Misplaced Pages

#229770

69-533: Zila may refer to: Zile Zila (country subdivision) Zila-ye Aliasgar , a village in Khuzestan Province, Iran A jazz group formed by South African saxophonist Dudu Pukwana Zila Bezerra (born 1945), Brazilian teacher and politician See also [ edit ] Zilla (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

138-566: A (now Titular Latin) bishopric of Asia Minor, suffragan of Amasya in the former Roman province of Helenopontus (see below). Zela was conquered by Danishmend Melik Ahmet Gazi in 1071 and, since, has belonged to the Turks , who suppressed the bishopric . In 1174, Anatolian Seljuks captured the city from Danishmends under Izzettin II Kılıçaslan. After the collapse of the Anatolian Seljuks ,

207-490: A Hittitite ruler, earthenware utensils and Hittite hieroglyphics . Zile covers an area of 1,512 square kilometres (584 sq mi) within its city limits and has an elevation of 710 metres (2,330 ft). Turhal , Çekerek , Artova , Kadışehri , and Amasya are all towns located near Zile. The city is mostly surrounded by a fertile plain called Zile Ovası crossed by the Yeşil River and can produce harvests twice

276-529: A Pontic delegation was sent to Rome, and the marshalling of the armies in Anatolia must have taken up the remainder of the year. The Pontic embassy dates to the autumn and early winter 89 BC. The details of the beginning of the war show that the precipitate action was taken by Aquillius himself, who was clearly keen to begin the war before the Pontic legation returned (even though its chances of success were slim following

345-629: A cylindrical marble column and placed in the city castle. According to Strabo, Zela had the temple of Anaïtis ( Greek : ἱερὸν τῆς Ἀναΐτιδος ), who was also revered by the Armenians . In 241, the Sassanid king Shapur I , attacked the Romans and defeated Roman Emperor Valerian , thus capturing Zela. From 241 to 1071, Zile was conquered many times by the Byzantines and Sasanids. Under Byzantine rule, Zile became

414-557: A modest Roman observation force under the legatus Lucius Hortensius, elder brother of Quintus Hortensius the orator. But despite his great energy and reputation as an experienced vir militaris , there was little Hortensius could do against the enormous disproportion of the forces descending upon him, other than gather together some Thessalian auxiliary units he had been commissioned to recruit, and fall back southwards. In about April 86 BC, beginning to run short of supplies and increasingly anxious about Lucius Hortensius' safety, Sulla took

483-692: A much higher number. At this point, Mithridates finished capturing Asia Minor and established a presence in Greece. Archelaus was sent to Greece, where he established Aristion as a tyrant in Athens . The Romans quickly declared war. In 87 BC, the proconsul Lucius Cornelius Sulla landed in Epirus (western Greece) and marched on Athens. The course of Sulla's expedition has been pieced together through inscriptions (see: Roman Command Structure during First Mithridatic War ). Marching into Attica through Boeotia , Sulla found

552-454: A navy allowed Mithridates to escape immediate danger by sea, as Lucullus , Sulla's admiral, refused to collaborate with Fimbria to prevent Mithridates sailing away from the port. Mithridates met with Sulla at Dardanus later in 85 BC, and accepted terms which restored all his gains in Asia, Cappadocia and Bithynia to their original rulers, but left him his own kingdom, in return for a huge indemnity and

621-418: A nominal friend and ally. After a lengthy delay they finally came up with a publicly acceptable pronouncement: the Romans did not wish harm done to their ally Mithridates, nor could they allow war to be made against Nicomedes because it was against the interests of Rome that he be weakened. Pelopidas wished to make something of the insufficiency of this answer, but was ushered out. Mithridates knew enough about

690-537: A year. South of the city, however, are the Deveci Mountains (1,892 m / 6,207 ft high), Güvercin Çalı, and Hüseyin Gazi Hill. Zile once had a great forest covering most of the plain, but during the 1950s, the city lost much of its forest because of the excessive breeding of goats and the use of wood for heating purposes. However, there is a recent study to plan reforestation in the area. The city's water supply

759-506: Is also located in Zile. By the end of 2008, with the donations of Serafettin and Cemalettin Dincer, schooling will gain totally new educational premises including a modern and luxurious hotel building which will be also used for practical education by students. In Zile, theatres and concerts are conducted at a movie theatre whose capacity is 850 people. Along with national TV channels and radios, there

SECTION 10

#1732869373230

828-479: Is developing rapidly. Since 1996, there has been a major movement from agriculture to industry. Anatolian Tigers constructed 55 factories whose major products include textiles, sugar beet, furniture, tomato sauce, leblebi , marble and shoes. The municipality and the European Union have had a joint project to increase the tourism potential of Zile and to transform the city into a tourism destination. The project

897-696: Is funded by the EU and includes advertisements as well as education of local people about tourism. The city boasts 100% literacy in the city centre and over 90% in surrounding villages, with public and Imam Hatip schools, and a roughly 1:27 student-teacher ratio . There are 126 primary and secondary schools with 14,373 students and 540 teachers. Zile Dinçerler Lisesi, Dinçerler 75th Year Anatolian High School and Anadolu Öğretmen Lisesi provide high school education in Zile. There are also four professional high schools providing technical education. Gaziosmanpasa University's Zile Dinçerler School of Tourism and Hotel Management

966-463: Is one local TV channel and two radio stations that keep Zile people up to date on current events. Zile has three local daily newspapers ( Özhaber , Zile Postası , Gündem ) and daily newspapers sell around 4000 copies per day. Zile is linked by highways with the cities of Tokat and Amasya and is near the Sivas-Samsun railway. First Mithridatic War The First Mithridatic War (89–85 BC)

1035-595: Is provided by the Çekerek River, flowing from Zile to Çekerek and the Büyükaköz dam which was constructed on the Çatak river. The Süreyyabey Dam and hydroelectric plant is under construction and will provide electricity and water for irrigation in the area. Zile's weather is influenced by the narrow coast land of the Black Sea Region to the north, bringing humidity, and by the Central Anatolia inland plateau to

1104-579: The Black Sea region. Zile is famous for its grapes , leblebi , cherry, and fruit gardens. The annual Cherry Festival is very famous in Tokat, Sivas and Yozgat . People of Zile don't use their grapes to produce wine, but pekmez - a syrup-like liquid mixed from different kinds of fruit-juices. The students of Zile Dinçerler School of Tourism and Hotel Management of Gaziosmanpasha University play an important role in city's economic activities. The industry of Zile

1173-566: The Eretna Emirate was founded in Zile's district in 1335. The Ottomans defeated Ertans in 1397 under the rule of Sultan Bayezid I , integrating Zile into their empire. During the course of the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922 (also known as Turkish War of Independence ), some supporters of Sharia (strict Islamic law) seized power in Zile and attacked the barracks of new Turkish Republic 's army. The soldiers were forced to retreat to

1242-617: The Senatus consulta authorising Aquillius' mission, and the Treaty. It was a strategic move with a view to serious conflict with the Romans: unlike Nicomedes, Ariobarzanes had done naught to offend. It was thus a de facto declaration of war. The main ancient source, Appian, now states that both sides began to assemble large forces for all-out war, and implies precipitate action by the Pontic King. Instead

1311-461: The astu , let alone the large Roman army in addition, with no imports coming in by sea. Early in the spring of 86 BC, Taxiles concentrated most of his troops, sent word to Archelaos to join him in the Magnetic ports, and marched south from Macedonia into Thessaly. Archelaos rejected the suggestion. He was the senior officer and preferred to persist with his blockade of Attica. Thessaly was only held by

1380-632: The Aquillian legation ought to have gone home in winter 90/89 BC. Instead, no doubt on the excuse of keeping Mithridates under observation, it began provoking the Pontic King to war. This was considered to be a very risky and even reckless policy with the Italian War still in the balance. The kings, Nicomedes in particular, had taken out big loans in Rome to bribe the Senators to vote for their restoration (this decision

1449-634: The Bithynian raid, preferring to appear as manifestly wronged by what was seen as the puppets and representatives of Rome. The Bithynians returned home with a great deal of plunder – presumably sufficient for Nicomedes to repay his debts. After the raid Mithridates sent his spokesman Pelopidas to the Roman legates and commanders to make a complaint, apparently against Pergamon. At the same time Mithridates continued with his war preparations, trusting especially in his existing alliance with Tigranes of Armenia , although

SECTION 20

#1732869373230

1518-559: The Bithynians insisted, were aimed not at Bithynia but at Rome herself. Pelopidas countered by agreeing to let bygones be bygones, and accepting all Roman acta in the East. But he insisted that something must be done about the most recent Bithynian acts of aggression: the closing of the Euxine and the invasion and plunder of Pontic territory. He once again called upon the Romans to honour the letter of

1587-403: The Euxine to Pontic ships. Around the middle of spring, 89 BC, Nicomedes invaded the ancient Mithridateian dynastic lands of Mariandynia , plundering as far east as Amastris without encountering resistance. Mithridates had long been preparing a challenge to Roman power and the time was now ripe. As a final means of enlisting as much sympathy as possible in Anatolia, he offered no opposition to

1656-537: The Great of Armenia to invade Cappadocia and remove Ariobarzanes. The Senate sent special orders to Lucius Cornelius Sulla , the propraetor who was in charge of reducing the pirates infesting Cilicia (south of Cappadocia), and charged him with driving out Mithridates's adherents and the Armenians. After initial difficulties Sulla succeeded and Ariobarzanes was restored to his throne. In Bithynia Nicomedes III had died. He

1725-485: The Great , king of Greater Armenia , initiating the Third Mithridatic War , which ended with victory by the Romans under Pompeius Magnus and the suicide of Mithridates in 63 BC. In Pompey's settlement of Pontus, Zela received a civic constitution and a sizable territory thus transforming from its previous status as a temple domain to a city. In 49 BC, civil war broke out between Julius Caesar and Pompey. While

1794-560: The Greek cities were in rebellion against Mithridates. This rebellion was prompted in no small part by Mithridates' harsh treatment of the islanders of Chios , whom he ordered into slavery after they allegedly kept back loot collected from the previously massacred Romans of the island. After crossing the Hellespont, Flaccus was killed in a mutiny led by Flavius Fimbria , who went on to defeat Mithridates and recapture Pergamum . However, his lack of

1863-508: The Noble Grecians and Romans (London, John Lane The Bodley Head Ltd.) Caius Marius , pp. 494–524 Sylla , pp. 545–573 The Comparison of Lysander with Sulla , pp. 573–577 Cimon , pp. 577–592 Lucullus , pp. 592–624 The Comparison of Lucullus with Cimon , pp. 624–626 - translated by Rex Warner, with Introductions and notes by Robin Seager, as Fall of

1932-467: The Pontic king should be attacked and deposed. Even more importantly, the winding-down of the Italic War now released the troops necessary to effect this. As for Sulla, he had put himself back in the public eye by a good showing as a commander in the Italic War. He had recently married Metella , widow of the recently deceased princeps senatus M. Aemilius Scaurus and cousin of the praetor Metellus Pius and

2001-502: The Roman theatre, Ulu Camii and Çifte Hamam are the most famous. Kaya Mezarı, Kusyuva, Çay Pınarı, Imam Melikiddin Tomb, Seyh Musa Fakih Tomb, Elbaşı Mosque, Mast Tumulus , Namlı Hisar Kale, Anzavur Caves, Hacı Boz Bridge, Koç Taşı and Manastry in Kuruçay are also popular. The remains of the Roman theatre are visible to the east of the citadel hill, together with some rock tombs. Two Ottoman baths,

2070-550: The Romans were distracted by this, Pharnaces II of Pontus , son of Mithridates, decided to seize the opportunity and take revenge for his father. His attack on Zela was halted by Julius Caesar in the bloody Battle of Zela (47 BC). While Caesar's army suffered great losses, Pharnaces's was completely destroyed in five hours. After this victory, Caesar sent his famous message to the Roman Senate : " Veni Vidi Vici ", meaning "I came, I saw, I conquered". Caesar's words were written on

2139-407: The Treaty and help Mithridates punish his attackers, or at least honour its spirit and to stand aside while Mithridates himself took his revenge. Through Pelopidas' skill in presenting the case, Mithridates' attempt to embarrass and even discredit the Roman representatives succeeded. The latter had made a show of listening fairly to both sides and were now embarrassed by the obvious injustice done to

Zila - Misplaced Pages Continue

2208-510: The Treaty between Mithridates and Rome, calling upon the Romans, as friends and allies, to punish or restrain the Bithynian aggressor. Bithynian envoys replied first, citing Pontic aggression against Bithynia and her present king, the ominous Pontic build-up of arms, territory and resources, and alliances – from Armenia to Thrace – while negotiations were still in progress with the Ptolemaic Empire and Seleucid Empire . Such vast preparations,

2277-578: The Yeni Hamam and the Çifte Hamam, date from the 16th and 17th century and the Hasan Aga Madrasah was built in 1497. The Boyaci Hasan Aga Mosque with its stalactiform prayer niche dates from 1479 and the Seyh Musa Fakih Tomb is also very old with 1106 or 1305 given as possible construction dates. Mast Tumulus, an ancient site located in Zile, is of special importance since it hosts the palace of

2346-467: The average minimum is as low as -3 °C (27 °F). Northerly winds are responsible for humid climate from April to June. It is usually rainy during the months of April, May, June, November and December. Historically, coal was mined in Zile. Agriculture, trade, and livestock are the main economic activities of Zile. Zile is a center of cereal production such that she is one of the biggest exporters of wheat , barley , lentil and common vetch in

2415-461: The bold decision to quit Attica and march into the fertile plains of Boeotia to feed his army, but also expose it to the great cavalry strength of the Pontic army. This move gave Archelaeus little choice but to sail northward and link up with Taxiles. In Boeotia, Sulla met and defeated Archelaeus in the Battle of Chaeronea (86 BC) . Archelaeus gathered his remaining forces on the island of Euboea where he

2484-994: The bottom of a ter scriptus manuscript palimpsest: see L. D. Reynolds (ed.) Texts and Transmission: A Survey of the Latin Classics (Oxford, 1983). - ed. Michael Flemisch Grani Liciniani quae supersunt (G.B. Teubner, Stuttgart, 1904; reprint 1967) - ed. N. Crinti (Leipzig, 1981) - ed. René Henry Photius Bibliothèque Tome IV: Codices 223-229 (Association Guillaume Budé, Paris, 1965), pp. 48–99: Greek text with French translation - ed. K. Müller FHG III , 525: Greek text with Latin translation - ed. F. Jacoby FGrH no.434: Greek text, detailed commentary in German - ed. K. Müller FHG III , 602ff. - ed. F. Jacoby FGrH no.257 - English translations and commentary by William Hansen, Phlegon of Tralles' Book of Marvels (University of Exeter Press, 1996) - translated by John Dryden, with revision by Arthur Hugh Clough, as Plutarch: Lives of

2553-403: The city castle and consequently asked for help from the Çorum battalion. The battalion reached the city in four days and upon their arrival they started bombing the city so as to force the rebels to surrender. As a result of heavy bombardment, Zile suffered a great fire which led to the loss of two thirds of its infrastructure and most of its forest cover. Finally, the army managed to put down

2622-400: The communities of the Roman province to the Pontic cause, the king should arrange for the extermination of all Romans in the province without regard to age or sex, and force the participation of all the Greek civic authorities, thus shaking off Roman rule permanently and irrevocably. Soon after securing control of the province in spring 88 BC, Mithridates proceeded with his plans. The massacre

2691-511: The immediate allegiance of most of its cities, foremost among them Thebes . Most of the Peloponnese would soon follow after a victory mentioned by Pausanias (1.20.5) and Memnon (22.11). Athens, nevertheless, remained loyal to Mithridates, despite a bitter siege throughout the winter of 87/6. Sulla captured Athens on March 1, 86 BC, but Archelaus evacuated Piraeus , and landed in Boeotia , where he

2760-404: The late summer 90 BC a Senatorial legation was sent east, under Manius Aquillius and Manlius Maltinus, to restore Nicomedes and Ariobarzanes to their kingdoms. The Senate also sent instructions to Cassius, the Roman governor (probably a propraetor) of the Roman province of Asia, who had a small army and to Mithridates Eupator himself to assist the restorations. Cassius' small army was probably

2829-592: The loan of 70 ships to Sulla to return to Rome and face his enemies. Following this and realizing that he could not face Sulla, Fimbria fell on his sword. This left Sulla to settle Asia, which he did by imposing a huge indemnity on the Greek cities there, along with demands for five years of back taxes, thus leaving the Asian cities heavily in debt for a long time to come. post-Hadrian annalist survives in retrieved fragments, from books XXVI, XXVIII, XXXIII, XXXV and XXXVI of his history, in 5th century uncials of African origin at

Zila - Misplaced Pages Continue

2898-540: The loans that had been needed for the bribes. Fearing the power of Mithridates (and probably aware that the Senate had given no such orders), both kings demurred. But Nicomedes' creditors persisted with their pressure until he at last consented. It was probably at the end of autumn, 90 BC, that Nicomedes regained control of the Thracian Bosporos and in the new sailing season (from mid-March, 89 BC) he prevented egress from

2967-473: The more distant connection with Parthia was now without use because his ally Mithridates II had been slain by his rival Sanatruk attacking from the east in summer 91 BC, and a serious internal war persisted between Sanatruk and Mithridates' eldest son and heir Gotarzes I . Eventually the Parthian internal conflict was to seize the entire attention of Tigranes too, but this could not yet be known. The Pontic king

3036-528: The northern region. After roughly 200 years of Persian rule, Alexander the Great captured Zela from Darius III of Persia as a result of the Battle of the Granicus (334 BC). Following Alexander's death in 323 BC and the collapse of his empire, Zela passed to the Seleucid Empire , a Hellenistic successor state of Alexander the Great's dominion. It controlled the area for 200 years, but by 100 BC, its power in

3105-561: The only solid castle in Anatolia , was built by Roman commander Lucius Cornelius Sulla . The castle contains the Amanos temple, and is called silla , meaning "respected". In Semra Meral's Her Yönüyle Zile , she claims that the name "Zile" came from "Zela", stemming from "Silla". According to recent archaeological research, there is evidence of human habitation since Neolithic times in Zile. In his book Geographica , Strabo claimed that Zela

3174-628: The rebellion and regained control. Since then, Zile has been a rural district in Tokat province of the Republic of Turkey . Zela, in the Roman province of Helenopontus ( civil diocese of Pontus), was a suffragan of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Amasea , in the sway of the Patriarchate of Constantinople . The following Suffragan Bishops of Zela are historically documented : The diocese

3243-479: The region started to collapse. As a consequence, King Mithridates VI of Pontus attacked and took Zela in 88 BC, and ordered the killing of all Romans living there. This led the nearby Cappadocians to call on Rome for help. The Roman army, under Sulla's command, fought and defeated Mithradates in the First Mithridatic War . Mithridates attacked Zela again in 67 BC with the help of his Armenian ally Tigranes

3312-422: The reoccupation of Cappadocia, the possibility remained, in the context of the disastrous Italic War losses, that the Senate might prefer to negotiate a settlement and send a new legation to replace the provocative Aquillius). Marius' instructions to Aquillius had probably been to precipitate war and thus present the Senate with a fait accompli . But the present situation was even better from Marius' viewpoint, since

3381-452: The sea lanes, holding position off Mounychia with his fleet and preventing any food or materiel reaching the city or the Roman army by sea. By the early spring Archelaos' strategy was biting hard. Rocky Attica provided good security for operations against the large Pontic cavalry forces massed in Macedonia, but it was infertile and notoriously incapable even of fully supporting the population of

3450-409: The south, with its low rainfall and cold winters. Summers are hot and dry, while the winters are snowy and cold. The weather is hot throughout the months of June to September, as the average summer maximum is 28  °C (83  °F ), and the average minimum is 13 °C (56 °F), and is cold throughout the months of December to February as the average winter maximum is 7 °C (45 °F), and

3519-516: The standard peacetime garrison force of between a whole and half legion (5 to 10 cohorts) and a few local auxiliary units – certainly no more than 5,000 troops in all. The Aquillian legation soon augmented it with a large force of Galatian and Phrygian auxiliary regiments and with these troops proceeded to restore both monarchs. Mithridates, angry with the Romans, refused to cooperate but neither did he offer opposition and both kings were restored without any fighting in autumn 90 BC. Its mandate achieved,

SECTION 50

#1732869373230

3588-489: The throne of Kingdom of Pontus , Mithridates VI of Pontus focused on expanding his kingdom. Mithridates' neighbors, however, were Roman client states, and expansion at their expense would inevitably lead him to conflict with Rome. After successfully incorporating most of the coast around the Black Sea into his kingdom, he turned his attention towards Asia Minor (in particular, the Kingdom of Cappadocia ) where his sister Laodice

3657-509: The throne. When Ariarathes refused to welcome Gordius back, Mithridates invaded Cappadocia again and killed Ariarathes. He proceeded to place his son, also called Ariarathes, on the throne of Cappadocia under the guardianship of Gordius. Nicomedes appealed to the Roman Senate , which decreed that Mithridates be removed from Cappadocia and Nicomedes be removed from Paphlagonia and the Senate appointed Ariobarzanes I of Cappadocia as King of Cappadocia. Mithridates prompted his son-in-law Tigranes

3726-626: The title Zila . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zila&oldid=1109742685 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Zile Historically, Zile has been known as Zela ( Greek : Ζῆλα ), Zelitis ( Greek : Ζηλίτις ), Zelid, Anzila, Gırgırıye (Karkariye), Zīleh, Zilleli, Zeyli, and Silas ( Greek : Σίλας ). Zile castle,

3795-469: The war was now inevitable but still impending: which gave him time to get out to Asia province before it began, if he hurried. However, it was not Marius but Sulla, the newly elected consul, who received the command against Mithridates (autumn 89 BC, probably calendar December). News of Mithridates' second expulsion of Ariobarzanes (c. July 89 BC) must have reached Rome in September, a month or two before Sulla

3864-456: The workings of Roman politics to seek redress from the Senate, were he really interested. Instead he wanted to act under the éclat of the recent violation of his territory. After Pelopidas' return he sent his son Ariarathes into Cappadocia with a strong army. The occupation (summer 89 BC) was rapid and once again (now for a fourth time) Ariobarzanes I the philoromaios was expelled and the rule of Mithridates' son enforced. This violated both of

3933-513: The young Luculli brothers. He was also close to his colleague, Pompeius Rufus, whose son was already married, with at least one child, to his daughter Cornelia. In Bithynia Mithridates received a radical and strange piece of advice from a prominent Greek philosopher at his court, Metrodoros of Skepsis, who was known as ho misoromaios (the Roman-hater) on account of the extremity of his anti-Roman sentiments. Metrodoros suggested that in order to bind

4002-517: Was Queen. He had his brother-in-law, Ariarathes VI , assassinated by a Cappadocian nobleman, Gordius , who had been an ally of Mithradates. The kingdom was thus left in the hands of Laodice, who continued the rule as regent for her son Ariarathes VII of Cappadocia . Laodice married Nicomedes III of Bithynia , whose country was Pontus' traditional enemy. Nicomedes occupied Cappadocia and Mithridates retaliated by driving him out of Cappadocia and establishing himself as patron of his nephew's kingship on

4071-423: Was a given in accordance with long-term policy in the region, but it appears that by now nothing much was done by the Senate in foreign affairs without accompanying payments from the foreigners with something to gain by Roman intervention). Aquillius' retinue included representatives of the lenders. With Aquillius' support they now urged the two kings to invade the Pontic kingdom to secure the funds with which to repay

4140-577: Was a war challenging the Roman Republic 's expanding empire and rule over the Greek world. In this conflict, the Kingdom of Pontus and many Greek cities rebelling against Roman rule were led by Mithridates VI of Pontus against Rome and the allied Kingdom of Bithynia . The war lasted five years and ended in a Roman victory, which forced Mithridates to abandon all of his conquests and return to Pontus. The conflict with Mithridates VI later resumed in two further Mithridatic Wars . Following his ascension to

4209-645: Was also exploiting carefully prepared networks of support and recruitment among the Thracians and the Scythians , and now solicited help and alliances from the kings in Syria and from Ptolemy Alexander I and the Cretans. The Pontic envoy Pelopidas cleverly ignored the fact that Aquillius and his suite had induced the Bithynian raid. Instead he let out propaganda about Roman intolerance towards Mithridates and concluded by appealing to

SECTION 60

#1732869373230

4278-567: Was carefully planned and co-ordinated to take the victims by surprise, in every community and all at once. In writing to all the civic authorities of the province, detailing the measures to be taken, the king stipulated that the killings were to be carried out exactly one month after the date of his letter. The date in question is not recorded but fell around early May 88 BC. What took place on that day profoundly affected Roman/Hellenistic relations. Appian states that 80,000 Romans and Italians were killed in these " Asiatic Vespers ", while Plutarch gives

4347-548: Was defeated at the Battle of Chaeronea . Sulla's army took Athens on the Kalends of March, in the consulship of Gaius Marius and Lucius Cornelius Cinna, February 12, 86 BC. The siege of Athens was a long and brutal campaign, and Sulla's rough battle-hardened legions, veterans of the Social War , thoroughly besieged and stormed Athens. Soon afterwards he captured Athens' harbor of Piraeus, looting and demolishing this area, most of which

4416-566: Was destroyed by fire, including architect Philon 's famous arsenal. Caius Scribonius Curio Burbulieus was put in charge of the siege of the Acropolis of Athens , and it was "some time" before Aristion and his followers surrendered when their water ran out (perhaps the late spring). Athens was punished severely, in a show of vengeance that ensured Greece would remain docile during later civil wars and Mithridatic wars. Even after Sulla seized Piraeus, Archelaeus persisted in exploiting his command of

4485-412: Was elected consul with Pompeius Rufus, for Plutarch records at the time of his entry into office: Sulla regarded his consulate as a very minor matter compared with future events. What fired his imagination was the thought of the war against Mithridates. Here, however, he found himself opposed by Marius. Clearly the prevalent view at Rome was that the reoccupation of Cappadocia was the last straw and that

4554-617: Was founded by Semiramis , a legendary Assyrian queen. By 548 BC, Zela and greater Anatolia were under the rule of Achaemenid Persian Empire . Persian rule saw construction of a portion of the Royal Road in the area, and of temples to the Persian gods Anahita , Vohu-Mano, and Anadates in the city itself. Darius I of Persia divided the largest Anatolian state of that time, Cappadocia , into two, with Zela remaining in Pontus Cappadocia,

4623-600: Was nominally restored no later than the 18th century as Latin Titular bishopric of Zela (Latin = Curiate Italian) / Zeliten(us) It has been vacant for decades, having had the following incumbents: There are several columns in the center of the castle, but some researchers claim that the actual column with Caesar's famous words was stolen, and the thieves have not been found yet. There are many other historical buildings and artifacts from Hittites , Lycians , Persians , Greeks , Romans and Turks in Zile. Among these, Zile castle,

4692-488: Was reinforced by Mithridates with 80,000 men from Asia Minor. He then returned to mainland Greece where he was again defeated by Sulla, this time at the Battle of Orchomenus . Greece was fully restored to Roman rule. By now, Rome had also sent a force under Lucius Valerius Flaccus , to apprehend Sulla and deal with Mithridates. Flaccus' army passed through Macedonia, crossed the Hellespont and landed in Asia, where many of

4761-404: Was succeeded by his son Nicomedes IV . Unfortunately for Nicomedes IV, his bastard half-brother, Socrates Chrestus , supported by Mithridates drove him from his kingdom. Nicomedes fled to Rome and got the support of the Romans who promised to restore him to his throne. Mithridates main ally, his son-in-law Tigranes, had once again invaded Cappadocia and driven Ariobarzanes from his throne. In

#229770