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42-550: As citizens in Zijin are mostly Hakka people , Hakka Chinese is the most common language there. In 2007, GRP of Zijin is 46.7 hundred million dollars, and its gross output value of industry and agriculture is 55.21 hundred million dollars. This Guangdong location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Hakka people The Hakka ( Chinese : 客家 ), sometimes also referred to as Hakka-speaking Chinese , or Hakka Chinese , or Hakkas , are

84-740: A Hakka satellite cable channel " Hakka TV ". In Taiwan, there are seven Hakka Chinese radio channels. In 2005, Meixian Radio and Television Station (梅縣廣播電視臺) was reorganized after the separation of the National Cultural System Reform Bureau. It is a public institution under the jurisdiction of the Meixian County Party Committee and County Government. The channel can be watched in Meizhou and surrounding area with an audience of over 4 million people. In 2012, Voice of Hong Kong (香港之聲) started broadcasting. Hakka Chinese

126-526: A UNESCO World Heritage Site . Another very popular architectural style in northern east Guangdong, such as Xingning and Meixian , is Wrapped Dragon Village (Chinese: 圍龍屋 ; pinyin: wéilóngwū ). Hakka cuisine is known for the use of preserved meats and tofu, as well as stewed and braised dishes. Some of the popular dishes are Yong Tau Foo and Lei Cha . These dishes are popular in Taiwan, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, and Singapore. The taste profile

168-674: A greater degree than other southern Chinese. Unlike other Han Chinese groups, the Hakkas are not named after a geographical region, e.g. a province, county or city. The Hakka people have a distinct identity from the Cantonese people . As 60% of the Hakkas in China reside in Guangdong province, and 95% of overseas Hakkas ancestral homes are in Guangdong. Hakkas from Chaoshan , Guangzhou, and Fujian may self-identify as only Chaoshanese, Cantonese and Hokkiens. It

210-578: A respect for family, ancestor veneration, and a commitment to both learning and the ideals of a Confucian gentleman. Finally, they carry Han Chinese surnames and use Han Chinese naming conventions. Lingnan Hakka place names indicate a long history of the Hakka being culturally Han Chinese. Like the Cantonese, they fiercely insisted on their Han identities and were principal movers of the Anti-Qing movement. However,

252-453: A result, many Hakka men turned towards careers in the military or in public service. Hakka people built several types of tulou and peasant fortified villages in the mountainous rural parts of far western Fujian and adjacent southern Jiangxi and northern Guangdong regions. A representative sample of Fujian tulou (consisting of 10 buildings or building groups) in Fujian was inscribed in 2008 as

294-950: A southern Han Chinese subgroup whose principal settlements and ancestral homes are dispersed widely across the provinces of southern China and who speak a language that is closely related to Gan , a Han Chinese dialect spoken in Jiangxi province. They are differentiated from other southern Han Chinese by their dispersed nature and tendency to occupy marginal lands and remote hilly areas. The Chinese characters for Hakka ( 客 家 ) literally mean "guest families". The Hakka have settled in Guangdong , Fujian , Jiangxi , Guangxi , Sichuan , Hunan , Zhejiang , Hainan , and Guizhou in China, as well as in Taoyuan City , Hsinchu County , Miaoli County , Pingtung County , and Kaohsiung City in Taiwan . Their presence

336-531: Is a Hakka Chinese food consisting primarily of tofu that has been filled with either a ground meat mixture or fish paste. It can be eaten dry with sauce or served in a soup base. Suanpanzi is another popular Hakka dish which literally means "abacus seeds". It consists of mainly yam or tapioca beaten in to the shape of abacus beads. The dish is served with minced pork or chicken and with light seasoning. Hakka hill songs are traditionally used by hillside farmers in parts of Taiwan and China, mainly for entertainment in

378-486: Is commonly held that the Hakkas are a subgroup of the Han Chinese that originated in the central plains. To trace their origins, a number of theories so far have been brought forth among anthropologists, linguists and historians: The theories indicating a descent from both northern and southern Han are the most likely and are together supported by multiple scientific studies into the genetics. Furthermore, research into

420-518: Is especially prominent in the Lingnan or Liangguang area, comprising the Cantonese -speaking provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi . Despite being partly assimilated to the Cantonese-speaking population, they retain a significant presence there. Like the other southern Han Chinese subgroups, Hakka mainly comprise Central Plains Chinese refugees fleeing social unrest, upheaval, and invasions. However,

462-502: Is generally light, tending even towards blandness, with a preference for allowing the taste of the ingredients, especially the herbs, to emerge through any seasoning. Lei cha is a traditional Southern Chinese tea-based beverage or rice gruel that forms a part of Hakka cuisine . Ingredients include green tea, basil, sawtooth coriander, mug wort, and a kind of herb known as "Fu Yip Sum". Generally regarded as laborious and difficult to make. Usually eaten with side dishes. Yong tau foo

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504-532: Is really the Southern Chinese, because many Southern Chinese are also from Northern Asia; Hakka or non-Hakka. It is known that the earliest major waves of Hakka migration began due to the attacks of the two aforementioned tribes during the Jin dynasty (266–420) . The study of this population group is complicated by linguistic uncertainty and nomenclatural ambiguity in the historical record. The term Hakka ( 客 家 )

546-504: Is sometimes broadly used to refer to other southern Han Chinese groups during their southward migration. Imperial census statistics did not distinguish what varieties of Chinese the population spoke. Some family genealogies also employ the term Hakka ( 客 家 ) to refer to their southward migration, even though they belonged to the earlier groups of Han Chinese settlers and did not speak a Gan-affiliated language. These clans would be properly regarded as belonging to local dialect groups due to

588-523: Is still used for news program, radio drama program, emotional program, entertainment program and cultural program. In 1999, 3CW Chinese Radio Australia (3CW澳大利亞中文廣播電臺) was launched. It used Mandarin, Cantonese and Hakka. In 2001, Meizhou Television Station merged with Meizhou People's Broadcasting Station and was renamed Meizhou Radio and Television Station (MRT, 梅州廣播電視臺) . In 2004, the station had officially completed its establishment. In 2003, Taiwan Broadcasting System (TBS, 臺灣公共廣播電視集團) established

630-568: Is the primary form of religious expression. One distinctively Hakka religious practice involves the worship of dragon deities. People of Hakka ancestry comprised the notable mainstay of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom , although other dialect groups also enlisted. The leader of the Xiang Army , Zeng Guofan , had a special contempt for Hakka women, referring to them as "hillbilly witches". In retaliation for killing three Hunanese officers,

672-825: Is used on Sihai Kejia Channel. In 2019, Shenzhou Easy Radio (神州之聲) added a Hakka Chinese radio break which broadcasts to the southeast coast of mainland China, Taiwan, Southeast Asia, the South Pacific and Japan. On Radio The Greater Bay (大灣區之聲) , Sihai Kejia Channel has also joined. In 2023, The Xuexi Qiangguo (學習強國) Platform under the supervision of the Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party added automatic broadcasting in Hakka Chinese. The religious practices of Hakka people are largely similar to those of other Han Chinese. Ancestor veneration

714-526: The Ministry of Education named "Taiwanese Hakka Chinese" as one of the languages of Taiwan . Hakka culture has been largely shaped by the new environment, which they had to alter many aspects of their culture to adapt, which helped influence their architecture and cuisine. When the Hakka expanded into areas with pre-existing populations in the South, there was often little agricultural land left for them to farm. As

756-423: The 16th century, in response to an economic boom, the Hakkas moved into hilly areas to mine for zinc and lead and also moved into the coastal plains to cultivate cash crops. After an economic downturn, many of these ventures failed, and many Hakka had to turn to pillaging to survive. Studies show extensive gene flows and a very close relationship between the Hakka and the surrounding Han Chinese populations in

798-779: The Cantonese, the Teochew and the Hoklo people. In 1950, China Central People's Broadcasting Station recruited the first Hakka broadcaster, Zhang Guohua, based on a radius of two kilometers from the Meixian government. On April 10, 1950, the Voice of Hakka (客家之聲) started broadcasting. It broadcast nine hours of Hakka Chinese programs every day through shortwave radio and online radio, targeting countries and regions where Hakka people gather, such as Japan, Indonesia, Mauritius, Reunion Island, Australia, Hong Kong and Taiwan. In 1988, Meizhou Television Station (梅州電視臺)

840-648: The Hakka as displaying non-Han habits and as opportunists intruding on Cantonese territory. The conflict between the two groups led to one of the largest inter-ethnic genocides in history. The Red Turban rebels, who were mostly of Cantonese ancestry, carried out a genocidal campaign against the Hakkas during a revolt against the Qing dynasty. The Cantonese Red Turbans killed 13 Hakka village chiefs and 7,630 other Hakkas while on their way to Heshan, and after conquering it, they killed another 1,320 Hakkas. The bloody Punti–Hakka Clan Wars , saw reciprocal massacres by both groups, but

882-472: The Hakka bore the brunt of the casualties. This war eventually killed some 500,000 Hakkas (or quite possibly even more). During these killings, the Cantonese generally collaborated with the Xiang people, since both dialect groups had an axe to grind against the Hakka. In retaliation for a Hakka massacre of Cantonese people, Cantonese peasants butchered 500 Hakkas in a village located in the rural Enping county forcing

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924-412: The Hakka differed in their lifestyles and their preferred mode of habitation - living in large communal fortress-like buildings (known as tulou) instead of residing in courtyard houses (or siheyuan ). They also settled in marginal or hardscrabble hill land avoided by other Han Chinese subgroups, and in this regard, were considered similar to non-Han aborigines. They also exhibited gender egalitarianism to

966-496: The Hakka were different in being late arrivals, moving from Central China into Southern China when the earlier groups of Han Chinese settlers in the south had already developed distinctive local identities and languages. Their migration path was also different, and they entered Guangdong, Guangxi and Fujian via Jiangxi province, instead of traversing Hunan or moving along the Fujian coast. Today, substantial numbers of Hakka Chinese have migrated overseas to various countries throughout

1008-579: The Hakkas and Cantonese in Perak, Malaya , leading to the Larut Wars . Lingnan Lingnan ( simplified Chinese : 岭南 ; traditional Chinese : 嶺南 ; pinyin : lǐng nán ; Jyutping : ling5 naam4 ; lit. 'South of the [Nanling] Mountains'; Vietnamese : Lĩnh Nam ) is a geographic area referring to the lands in the south of the Nanling Mountains . The region covers

1050-527: The Lingnan region by traversing Jiangxi and Fujian. During their journey through Jiangxi they intermarried with the Yao and She, two non-Han ethnic minorities. In Fujian, they developed the habit of living in communal fortresses. Intermarriage with aboriginal groups and the adoption of habits that diverged from the Han, such as communal fortress living, increased the Cantonese distaste for the Hakka and aroused suspicion. During

1092-453: The Study of the Hakkas (Hsin-Ning & Singapore, 1933) used genealogical sources of family clans from various southern counties, leading to the inclusion of native southern Han Chinese families into the Hakka category. Hakka Chinese is the native Chinese variety of the Hakka people. Hakka Chinese is the closest Chinese variety to Gan Chinese in terms of phonetics, with scholars studies consider

1134-565: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Xiang Army targeted Hakka villages and is estimated to have killed ~30,000 Hakkas every day during the height of the retaliation. Cantonese people have had a history of friction with Hakka, despite the both of them being Han subgroups speaking varieties of Chinese that exhibit relatively high mutual intelligibility (both dialects tracing straightforward descent from Middle Chinese). The Cantonese regarded

1176-518: The Xiang Army exterminated the entire Hakka population of Wukeng and Chixi during military counter-attacks on the Hakkas in the year 1888. The army also massacred tens of thousands of other Hakkas in Guanghai, a region of Taishan, Guangdong. Many of the killings in Guanghai took place in the Dalongdong area. The Taiping rebellion caused millions of casualties on both sides. In retaliation, after defeating

1218-480: The book by Chung Yoon-Ngan, The Hakka Chinese: Their Origin, Folk Songs And Nursery Rhymes , that the potential Hakka origins from the Northern Han and Xiongnu and that of the indigenous Southern She and Yue tribes, "are all correct, yet none alone explain the origin of the Hakka", pointing out that the problem with DNA profiling on limited numbers of people within population pools cannot correctly ascertain who

1260-463: The farming fields and courting practices. They are characterized by the strong, resonating melody and voice, which echo around hills and can be heard for up to a mile around the area. Hill songs can be considered a form of communication, as its participants often use it to communicate love songs or news. Hakkapop is a genre of Hakka pop music made primarily in China, Taiwan, Malaysia and Indonesia. Historically, Hakka women did not bind their feet when

1302-561: The justification of a Hakka conspiracy that the Jiaying group was surrendering the city to foreign control. On 27 August 1925, villages in a county belonged to the Hakka minority were attacked, Chiang's Punti (Cantonese) men and soldiers did not hesitate to rape their women and pillage their homes. Inter-ethnic hatred between the two groups also rose to a boil in Malaysia. Memories of conflict and old grudges sparked another round of conflict between

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1344-525: The late Old Gan together with Hakka Chinese and the Tongtai dialect of Jianghuai Mandarin to have been the lingua franca of the Southern dynasties . Northern Hakka varieties have partial mutual intelligibility with southern Gan. Accordingly, Hakka is sometimes classified as a variety of Gan. Some studies posit that Hakka people and Gan people have close genetic relations and shared areal features . In Taiwan,

1386-485: The mitochondrial DNA of the Hakka indicates that the majority of their matrilineal gene pool consists of lineages prevalent in the southern Han. Clyde Kiang stated that the Hakkas' origins may also be linked with Han's ancient neighbors, the Dongyi and Xiongnu people. However, this is disputed by many scholars and Kiang's theories are considered to be false. Hakka Chinese scientist and researcher Dr. Siu-Leung Lee stated in

1428-512: The modern Chinese subdivisions of Guangdong , Guangxi , Hainan , Hong Kong & Macau and Northern Vietnam . The area was inhabited by the Baiyue and was the base of the ancient kingdom of Nanyue . At that time, Lingnan was considered by the ancient Chinese court to be a tropical barbarian land that had no contact with the Zhongyuan , which was the cultural cradle of Chinese culture . In

1470-414: The practice was commonplace in other parts of China. Hakka women are known for their independent nature and willingness to engage in hard work typically reserved for men in other dialect groups. This may have been driven by historical necessity rather than cultural differences, since the Hakka employed marginal hill lands which were less fertile than the river valley occupied by other Han subgroups, such as

1512-622: The second century BCE, the Han conquest of Nanyue led to its absorption into the Han dynasty during its southward expansion , and its development was boosted once the Mei Pass was paved. The region was also the base of the Kingdom of Southern Han (917–971). Lingnan Jiedushi or military command, were ruled by military governors during the Tang dynasty. List of jiedushis: This Chinese location article

1554-578: The south than the other Han Chinese groups. The Hakka identify as Han Chinese and genetic studies show they are principally of Han ancestry, despite a recorded history of intermarriage with minority groups such as the Yao and the She. Furthermore, the Hakka language belongs to the Sinitic group of languages, being linguistically proximate to the Gan dialect of Jiangxi. The Hakka also exhibit traditional Confucian values, such as

1596-500: The south. According to a 2009 study published in the American Journal of Human Genetics , Hakka are principally of Han Chinese descent, exhibiting an average genetic difference of 0.32% with other tested Han Chinese persons. Nonetheless, compared with other southern Han Chinese groups, the Hakka genetic profile exhibits a slight skew towards northern Han people. This is in line with their migratory history as later arrivals to

1638-540: The surviving Hakkas to flee, but these refugees, who numbered some 4,000 Hakka, were later all caught and killed by Cantonese peasants, who spared neither women nor child. Government officials mobilized officers and men from the local Cantonese peasants to regain the Guanghai area which was occupied by the Hakkas. The number of Hakkas killed was tens of thousands in the Dalongdong area of Guanghai alone. The Cantonese murdered more than 70 Hakka fellow provincials in Shanghai under

1680-413: The timing of their arrival, the language they spoke, the customs they practiced, and the route of their traversal. These families were not part of the groups of settlers today associated with the Hakka, who arrived in southern China at a much later date through Jiangxi province and who spoke a Gan-affiliated language. For example, the study by Lo Hsiang-lin , K'o-chia Yen-chiu Tao-Liu / An Introduction to

1722-420: The world. The Hakka arrived in southern China much later than other southern Han Chinese populations. These earlier waves of southern Han Chinese immigrants occupied the coastal areas and fertile lowlands and had already formed distinctive cultural identities and dialects. Consequently, the Hakka were forced to locate their settlements on marginal territories and relatively infertile land. The Hakka arrived in

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1764-548: Was founded. In 1994, Hakka Public Channel , also known as Meizhou TV-2 had started broadcasting. Hakka Chinese began to appear in television programs. In 2021, it was renamed Hakka Life Channel (客家生活頻道) . In 1991, Meizhou People's Broadcasting Station (梅州人民廣播電臺) , also known as Meizhou Wired Broadcasting Station (梅州有線廣播電臺) officially started broadcasting. Meizhou Radio News: FM94.8 or urban FM101.9. Meizhou Radio Traffic Channel: FM105.8 MHz. Meizhou Radio Private Car Channel: FM94.0 or urban FM103.9. Until now, Hakka Chinese

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