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96-583: The School of the Prophets was founded as a volunteer-run institution in 1924 by Rev. Christine Gibson at East Providence, Rhode Island . It was also at one time named Mount Zion Bible School. Later, as the Zion Bible Institute, it was closely associated with Zion Gospel Temple, originally a Holiness congregation founded in the late 19th century by Rev. Alphaeus Cleveland and subsequently pastored by Rev. Christine Gibson. The congregation later affiliated with

192-469: A gender quota to enforce Title IX in high school sports would put those young athletes at risk of losing their opportunity to play." High school participation rates from the National Federation of High School associations report that in 2010–11, there were 4,494,406 boys and 3,173,549 girls participating in high school athletics. In a 2007 study of athletic opportunities at NCAA institutions

288-423: A 'man's place' on a woman stems from such stereotyped notions. But the facts contradict these myths about the 'weaker sex' and it is time to change our operating assumptions." He continued: "While the impact of this amendment would be far-reaching, it is not a panacea. It is, however, an important first step in the effort to provide for the women of America something that is rightfully theirs—an equal chance to attend

384-403: A declaratory judgment that its policy interpreting Title IX's requirement for equity in participation opportunities is limited to colleges and universities. The American Sports Council argued that "The three-part test and its encouragement of quotas, has no relevance to high schools or high-school sports, and no federal regulation or interpretation has ever said that high schools must abide by

480-405: A fellow Amherst student and described how her life was affected by the experience; she stated that the perpetrator harassed her at the only dining hall, that her academic performance was negatively affected, and that, when she sought support, the administration coerced her into taking the blame for her experience and ultimately institutionalized her and pressured her to drop out. The fact that such

576-501: A large increase in the number of women participating in athletics at both the high school and college level. The number of women in high school sports had increased by a factor of nine, while the number of women in college sports had increased by more than 450%. A 2008 study of intercollegiate athletics showed that women's collegiate sports have grown to 9,101 teams, or 8.65 per school. The five most frequently offered college sports for women are in order: (1) Basketball, 98.8% of schools have

672-573: A memo issued by the Department of Health and Human Services that would propose a strict definition of gender for Title IX, using the person's sex as determined at birth and could not be changed, effectively limiting recognition of transgender students and potentially others. The memo stated that the government needed to define gender "on a biological basis that is clear, grounded in science, objective and administrable". The news brought immediate protests in several locations as well as online social media under

768-636: A more transparent government. What is the difference between a government and the Amherst College campus? Why can't we know what is happening on campus? Why should we be quiet about sexual assault?" When the Amherst case reached national attention, Annie E. Clark and Andrea Pino , two women who were allegedly sexually assaulted at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill connected with Epifano, Brodsky, and Yale Law School student Dana Bolger to address

864-459: A notable example of its success was Bernice Sandler , who used the executive order to retain her job and tenure at the University of Maryland . She used university statistics to show how female employment at the university had plummeted as qualified women were replaced by men. Sandler then brought her complaints to the Department of Labor 's Office for Federal Fair Contracts Compliance , where she

960-495: A prestigious institution could have such a noxious interior fills me with intense remorse mixed with sour distaste. I am sickened by the Administration's attempts to cover up survivors' stories, cook their books to discount rapes, pretend that withdrawals never occur, quell attempts at change, and sweep sexual assaults under a rug. When politicians cover up affairs or scandals the masses often rise in angry protestations and call for

1056-463: A protected class category. Title IX was enacted to fill this gap and prohibit discrimination in all federally funded education programs. Congressman John Tower then proposed an amendment to Title IX that would have exempted "revenue-generating" sports from Title IX. The Tower Amendment was rejected, but it led to widespread misunderstanding of Title IX as a sports-equity law, rather than an anti-discrimination, civil rights law. While Title IX

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1152-490: A provision found in the original/revised ERA bill as an amendment which would become Title IX. In his remarks on the Senate Floor, Bayh stated, "we are all familiar with the stereotype [that] women [are] pretty things who go to college to find a husband, [and who] go on to graduate school because they want a more interesting husband, and finally marry, have children, and never work again. The desire of many schools not to waste

1248-596: A recipient generally must treat transgender, or gender non-conforming, consistent with their gender identity in all aspects of the planning, implementation, enrollment, operation, and evaluation of single-sex classes." However, starting in 2017 with the Trump administration , several of these policies have been rolled back. In February 2017, the Departments of Justice and Education (headed by Attorney General Jeff Sessions and Education Secretary Betsy DeVos , respectively) withdrew

1344-497: A school's educational system. In the late 1970s, a group of students and one faculty member sued Yale University for its failure to curtail sexual harassment on campus, especially by male faculty. This case, Alexander v. Yale , was the first to use Title IX to argue and establish that the sexual harassment of female students can be considered illegal sex discrimination. The plaintiffs in the case alleged rape, fondling, and offers of higher grades for sex by several Yale faculty. Some of

1440-411: A sexually hostile environment and has failed to adequately respond to sexual harassment concerns." In October 2012, an Amherst College student, Angie Epifano , wrote an explicit, personal account of her alleged sexual assault and the ensuing "appalling treatment" she received when coming forward to seek support from the college's administration. In the narrative, Epifano alleged that she was raped by

1536-533: A team; (2) Volleyball, 95.7%; (3) Soccer, 92.0%; (4) Cross Country; 90.8%, and (5) Softball; 89.2%. The lowest rank for female sports teams is bowling. The exact percentage is not known; however, there are only around 600 students on women's bowling teams in all three divisions in the NCAA. There have been concerns and claims that the current interpretation of Title IX by the Office for Civil Rights (OCR) has resulted in

1632-467: A transgender boy, for instance, is allowed entry to a boys-only class, and a student who identifies as a transgender girl is allowed entry to a girls-only class. This also applies to academic records if that student is over the age of eighteen at a university. The memo states in part that "[a]ll students, including transgender students, or students who do not conform to sex stereotypes, are protected from sex-based discrimination under Title IX. Under Title IX,

1728-455: A violation of Title IX. It stated that Connecticut's policy "denied female student-athletes athletic benefits and opportunities, including advancing to the finals in events, higher-level competitions, awards, medals, recognition, and the possibility of greater visibility to colleges and other benefits." On March 8, 2021, President Joe Biden issued Executive Order 14021 entitled "Guaranteeing an Educational Environment Free From Discrimination on

1824-686: Is a city in Providence County, Rhode Island , United States. The population was 47,139 at the 2020 census , making it the fifth-largest city in the state. East Providence is located between the Providence and Seekonk Rivers on the west and the Seekonk area of Massachusetts on the east. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 16.6 square miles (43 km ), of which, 13.4 square miles (35 km ) of it

1920-639: Is approved the Massachusetts Department of Higher Education and Michigan Department of Higher Education. The institution is also endorsed by the Assemblies of God USA . As of the fall of 2024, NorthPoint Bible College remains unaccredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education (NECHE), the major regional governing body that determines and approves the academic standing of accredited Bachelor of Arts and Science degree programs. Chapel

2016-583: Is best known for its impact on high school and collegiate athletics , the original statute made no explicit mention of sports. The United States Supreme Court also issued decisions in the 1980s and 1990s, making clear that sexual harassment and assault is a form of sex discrimination. In 2011, President Barack Obama issued guidance reminding schools of their obligation to redress sexual assaults as civil rights matters under Title IX. Obama also issued guidance clarifying Title IX protections for LGBT students through Dear Colleague letters. The precursor to Title IX

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2112-608: Is brief. U.S. President Nixon therefore directed the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (HEW) to publish regulations clarifying the law's application. In 1974, U.S. Senator John Tower introduced the Tower Amendment which would have exempted revenue-producing sports from Title IX compliance. Later that year, Congress rejected the Tower Amendment and passed an amendment proposed by U.S. Senator Jacob Javits directing HEW to include "reasonable provisions considering

2208-560: Is cited as the reason for these cuts. Wrestling historically was the most frequently dropped sport, but other men's sports later overtook the lead. According to the NCAA, the most-dropped men's sports between 1987 and 2002 were as follows: Additionally, eight NCAA sports—all men's sports—were sponsored by fewer Division I schools in 2020 than in 1990, despite the D-I membership having increased by nearly 60 schools during that period. A 2023 study found, however, that when men's sports were cut,

2304-414: Is held Monday through Thursday. Attendance is mandatory for all full-time students. On one Friday per month, there are class prayers. There is a dress code for class attendance, chapel attendance, and leisure time. In 2016, the college was granted an exemption from some of the provisions of Title IX that forbid discrimination on the basis of sex. Unmarried students without an established residence in

2400-468: Is land and 3.2 square miles (8.3 km ) of it (19.33%) is water. The following villages are located in East Providence: The city of East Providence is governed by an elected mayor and a five-member city council, with the mayor and counselors elected every four years. City council members are elected one each from four wards and one elected at-large. The mayor is both the ceremonial leader of

2496-477: Is tied to Title IX which was passed in response to the U.S. Supreme Court's 1984 ruling Grove City College v. Bell . The Court held that Title IX applied only to those programs receiving direct federal aid. This case was initially reached by the Supreme Court when Grove City College disagreed with the Department of Education's assertion that it was required to comply with Title IX. Grove City College

2592-567: Is to oversee that Title IX is not being violated and to answer all questions pertaining to Title IX. Everyone must have access to the Title IX coordinator's name, address, and telephone number. To ensure compliance with Title IX, programs of both male and females must display no discrimination. This applies to opportunities for athletic participation (in proportion to enrollment numbers), scholarships, and how athletes are treated (e.g., equitable locker room facilities, etc.). Title IX's statutory language

2688-460: The Department of Education can impose a fine and potentially deny further institutional access to federal funds. However, critics and later the Department of Education noted that this change was adopted without a rulemaking process to provide public notice and comment. On March 15, 2011, Yale undergraduate student and alleged sexual violence survivor Alexandra Brodsky filed a Title IX complaint along with fifteen fellow students alleging Yale "has

2784-666: The Department of Education 's Office for Civil Rights , "The sexual harassment of students, including sexual violence, interferes with students' right to receive an education free from discrimination and, in the case of sexual violence, is a crime." The letter, referred to as the "Dear Colleague Letter", states that it is the responsibility of institutions of higher education "to take immediate and effective steps to end sexual harassment and sexual violence." The letter illustrates multiple examples of Title IX requirements as they relate to sexual violence and makes clear that, should an institution fail to fulfill its responsibilities under Title IX,

2880-416: The Department of Education . In 2006, a federal court found that there was sufficient evidence that the University of Colorado acted with "deliberate indifference" toward students Lisa Simpson and Anne Gilmore, who were sexually assaulted by student football players. The university settled the case by promising to change its policies and to pay $ 2.5 million in damages. In 2008, Arizona State University

2976-529: The Education and Labor Committee , and observed corresponding congressional hearings relating to women's issues on employment and equal opportunity. In these hearings, Green and Sandler initially proposed the idea of Title IX. An early legislative draft aimed at amending the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was then authored by Representative Green. At the hearing, there were mentions of athletics. The idea behind

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3072-521: The Hobby Lobby chain of hobby stores , purchased the former Bradford College campus in Haverhill, Massachusetts. The 18-acre (73,000 m) campus was given to Zion Bible College, and Zion was to fund the repairs and upgrades needed before commencing operations there. The college reopened on the new campus in the fall of 2008, and enrollment doubled from 200 to 400. In 2012, the school's trustees changed

3168-543: The Obama administration , the U.S. Department of Education-issued guidance asserted that transgender students are protected from sex-based discrimination under Title IX. In particular, Title IX of its Education Amendments of 1972 bars schools that receive financial aid assistance from sex-based discrimination in education programs and activities. It instructed public schools to treat transgender students consistent with their gender identity in academic life. A student who identifies as

3264-485: The Women's Sports Foundation reported that over 150,000 female athletic opportunities would need to be added to reach participation levels proportional to the female undergraduate population. The same study found that men's athletics also receives the lion's share of athletic department budgets for operating expenses, recruiting, scholarships, and coaches salaries. Title IX applies to all educational programs and all aspects of

3360-524: The federal government . This is Public Law No. 92‑318, 86 Stat. 235 (June 23, 1972), codified at 20 U.S.C. §§ 1681–1688. Senator Birch Bayh wrote the 37 opening words of Title IX. Bayh first introduced an amendment to the Higher Education Act to ban discrimination on the basis of sex on August 6, 1971, and again on February 28, 1972, when it passed the Senate. Representative Edith Green , chair of

3456-722: The "#WontBeErased" hashtag. In May 2020, the Trump administration's Department of Education contended that the rights of cisgender women are infringed upon by transgender women. The Education Department started to withhold federal funding to schools which affirm the identities of transgender athletes. In August 2020, the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit affirmed a 2018 lower court ruling in Adams v. The School Board of St. Johns County, Florida that discrimination on

3552-416: The 21,050 households, 23.0% had children under the age of 18; 39.0% were married couples living together; 33.8% had a female householder with no spouse or partner present. 35.5% of households consisted of individuals and 16.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.3 and the average family size was 3.1. The percent of those with a bachelor’s degree or higher

3648-600: The Basis of Sex, Including Sexual Orientation or Gender Identity", reversing changes made by the first Trump administration to limit the scope of Title IX to sex only, excluding gender identity and sexual orientation. The executive order also provided a timeline for the Secretary of Education and Attorney General to "review all existing regulations, orders, guidance documents, policies, and any other similar agency actions (collectively, agency actions) that are or may be inconsistent with

3744-449: The Department of Education issued guidance on how schools should implement the new Title IX regulations. This guidance includes specific information on how schools should prevent and respond to sexual harassment. On June 23, 2022, the Biden administration issued a proposed rule to reverse the changes made by the final rule and to expand coverage regarding gender identity and pregnancy. Under

3840-515: The Equity in Athletics Disclosure Act, sponsored by Congresswoman Cardiss Collins required that federally-assisted educational institutions disclose information on roster sizes for men's and women's athletic teams; as well as budgets for recruiting, scholarships, coaches' salaries, and other expenses, annually. In 1992, the Supreme Court decided monetary relief was available under Title IX in

3936-597: The Office of Civil Rights to go through a formal notice-and-comment process since 1997. Some of the new regulations made in May 2020 involve defining sexual harassment to include "sexual assault, dating violence, domestic violence, and stalking," as discrimination, as well as require schools to offer attainable options for anyone to report a sexual harassment case. Unlike guidance issued by the Obama administration in 2011 and 2014, they will have

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4032-580: The Pentecostal revival and continued as an independent Pentecostal church named Zion Gospel Temple. The nearby Zion Faith Home, Inc., a retirement home for missionaries, was also connected with the school and church for many years while the campus was located in East Providence, Rhode Island . In 1985, Zion Bible Institute relocated to the former campus of Barrington College in Barrington, Rhode Island . At

4128-639: The Subcommittee on Education, had held hearings on discrimination against women, and introduced legislation in the House on May 11, 1972. The full Congress passed Title IX on June 8, 1972. Representative Patsy Mink emerged in the House to lead efforts to protect Title IX against attempts to weaken it, and it was later renamed the Patsy T. Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act following Mink's death in 2002. When Title IX

4224-610: The Superintendent of Schools. The city has an appointed library board of trustees which governs the city's library system and various other appointed governing and advisory boards and commissions. The 2020 United States census counted 47,139 people, 21,050 households, and 11,510 families in East Providence. The population density was 3,548.6 per square mile (1,370.1/km ). There were 22,196 housing units at an average density of 1,670.9 per square mile (645.1/km ). The racial makeup

4320-556: The Title ;IX era, both sexes have seen a net increase in the number of athletic teams over that same period. When total enrollment (which had likewise increased) is controlled for however, only women had an increase in participation. Though interest in the sport of wrestling has consistently increased at the high school level since 1990, scores of colleges have dropped their wrestling programs during that same period. The OCR's three-prong test for compliance with Title IX often

4416-504: The Title IX era, though solely for women when increased enrollment is accounted for, as men's participation has remained static relative to university enrollment, and men's opportunities outnumber women's by a wide margin. Between 1981 and 1999, university athletic departments cut 171 men's collegiate wrestling teams, 84 men's tennis teams, 56 men's gymnastics teams, 27 men's track teams, and 25 men's swimming teams. While some teams—both men's and women's—have been eliminated in

4512-401: The U.S. Department of Education Office of Civil Rights, first in 1979 and later followed by several clarifications and amendments. To meet the requirements, schools must pass at least one of three tests measuring sex equality among athletics the school offers. These tests consist of proportional numbers of males and females participating, whether or not the school is making an effort to increase

4608-487: The United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance. Title IX was enacted as a follow-up to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . The 1964 Act was passed to end discrimination in various fields based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in

4704-618: The University of Southern California (on May 22). These complaints, the resulting campaigns against sexual violence on college campuses, and the organizing of Bolger, Brodsky, Clark, Pino and other activists led to the formation of an informal national network of activists. Bolger and Brodsky also started Know Your IX , an organization of student activists focused on legal education and federal and state policy change. Title IX has been interpreted as allowing private lawsuits against educational institutions as well as formal complaints submitted to

4800-592: The age of 18 and 11.4% of those ages 65 or over. As of the census of 2000, there were 48,688 people, 20,530 households, and 12,851 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,632.1 inhabitants per square mile (1,402.4/km ). There were 21,309 housing units at an average density of 1,589.6 per square mile (613.7/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 86.49% White , 5.02% African American , 0.46% Native American , 1.15% Asian , 0.05% Pacific Islander , 2.80% from other races , and 4.03% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.89% of

4896-684: The area are required to live on campus while attending Northpoint Bible College. There is one dormitory for men (Gallagher Hall) and one for women (Gibson Hall). Some married students live on the upper floors of Academy Hall. Unmarried students who are not yet in their senior year are held to nightly campus curfew , room curfew, and weekly room inspections. Northpoint Bible College has satellite distance-education campuses in Grand Rapids, Michigan , Crestwood, Kentucky, Texarkana, Arkansas, and Los Angeles, California . Courses are also offered online. East Providence, Rhode Island East Providence

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4992-411: The areas of employment and public accommodation. The 1964 Act did not prohibit sex discrimination against people employed at educational institutions. A parallel law, Title VI, had also been enacted in 1964 to prohibit discrimination in federally funded private and public entities. It covered race, color, and national origin but excluded sex. Feminists during the early 1970s lobbied Congress to add sex as

5088-403: The average family size was 2.99. In the city, the population was spread out, with 21.7% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 29.4% from 25 to 44, 22.6% from 45 to 64, and 18.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 86.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 82.6 males. The median income for a household in the city

5184-654: The basis of gender identity is discrimination "on the basis of sex" and is prohibited under Title IX (federal civil rights law) and the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment to the US Constitution . In December 2020, the "Protect Women in Sports" Act was introduced to the U.S. House of Representatives. It would block schools from receiving federal funding if transgender girls and nonbinary people are allowed to compete on girls' sports teams at those schools. It

5280-463: The case Franklin v. Gwinnett County Public Schools . In October 2002, less than a month after the death of U.S. Rep. Patsy Mink, the U.S. Congress passed a resolution to rename Title IX the "Patsy Takemoto Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act", which President George W. Bush signed into law. On November 24, 2006, Title IX regulations were amended to provide greater flexibility in the operation of single-sex classes or extracurricular activities at

5376-749: The cases were based on a 1977 report authored by plaintiff Ann Olivarius , now a feminist attorney known for fighting sexual harassment, " A report to the Yale Corporation from the Yale Undergraduate Women's Caucus ." Several of the plaintiffs and lawyers have written accounts of the case. Advocates such as the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) likewise maintain that "when students suffer sexual assault and harassment, they are deprived of equal and free access to an education." Further, according to an April 2011 letter issued by

5472-420: The city and the chief executive officer. The mayor runs the daily operations of the city, enforces the charter and ordinances of the city and appoints all department heads except the city clerk. The current mayor of East Providence is Roberto DaSilva , who took office on January 9, 2019. Until January 9, 2019, the day-to-day operations were managed by a professional city manager appointed by the city council, and

5568-540: The city council oversaw the entire city government under a council-manager system. As of 2019 , the members of the East Providence City Council are: The city of East Providence has a municipal court, which hears cases regarding violations of municipal ordinances, housing code violations and minor traffic violations. The city also has a probate court, which handles estates, name changes, guardianships and related matters. Judges for both courts are appointed by

5664-762: The college's name to Northpoint Bible College, effective January 1, 2013. In 2012, the Rev. Dr. J. David Arnett was elected to serve as the eighth president. He led the college through many programmatic and campus upgrades. In 2013, the Massachusetts Board of Higher Education approved the addition of Master's Degrees and Associate of Arts Degrees . In 2017, the National Council for State Authorization Reciprocity Agreement approved Northpoint to offer postsecondary distance education courses and programs online. A Hispanic Seminary (Northpoint Universidad Bíblica y Seminario)

5760-438: The dismantling of men's programs, despite strong participation in those sports. Some believe that the increase in athletic opportunity for girls in high school has come at the expense of boys' athletics. Because teams vary widely in size, it is more common to compare the number of total participation opportunities between the sexes. Additionally, the total number of college participation opportunities has increased for both sexes in

5856-471: The draft was a progressive one in instituting an affirmative action for women in all aspects of American education. Title IX was formally introduced in Congress by Senator Birch Bayh of Indiana in 1971, who then was its chief Senate sponsor for congressional debate. At the time, Bayh was working on numerous constitutional issues related to women's employment and sex discrimination—including, but not limited to,

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5952-615: The female-dominated Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW) run female championships, decided to offer female championships themselves, leading to the eventual demise of the AIAW. The NCAA later tried to claim that Congress had not intended to include athletics under Title IX's coverage, but the record lacks any sustained discussion of the matter. Advocates of Title IX's current interpretation cite increases in female athletic participation, and attribute those increases to Title IX. One study, completed in 2006, pointed to

6048-446: The force of law behind them. Colleges and universities will be required to comply with the regulations by Aug. 14. On June 22, 2021, the Supreme Court ruled in the case of Doe v. DeVos that schools must provide a fair and impartial grievance process to students who allege sexual harassment. This ruling clarifies that schools are legally obligated to respond promptly and effectively to allegations of sexual harassment. On February 10, 2022,

6144-628: The funding for those sports was primarily re-directed to the men's football and basketball programs. The study moreover suggests that it is in athletic directors' interest to not admit that the additional funding was for football and basketball, but to rather blame Title IX for the cuts. In 2011, the American Sports Council (formerly called the College Sports Council) stated, "Nationwide, there are currently 1.3 million more boys participating in high school sports than girls. Using

6240-465: The governance of female athletics. In regards to coaching roles, in spite of the fact that the legislation has helped create more and better opportunities for women, the number of women coaches has surprisingly decreased while the number of male coaches have subsequently increased. Men have also gained a larger role in directing female athletics. For example, the male-dominated National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), which had been content to let

6336-508: The guidance on gender identity. The Education Department announced on February 12, 2018, that Title IX did not allow transgender students to use the bathroom of their gender identities. Dwayne Bensing, a lawyer for the Office of Civil Rights within the United States Department of Education and who was in its LGBTQ affinity group, had unsuccessfully asked DeVos not to withdraw the Obama administration guidance. Two years later, in

6432-532: The library. Following Crandall, Rev. George Cope served as president from 2000 to 2005. The college became affiliated with the Assemblies of God USA in 2000. In 2001, it was accredited by the Association for Biblical Higher Education . In 2007 Reverend Charles Crabtree, a former assistant superintendent of the Assemblies of God, accepted the position of president. Also in 2007, David Green , CEO and founder of

6528-442: The mayor was the president of the city council, acting ceremonially. The city council sets all city ordinances, sets the budget of the city (with recommendation from the mayor) and provides legislative oversight for city operations. The city council elects a council president and council vice-president to preside over meetings. The city council also appoints the city clerk. Up until 2019, The city council served two-year terms, and

6624-455: The mayor with confirmation by the city council for a term of two years. The city also has an elected school committee, elected for two-year terms by the same ward system as the city council. The school committee has broad authority to manage the school system, including setting all school system policies, setting the school system budget (within the general appropriation by the city, state and federal government) as well as selecting and overseeing

6720-419: The median household income was $ 63,158 (with a margin of error of +/- $ 3,857) and the median family income was $ 88,973 (+/- $ 7,921). Males had a median income of $ 47,414 (+/- $ 3,540) versus $ 37,833 (+/- $ 2,442) for females. The median income for those above 16 years old was $ 42,543 (+/- $ 2,745). Approximately, 5.9% of families and 9.6% of the population were below the poverty line , including 9.3% of those under

6816-648: The nation's first psychiatric facility exclusively for children, was founded in 1931. It is a teaching hospital for the Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University . Title IX Title IX is a landmark federal civil rights law in the United States that was enacted as part (Title IX) of the Education Amendments of 1972 . It prohibits sex-based discrimination in any school or any other education program that receives funding from

6912-562: The nature of particular sports" adopted in its place. In June 1975, HEW published the final regulations detailing how Title IX would be enforced. These regulations were codified in the Federal Register in the Code of Federal Regulations Volume 34 , Part 106 ( 34 CFR 106 ). Since 1975, the federal government has issued guidance clarifying how it interprets and enforces those regulations. The Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1988

7008-422: The number of the unrepresented sex, if the school has a certain history of one specific sex dominating the numbers of athletes in a given sport, and whether or not the school is showing an effort to expand the program to the other sex. There have been different interpretations regarding Title IX's application to high school athletics. The American Sports Council sued the Department of Education in 2011 seeking

7104-593: The parallel concerns of hostility at their institution, filing Title IX and Clery Act complaints against the university in January 2013, both leading to investigations by the U.S. Department of Education . Following the national prominence of the UNC Chapel Hill case, organizers Pino and Clark went on to coordinate with students at other schools; in 2013, complaints citing violations of Title IX were filed against Occidental College (on April 18), Swarthmore College and

7200-409: The plaintiff $ 850,000 in damages and fees. The Trump administration made changes to guidelines that were implemented during the Obama administration. These changes shifted the standard of evidence used in Title IX investigations from "preponderance of the evidence" to a "clear and convincing" evidence standard, which is typically used for civil cases in which serious allegations are made (as opposed to

7296-456: The policy set forth" in the order. On June 16, 2021, the U.S. Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights issued a Notice of Interpretation explaining that it will "enforce Title IX's prohibition on discrimination on the basis of sex to include: (1) discrimination based on sexual orientation; and (2) discrimination based on gender identity." The review set out in E.O. 14021 is still ongoing as of April 2022. The introduction of Title IX

7392-410: The population. There were 20,530 households, out of which 27.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.3% were married couples living together, 12.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 37.4% were non-families. 32.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and

7488-431: The primary or secondary school level; this was largely to introduce federal abstinence-only programs, which may have been a partial basis for the support of President Bush. On May 15, 2020, the Department of Education issued a letter stating that the policy of the state of Connecticut which allows transgender girls to compete in high school sports as girls was a violation of the civil rights of female student-athletes and

7584-604: The revised draft of the Equal Rights Amendment . The ERA attempted to build "a powerful constitutional base from which to move forward in abolishing discriminatory differential treatment based on sex". As Bayh was having partisan difficulty in later getting the ERA Amendment out of committee, the Higher Education Act of 1965 was on the Senate Floor for re-authorization; and on February 28, 1972, Bayh re-introduced

7680-573: The schools of their choice, to develop the skills they want, and to apply those skills with the knowledge that they will have a fair chance to secure the jobs of their choice with equal pay for equal work". Title IX became public law on June 23, 1972. When U.S. President Nixon signed the bill, he spoke mostly about desegregation busing , and did not mention the expansion of educational access for women he had enacted. Each institution or organization that receives federal funding must designate at least one employee as Title IX coordinator . Their duty

7776-487: The standard of beyond reasonable doubt in criminal cases). On September 22, 2017, US Department of Education Secretary Betsy Devos rescinded the Obama-era guidelines which had prodded colleges and universities to more aggressively investigate campus sexual assaults. On May 7, 2020, the U.S. Department of Education released final regulations governing campus sexual assault under Title IX, the first Title IX guidance published by

7872-702: The summer of 2019, Bensing discovered that the Education Department was fast-tracking the Alliance Defending Freedom 's complaint against transgender student-athletes, even though the department's attorneys did not understand the legal basis for doing so and the department had to pressure other employees. Bensing leaked this information to the Washington Blade and was forced to resign in December 2019. In October 2018, The New York Times obtained

7968-700: The three-part test". On the other hand, the Department of Education insists that Title IX is a "valuable tool" for ensuring a level playing field for all students" and "plays a critical role in ensuring a fundamental level of fairness in America's schools and universities". Although Title IX has helped increase the participation rate of female student athletes, several challenges remain for girls and women, including for females who aspire to become involved in professional roles within sport. The growing exposure of female sports has led to an increasingly dominant representation of males in coaching positions and roles involving

8064-572: The time the institute was under the leadership of Dr. N. Benjamin Crandall, president from 1985 to 2000. The centerpiece of the campus was the former Peck Mansion , a building listed on the registry of historic sites for the state of Rhode Island . Renamed as the Gibson Memorial Building in honor of the institute's founder, it housed the President's Office, a variety of additional offices, and

8160-691: Was $ 39,108, and the median income for a family was $ 48,463. Males had a median income of $ 34,342 versus $ 26,423 for females. The per capita income for the city was $ 19,527. About 6.3% of families and 8.6% of the population were below the poverty line , including 10.7% of those under age 18 and 11.0% of those aged 65 or over. The population has large immigrant communities from Portugal , the Azores , Madeira and Cape Verde . Approximately 24% of East Providence residents report Portuguese ancestry, followed by Irish at 18%, and Italian with 11%. East Providence has 13 public and 5 non-public schools: Bradley Hospital ,

8256-405: Was 77.38% (36,474) white or European American (75.66% non-Hispanic white ), 5.4% (2,547) black or African-American , 0.42% (199) Native American or Alaska Native , 2.11% (996) Asian , 0.04% (17) Pacific Islander or Native Hawaiian , 4.83% (2,277) from other races , and 9.82% (4,629) from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race was 7.06% (3,328) of the population. Of

8352-654: Was added in the fall of 2022. The campus, formerly that of Bradford College , is located in the Bradford section of Haverhill at 320 South Main Street, Haverhill, MA 01835. The college offers Associate in Arts , Bachelor of Arts , and Master of Arts degrees. All bachelor's degree students double major in Biblical Studies and a second major of their choice. NPBC is accredited by the Association for Biblical Higher Education . It

8448-462: Was an executive order, issued in 1967 by President Lyndon Johnson , forbidding discrimination in federal contracts. Before these orders were issued, the National Organization for Women (NOW) had persuaded him to include the addition of women. Executive Order 11375 required all entities receiving federal contracts to end discrimination on the basis of sex in hiring and employment. In 1969,

8544-486: Was encouraged to file a formal complaint; later citing inequalities in pay, rank, and admissions, among others. Sandler soon began to file complaints against the University of Maryland and other colleges while working with NOW and the Women's Equity Action League (WEAL). Sandler later filed 269 complaints against colleges and universities, which led to the events of 1970. In 1970, Sandler joined U.S. House Representative Edith Green 's Subcommittee on Higher Education of

8640-427: Was estimated to be 25.3% of the population. 16.7% of the population was under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 26.7% from 25 to 44, 27.6% from 45 to 64, and 22.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 44.9 years. For every 100 females, the population had 112.5 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older, there were 116.4 males. The 2016-2020 5-year American Community Survey estimates show that

8736-463: Was followed by a considerable increase in the number of female students participating in organized sports within American academic institutions followed by growing interest in initiating and developing programs which would pursue feminist principles in relationship to concerns surrounding issues dealing with girls and women's equality and equity in sport. Athletic equality requirements were later set by

8832-412: Was not a federally funded institution; however, they did accept students who were receiving Basic Educational Opportunity Grants through a Department of Education program. The Department of Education's stance was that because some of its students were receiving federal grants, the school was thus receiving federal assistance and Title  IX applied to it. The Court decided that since Grove City College

8928-532: Was only receiving federal funding through the grant program that only this program had to comply. This ruling was a major victory for those opposed to Title IX as it then made many athletic programs outside the purview of Title IX, and thus reduced its scope. Grove City's court victory, however, was short-lived. The Civil Rights Restoration Act passed in 1988, which extended Title IX coverage to all programs of any educational institution that receives any federal assistance, both direct and indirect. In 1994,

9024-589: Was passed in 1972, 42 percent of the students enrolled in American colleges were female. The purpose of Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 was to update Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , which banned several forms of discrimination in employment, but did not address or mention discrimination in education. The following is the opening of the text of Title IX, which is followed by several exceptions and clarifications: No person in

9120-610: Was sponsored by Representatives Tulsi Gabbard , a Democrat, and Markwayne Mullin , a Republican. In 2021, the Biden administration took steps to reinstate some of the protections for transgender students that had been rescinded under the Trump administration. These included two executive orders —13988 in January 2021 and 14021 in March 2021 —which were supported by the US Department of Education, though their ability to implement their guidance

9216-421: Was the subject of a lawsuit that alleged violations of rights guaranteed by Title IX: the university expelled a football player for multiple instances of severe sexual harassment, but readmitted him; he went on to rape a fellow student in her dorm room. Despite its claim that it bore no responsibility, the school settled the lawsuit, agreeing to revise and improve its official response to sexual misconduct and to pay

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