also used to make cellulose derivatives. Fluff pulp is used in diapers , feminine hygiene products and nonwovens . The Fourdrinier Machine is the basis for most modern papermaking , and it has been used in some variation since its conception. It accomplishes all the steps needed to transform pulp into
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#17330847376401694-589: The OVPS . OVPS also operate the Kirnitzschtal tramway , a historical tram service that runs from the town centre to the Lichtenhain Waterfall . The Elbe Cycleway runs along the banks of the Elbe. Bad Schandau was badly hit by the floods , along with neighbouring towns Reinhardtsdorf-Schöna and Pirna . [REDACTED] Media related to Bad Schandau at Wikimedia Commons Mechanical wood pulp Pulp
1771-523: The cellulose fibres . Chemical pulp is used for materials that need to be stronger or combined with mechanical pulps to give a product different characteristics. The kraft process is the dominant chemical pulping method, with the sulfite process second. Historically soda pulping was the first successful chemical pulping method. Recycled pulp is also called deinked pulp (DIP). DIP is recycled paper which has been processed by chemicals, thus removing printing inks and other unwanted elements and freed
1848-436: The lignin thus separating the individual fibres. The pulp is then screened and cleaned, any clumps of fibre are reprocessed. This process gives a high yield of fibre from the timber (around 95 percent) and as the lignin has not been removed, the fibres are hard and rigid. Wood chips can be pre-treated with sodium carbonate , sodium hydroxide , sodium sulfate and other chemicals prior to refining with equipment similar to
1925-500: The 19th century was the Dampfschiff ("Steamship"). The building was gutted from the ground upwards and the façades restored. Several apartment complexes are housed in bathhouse villas ( Bäder-Villen ). The ensemble was opened again in 2007 under the name Elbresidenz Bad Schandau . The impressive Lutheran St John's Church with its octagonal west tower has existed in its present form since 1679. The baroque skylight turret
2002-647: The 3,500 m Botanical Garden ( Pflanzengarten Bad Schandau ) with over 1,500 species of plants is located at the entrance to the Kirnitzsch valley. By the tram stop of the Kirnitzschtal Tramway stands the so-called Ice Age Rock ( Eiszeitstein ) illustrating that in the Pleistocene epoch the inland ice sheet extended as far as here from Scandinavia. Near the Park Hotel and the historical lift to Ostrau stands
2079-581: The Bad Schandau Administrative Association ( Verwaltungsgemeinschaft Bad Schandau ) for the municipalities of Rathmannsdorf and Reinhardtsdorf-Schöna . Bad Schandau is twinned with: Schandau was described in the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1911) thus: Schandau has an Evangelical parish church, a hydropathic establishment and a school of river navigation. The position of Schandau in
2156-595: The Bohemian side of the Elbe Sandstone Mountains below the Okrouhlik (494 metres (1,621 ft) above NN). Krippen was incorporated into Bad Schandau borough on 1 January 1999. The summer resort of Postelwitz has been part of the borough of Bad Schandau since 1934. The village, which comprises a number of separate groups of houses, hugs the rock face tightly about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) upstream below
2233-544: The Elbe and lies at a height of 245 metres (804 ft) above NN . The ice-age loess-loam on the plateau of the Ostrauer Scheibe enabled the establishment in former times of a German village for seven farmsteads. Ostrau has been directly linked to the town of Bad Schandau since 1904 with an electric passenger lift that was built at the initiative of the hotelier, Rudolf Sendig, who also financed it. Old timber-framed farmsteads, guesthouses ( Pensionen ), holiday homes,
2310-405: The Elbe at a height of 117 metres (384 ft), has been part of the borough of Bad Schandau since 1 January 1973. This village of Elbe boatmen, rafters, stonecutters, charcoal burners, Pechsieder and forest workers was first recorded in 1582. Small timber-framed houses still dominate its façades. In 2009, Schmilka had 137 inhabitants (1999: 169). The Ilmen Spring ( Ilmenquelle ) rises near
2387-543: The Elbe with surviving timber-framed houses that were mentioned as early as 1379 has been a summer resort since the end of the 19th century, when development of tourism began. The village was the sphere of action of the Krippen villager and inventor of mechanical wood pulp for the manufacture of paper, Friedrich Gottlob Keller (1816–95), from 1853 to his death. A memorial tablet on the Keller Museum, house number 76 in
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2464-522: The Roman Catholic Church next to the hillside on the right of the Elbe. This building was built as accommodation for a Russian diplomat in the classic Saint Petersburg villa style of the 19th century and has been used since 1924 by the Catholic Church as a consecrated building. The historical lift to Ostrau is a 50-metre-high (160 ft), free-standing iron construction, that links
2541-496: The Schöna gauge reaches 7.60. In 1480, Schandau was granted the right by Prince Ernest of Saxony to bear a coat of arms and a seal. The coat of arms shows a ship under sail, probably a reference to the importance of Elbe shipping. The local elections of 26 May 2019 saw a voter turnout of 69,9 % (+9,5) with the following results: Bad Schandau is a fulfilling municipality ( erfüllende Gemeinde ) [ de ] in
2618-441: The acidification and eventual breakdown of paper products, often characterized by the browning and embrittling of paper with a high lignin content such as newsprint . 100% cotton or a combination of cotton and linen pulp is widely used to produce documents intended for long-term use, such as certificates, currency, and passports. Today, some groups advocate using field crop fibre or agricultural residues instead of wood fibre as
2695-472: The aforementioned lift was built along with wooden, Scandinavian-style villas on the Ostrauer Ring , also at Sendig's initiative. In 2009, Ostrau had a population of 419 (1999: 541). In the first half of the 14th century, German settlers acquired the Elbe meadows between Rathmannsdorf and Postelwitz from the feudal estate of Hohnstein and founded a trading post here. Schandau was first mentioned in
2772-490: The amount of strength loss suffered by the fibres. Most pulp mills use good forest management practices in harvesting trees to ensure that they have a sustainable source of raw materials . One of the major complaints about harvesting wood for pulp mills is that it reduces the biodiversity of the harvested forest. Pulp tree plantations account for 16 percent of world pulp production, old-growth forests 9 percent, and second- and third- and more generation forests account for
2849-454: The background. The Zirkelstein gets its name from its characteristic shape that, from a distance, resembles a compass (German: Zirkel ). In 1592 the hill was first mentioned, as the Circkelstein . The Zirkelstein is best approached from Schöna along at yellow signed hiking trail. The summit itself may be gained using the metal steps and railings provided. Due to its isolated situation
2926-569: The border and, with a discharge of 6 L/s, is the most powerful in Saxon Switzerland. The hills of Schrammsteine and Großer Winterberg may be ascended from Schmilka along various paths and climbs such as the Saints' Way ( Heilige Stiege ) or the Rübezahl Way ( Rübezahlstiege ). The Ilmenbach stream drives the Schmilka Mill ( Schmilksche Mühle ) only a few metres below the spring. Built in 1665, it
3003-525: The business was leased. On 3 September 1926 the inn was set on fire by lightning during a heavy thunderstorm and was razed to the ground. Currently the hill, which has an area of 7 hectares, is owned by the ZirkelsteinResort g GmbH . The best-known painting of the Zirkelsteins is by Caspar David Friedrich . In the background of his 1818 painting, Der Wanderer über dem Nebelmeer , the hill appears in
3080-544: The cellulose fibers in the pulp of these species are longer, and therefore make stronger paper. Some of the most commonly used trees for paper making include softwoods such as spruce , pine , fir , larch and hemlock , and hardwoods such as eucalyptus , aspen and birch . There is also increasing interest in genetically modified tree species (such as GM eucalyptus and GM poplar ) because of several major benefits these can provide, such as increased ease of breaking down lignin and increased growth rate. A pulp mill
3157-404: The cellulose fibres (chemically depolymerizing the cellulose weakens the fibres). The various mechanical pulping methods, such as groundwood (GW) and refiner mechanical pulping (RMP), physically tear the cellulose fibres one from another. Much of the lignin remains adhering to the fibres. Strength is impaired because the fibres may be cut. There are a number of related hybrid pulping methods that use
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3234-429: The cellulose fibres together) and hemicelluloses (shorter branched carbohydrate polymers ). The aim of pulping is to break down the bulk structure of the fibre source, be it chips, stems or other plant parts, into the constituent fibres. Chemical pulping achieves this by degrading the lignin and hemicellulose into small, water-soluble molecules which can be washed away from the cellulose fibres without depolymerizing
3311-446: The chips are just ground up with the plates, the pulp is called refiner mechanical pulp (RMP) and if the chips are steamed while being refined the pulp is called thermomechanical pulp (TMP). Steam treatment significantly reduces the total energy needed to make the pulp and decreases the damage (cutting) to fibres. Mechanical pulps are used for products that require less strength, such as newsprint and paperboards . Thermomechanical pulp
3388-432: The dyes formed from the tannins of the wood and accentuated (reinforced) by sulfides present in it. Steam exploded fibre is a pulping and extraction technique that has been applied to wood and other fibrous organic material. The pulp produced up to this point in the process can be bleached to produce a white paper product. The chemicals used to bleach pulp have been a source of environmental concern, and recently
3465-649: The earliest examples of paper made from wood pulp include works published by Jacob Christian Schäffer in 1765 and Matthias Koops in 1800, large-scale wood paper production began in the 1840s with unique, simultaneous developments in mechanical pulping made by Friedrich Gottlob Keller in Germany and by Charles Fenerty in Nova Scotia . Chemical processes quickly followed, first with J. Roth 's use of sulfurous acid to treat wood, then by Benjamin Tilghman 's U.S. patent on
3542-431: The ecological footprint of pulp made from forests. Hemp paper is a possible replacement, but processing infrastructure, storage costs and the low usability percentage of the plant means it is not a ready substitute. However, wood is also a renewable resource, with about 90 percent of pulp coming from plantations or reforested areas. Non-wood fibre sources account for about 5–10 percent of global pulp production, for
3619-443: The fibres are brightness , dirt levels, viscosity and ash content. In 2004 it accounted for about 55 million metric tons of market pulp. Air dry pulp is the most common form to sell pulp. This is pulp dried to about 10 percent moisture content. It is normally delivered as sheeted bales of 250 kg. The reason to leave 10 percent moisture in the pulp is that this minimizes the fibre to fibre bonding and makes it easier to disperse
3696-480: The foot of the Zirkelstein is a former Friends of Nature house with a restaurant and a small bungalow village. The land of the Zirkelstein has been in private hands since 2008. In 1841 the then owner of the hill, Johann Gottlob Füssel, built a small inn on the side of the Zirkelstein. In 1842 facilities were built to enable the summit to be made accessible to visitors. The inn was run by the family until 1913 and then
3773-647: The heart of the romantic " Saxon Switzerland " has made it a place of importance, and thousands of tourists make it their headquarters in summer. For their accommodation numerous hotels and villas have been erected. The chief manufactures of the town are artificial flowers and furniture. The prefix "Bad" was added in 1920 in acknowledgement of the spa status of the town (the German "Bad" means " spa " in English). The 2009 film, Inglourious Basterds , directed by Quentin Tarantino ,
3850-652: The internal microbial action in Camembert cheese , although the kraft process is a chemical one and does not involve any microbial degradation. These compounds have extremely low odor thresholds and disagreeable smells. The main applications for pulp are paper and board production. The furnish of pulps used depends on the quality on the finished paper. Important quality parameters are wood furnish , brightness , viscosity, extractives, dirt count and strength. Chemical pulps are used for making nanocellulose . Speciality pulp grades have many other applications. Dissolving pulp
3927-819: The kraft process the dominant pulping process, starting in the 1940s. Global production of wood pulp in 2006 was 175 million tons (160 million tonnes). In the previous year, 63 million tons (57 million tonnes) of market pulp (not made into paper in the same facility) was sold, with Canada being the largest source at 21 percent of the total, followed by the United States at 16 percent. The wood fiber sources required for pulping are "45% sawmill residue, 21% logs and chips, and 34% recycled paper" (Canada, 2014). Chemical pulp made up 93% of market pulp. The timber resources used to make wood pulp are referred to as pulpwood . While in theory any tree can be used for pulp-making, coniferous trees are preferred because
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#17330847376404004-690: The line to Děčín . Another regional railway link to Sebnitz and Neustadt in Saxony runs on the Bautzen–Bad Schandau railway . The town centre may be reached from the station over a ferry link as well as the Elbe Road Bridge at Bad Schandau. Other ferries run between the town of Schandau and Krippen and between Schmilka and the station of Schmilka-Hirschmühle in Reinhardtsdorf-Schöna . The town may also be accessed on regional bus services run by
4081-536: The main road named after him and in whom the inventor once lived, celebrates him and his work. In 2009, Krippen had a population of 568 (1999: 720). A stream, the Krippenbach , joins the Elbe near Krippen. The stream is supplied from the Gautzschgraben spring near the border with Czech Republic , and also from other sources on the other side of the state border, its catchment area reaching almost as far as Maxičky on
4158-508: The market square ( Marktplatz ) with its town hall (1863) and several Renaissance buildings (the Gambrinus brewery, house No. 1 with its timber-framed upper storey) since 1896 has been the Sendig Fountain next to the church, which for reasons unknown lost its Art Nouveau top extension with sculptures during World War II ; it was reconstructed from 1994 to 2011. The spa facilities and
4235-478: The market square and 3.46 metres (11.4 ft) high in the church. The Schöna gauge reached 12.04 (Bad Schandau gauge 11.88), volumetric flow 4,780 m /s. The high-water mark was 4 centimetres (1.6 in) below that of 1845. On 3 April 2006, a high-water mark of 6.78 metres (22.2 ft) and 1.28 metres (4.2 ft) above the market square above average was reached at about 11 pm. Schöna gauge 8.88, volumetric flow 2720 m /s. The square floods when
4312-608: The mill. The Schmilka Mill traditionally runs during the Mill Festival that takes place every year at Whitsun. Within the mill is a holiday home, the Mühlchen ("Little Mill"), which can be used as holiday accommodation. The village also has a brewery, and functions as a wellness retreat with organic food. Ostrau ( German pronunciation: [ˈɔstʁaʊ] ) on the Ostrauer Scheibe rises 130 metres (430 ft) above
4389-535: The paper fibres. The process is called deinking . DIP is used as raw material in papermaking . Many newsprint , toilet paper and facial tissue grades commonly contain 100 percent deinked pulp and in many other grades, such as lightweight coated for offset and printing and writing papers for office and home use, DIP makes up a substantial proportion of the furnish. Organosolv pulping uses organic solvents at temperatures above 140 °C to break down lignin and hemicellulose into soluble fragments. The pulping liquor
4466-403: The pulp in water for further processing to paper . Roll pulp or reel pulp is the most common delivery form of pulp to non traditional pulp markets. Fluff pulp is normally shipped on rolls (reels). This pulp is dried to 5–6 percent moisture content. At the customer this is going to a comminution process to prepare for further processing. Some pulps are flash dried. This is done by pressing
4543-543: The pulp industry has been using alternatives to chlorine , such as chlorine dioxide , oxygen , ozone and hydrogen peroxide . Pulp made from non-wood plant sources or recycled textiles is manufactured today largely as a speciality product for fine-printing and art purposes. Modern machine- and hand-made art papers made with cotton, linen, hemp, abaca , kozo , and other fibers are often valued for their longer, stronger fibers and their lower lignin content. Lignin , present in virtually all plant materials, contributes to
4620-593: The pulp to about 50 percent moisture content and then let it fall through silos that are 15–17 m high. Gas fired hot air is the normal heat source. The temperature is well above the char point of cellulose , but large amount of moisture in the fibre wall and lumen prevents the fibres from being incinerated. It is often not dried down to 10 percent moisture (air dry). The bales are not as densely packed as air dry pulp. The major environmental impacts of producing wood pulp come from its impact on forest sources and from its waste products. The impact of logging to provide
4697-438: The purpose of producing pulp to be used in the papermaking process. In addition to mulberry, pulp was also made from bamboo , hibiscus bark, blue sandalwood , straw , and cotton . Papermaking using pulp made from hemp and linen fibers from tattered clothing, fishing nets and fabric bags spread to Europe in the 13th century, with an ever-increasing use of rags being central to the manufacture and affordability of rag paper ,
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#17330847376404774-558: The raw material for wood pulp is an area of intense debate. Modern logging practices, using forest management seek to provide a reliable, renewable source of raw materials for pulp mills . The practice of clear cutting is a particularly sensitive issue since it is a very visible effect of logging . Reforestation , the planting of tree seedlings on logged areas, has also been criticized for decreasing biodiversity because reforested areas are monocultures . Logging of old growth forests accounts for less than 10 percent of wood pulp, but
4851-469: The records in 1445 and was given, in effect, the status of a town as a result of its important location as a trading site on the Elbe in 1467 by a council constitution. Since about 1800, Bad Schandau has been a spa town and summer resort . In 1877, the place was given a permanent crossing over the river, the Carola Bridge . In 1920, the town was granted the official title of "Bad" ("Spa"). In 1936, it became
4928-552: The rest. Reforestation is practiced in most areas, so trees are a renewable resource . The FSC ( Forest Stewardship Council ), SFI ( Sustainable Forestry Initiative ), PEFC ( Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification ), and other bodies certify paper made from trees harvested according to guidelines meant to ensure good forestry practices. The number of trees consumed depends on whether mechanical processes or chemical processes are used. It has been estimated that based on
5005-721: The right bank of the Elbe , at the mouth of the valley of the Kirnitzsch and in the area often described as Saxon Switzerland . Bad Schandau lies east of the Elbe right on the edge of the Saxon Switzerland National Park in the Elbe Sandstone Mountains ; the National Park Centre is located in the town. The original town centre nestled on the steep, towering sandstone rocks on the right-hand, northern bank of
5082-411: The river Elbe and squeezed in places into the narrow valley of the Kirnitzsch . The town centre lies 121.7 metres (399 ft) above sea level (HN) (market square), whilst its highest points lie over 400 metres (1,300 ft) above sea level . A rural tram line, the Kirnitzschtal Tramway , accompanies the little river for several kilometres and offers access to the nearby walking area. Bad Schandau
5159-741: The rocks of the Schrammsteine , but also because of the understated Art Nouveau ornamentation, a journey on the technical monument has become something of a tourist attraction. The so-called Ostrauer Scheibe is a plateau that can be reached on foot along a hiking trail from the Botanical Garden in the Kirnitsch Valley, over the old cart track ( Ostrauer Berg ), as well as by car along a road that weaves in hairpin bends up from Postelwitz. The new Schrammstein Open-Air Pool ( Schrammstein-Bad ) that
5236-541: The rocks of the Schrammsteine . This originally Slavic settlement of rafters, fishermen, stonebreakers and boat builders was first recorded in 1446. Ships' anchor smiths worked in the village until 1968. The local sandstone quarries (at times the most important in the region) worked from the second half of the 16th century until 1907; were then reforested and are accessible today via the Elbe Promenade ( Elbpromenade ). The surviving timber-framed houses nos. 55–67,
5313-473: The so-called Seven Brothers' Houses ( Siebenbrüderhäuser ), are linked to a legend in whom a boatman wanted to build a house for each of his sons. His own building was, however, to be taller than them all. On house nos. 43 and 69, as well as the ferryman's house, there are Elbe high-water marks. In 2009, Postelwitz had a population of 282 (1999: 323). Schmilka, the border village to the Czech Republic on
5390-456: The sulfate, or kraft , process, was developed by Carl F. Dahl in 1879; the first kraft mill started, in Sweden, in 1890. The invention of the recovery boiler , by G.H. Tomlinson in the early 1930s, allowed kraft mills to recycle almost all of their pulping chemicals. This, along with the ability of the kraft process to accept a wider variety of types of wood and to produce stronger fibres, made
5467-595: The summit offers a comprehensive all-round view over the forests and crags of Saxon and Bohemian Switzerland and the Lusatian Mountains . Bad Schandau Bad Schandau ( German: [baːt ˈʃandaʊ] ; Upper Sorbian : Žandow , pronounced [ˈʒandɔf] ) is a spa town in Germany , in the Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge district of Saxony . It is situated on
5544-453: The unwanted lignin, but not the cellulose fibres. In the biopulping process, the fungal enzyme lignin peroxidase selectively digests lignin to leave remaining cellulose fibres. This could have major environmental benefits in reducing the pollution associated with chemical pulping. The pulp is bleached using chlorine dioxide stage followed by neutralization and calcium hypochlorite . The oxidizing agent in either case oxidizes and destroys
5621-404: The use of calcium bisulfite , Ca(HSO 3 ) 2 , to pulp wood in 1867. Almost a decade later, the first commercial sulfite pulp mill was built, in Sweden. It used magnesium as the counter ion and was based on work by Carl Daniel Ekman . By 1900, sulfite pulping had become the dominant means of producing wood pulp, surpassing mechanical pulping methods. The competing chemical pulping process,
5698-434: The village of Ostrau higher up the hill. The hotelier, Rudolf Sendig, had this electrically driven lift built in 1904 by the firms of Kelle & Hildebrandt (iron framework) and Kühnscherf & Söhne (lift). The lift was officially opened on Easter Sunday 1905 and the rivetted structure, that has been protected since 1954, was refurbished in 1989–1990. Due to its view over Saxon Switzerland around Bad Schandau, especially
5775-612: Was added in 1711 following a town fire. The interior of the church with its wooden coffer , single-storey matroneum and stained glass windows in the chancel is the result of fundamental conversion work in 1876–77. Especially valuable is the two-storied Renaissance altar in sandstone, which the Dresden sculptor, Hans Walther, originally made for the Kreuzkirche, Dresden , and which stood in Dresden Anne's from 1760 to 1902. The main sight in
5852-619: Was badly damaged before it could open by the flooding of the Elbe in 2002 went bust but, after a two-year delay, was able to open under its new owners, toskanaworld, as the so-called Toskana Thermal Baths ( Toskana-Therme ); this firm has similar facilities in Bad Sulza and Bad Orb . A special form of the Upper Saxon dialect is spoken in Bad Schandau: the South East Meissen dialect, which
5929-609: Was shot primarily in Bad Schandau, and at Studio Babelsberg in Berlin . Bad Schandau's town profile on the right bank of the river is dominated by the hotels of the Gründerzeit bordering the Elbe, the two bridges and St John's Church ( Johanniskirche ). From 2002 to 2007, comprehensive renovation work was carried out on the Gründerzeit hotels on the riverfront – the best-known in
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