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84-564: It was found in the necropolis of Crkvina in Donja Zgošća near Kakanj, almost equidistant from the two royal residences, royal court in Sutjeska and royal fortress-town of Bobovac . The stećak was relocated to the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1913 together with a pillar from the same locality, after Ćiro Truhelka carried out an in-situ research. Zgošća Stećak is one of

168-561: A conspiracy with some members of the Croatian and Hungarian nobility against his Hungarian liege. In 1346 Zadar finally returned to Venice, and the Hungarian King, seeing that he had lost the war, made peace in 1348. Ban of Croatia Mladen II Šubić was greatly opposed to Stephen II's policy, accusing him of treason and the relations between the two Bans worsened ever afterwards. Bosnian Ban Stephen II's relations with Venice started to improve, as

252-424: A helmet with a crown, and a spear in their right hand. The western front side of the monument is in the form of plant stylization, divided into two parts by a horizontal narrow strip, as is the northern side. In the upper part, four arcades are shown, in which four reels are shown in two rows with six leaves in the reel. In the lower part, four reels are shown, and in the interior, a six-leaf is shown. The area around

336-399: A mediation party to decide a truce between the two warring sides. Eventually, all agreements failed. In the spring of 1346 the Hungarian King arrived with his vast Royal Army of 100,000 men of whom more than 30,000 were cavalry and men-at-arms and 10,000 soldiers under Ban Stephen II arrived. The Venetians had attempted to bribe several Hungarian generals, including Ban Stephen II, who gave away

420-576: A military campaign and reconquered all the territories that he had previously lost to Dušan. The Republic of Ragusa was enraged by the war over the Hum because it greatly damaged their trade, so, backed up by the Venetian Republic , Dubrovnik suggested a peace to Dušan that would constitute a marriage between the Emperor's son King Stefan Uroš V and Stephen II's daughter Elizabeth. The peace treaty also required

504-407: A person sits on an open balcony and looks out. In the lower zone, two grooms are shown, who have saddled their horses, ready for the gentlemen to mount them. The northern side is in the form of plant stylization, divided into two parts by a wide horizontal band: in the upper part, five knights on horses are shown, riding one after the other towards the eastern front. The knights are in armour and have

588-758: A portion of his army to Bihać which would serve as defence against Nelipić's possible counterattacks and retreated to Hungary. Ban Stephen II gained territories, expending his realm to the coast by annexing space between mouths of the Cetina and the Neretva rivers, and all in between Bosnia main proper and the coast, namely vast expanses of karst poljes of Livanjsko , Duvanjsko and Glamočko, which will from that point on be known as Završje (also "Western Sides", Bosnian : Zapadne Strane ), until territorial reconfiguration under Ottomans . Ban also annexed towns and forts of Imotski , Livno , Duvno , Glamoč , Grahovo . In just

672-683: A replica of the Zgošćan column, which was placed in the central city centre of Kakanj. Multidisciplinary research at the Donja Zgošća site was carried out in 2011 and at the beginning of 2012. Today, the stećak is held in the Botanical Garden of the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo, as part of a collection of 33 stećak s, stone monuments from the Middle Ages. The Commission for

756-571: A strong dynastic alliance of three families: the Kotromanić, the Šubić and the Nemanjić that strictly opposed Prince Nelipac's reign. The first to fall to Nelipac's hand were the Šubićs who were, despite constant help from Stephen II, were forced to sign a peace treaty with Nelipac and compensate him for the war. Charles Robert did not watch easily as his subjected lands were being war-torn. He was preparing to move to Croatia and depose Nelipac. Stephen II seized

840-685: A three-year non-aggression pact because he was busy with his conflicts with the Byzantine Empire . The Bosnian Ban immediately proceeded with war preparations and went to construct a fortress in Hum , near the Neretva river. He also attempted to convince the Venetians to give him naval support in the case of war with the Tsar . The Venetians discouraged him from building a fort, but he constructed it anyway. The distant wars of Tsar Stefan Dušan gave Stephen II Kotromanić

924-599: A year from this point Stephen II will turn to Zahumlje and annex it for Bosnian realm as well. By 1326 Ban Stephen II attacked Serbia in a military alliance with the Republic of Ragusa and conquered Zahumlje (or Hum) , gaining more of Adriatic Sea coast, from mouth of the Neretva to Konavle, with areas significant Orthodox population under Serbian Orthodox Church and mixed Orthodox and Catholic population in coastal areas and around Ston. He also expanded into Završje , including

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1008-403: Is a strip with floral motifs that alternate rhythmically. Thus, the two upper zones are visually connected and separated from the lower zone by their content. The upper zone shows a city with a gate on a steep rock, two high towers next to it, and two smaller towers at the corners. In front of the city sits a person on a throne, with two people standing to the left and right. On one of the towers,

1092-420: Is an excerpt of the documents edict' copies: да имамо и дрьжимо до конца свиета непомачно. и за то ставлю я (господинь) бань Стефань свою златꙋ печать, да ѥ веровано, сваки да знаѥеть и види истинꙋ. а томꙋи сꙋ .д̄. повелле..а.. двие латинсци а дви срьпсцие, а све сꙋ печа- тене златиеми печати: двие ста повелле ꙋ господина бана Стефана а двие повелле ꙋ Дꙋбровници. а то ѥ писано подь to have and hold to

1176-657: Is based on the medieval manuscripts of Bosnia and the illuminations of the Hval manuscript , the Radosavljeva bosanska knjiga , the Nikoljskog evanđelja (Gospel of Nicholas) and the Apostle of Giljferding . Her conclusion is: The last comprehensive analysis of the Zgošća Stećak was done by Ema Mazrak in 2021. Her opinion is that a credible interpretation of this stećak must be based on

1260-534: Is called Grgurevo. The site is separated in two distinct parts by small Urva brook. The court and its chapel are mentioned in 1378 in the charter of the King Tvrtko I . The court chapel (church) was dedicated to Saint Gregory the Miracle-Worker ( Sveti Grgur Čudotvorac ) . Thus, the whole hillside and the terrace, once the church foyer, is called Grgurevo. In medieval Bosnia , Sveti Grgur , or Saint Gregory

1344-633: The Cetina region back. Bosnian ban Stephen II swore an Oath to respect the treaty in front of his Twelve Knights , whom he had just formed out of the most valiant and experienced of the Bosnian nobility to assist him in his reign. In the middle of 1345 the new order was ratified in Bihać . The Hungarian King subsequently issued a proclamation in Zagreb accepting Ban Stephen II as a member of his family and returned with his 30,000 men to Hungary before attempting to reconquer

1428-517: The Gazette of the National Museum , XXXVIII from 1926, claimed that the stećak is a tombstone on the grave of Stjepan II Kotromanić who died in 1353. Stratimirović believed that the four human figures on the facade belong to ban Stjepan, his wife and daughter Elizabeth married to the Hungarian king Luis I , and ban's nephew and heir Tvrtko I . He based his claim on two plaques with an inscription. Today

1512-639: The House of Kotromanić now became their protectors. Mladen decided to keep Stephen II under his firm grip and to use him to eradicate the Bosnian Church , so he arranged a marriage between Stephen and a Princess from the family of the Count Meinhard of Ortenburg that ruled in Carniola . The Pope was against the marriage since both families were related, but it would give Stephen certain advantages, so he convinced

1596-729: The Kotromanić dynasty , but in accordance weith th taste and style that was present from the beginning of the 15th century. The witness was Batalo , a lord and tepčija from the royal court . Stanko's identity cannot be determined. Royal court in Sutjeska Royal Court in Sutjeska was a medieval Bosnian court, residence and administrative seat of the Bosnian king , from mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century, located in present-day Kraljeva Sutjeska , Bosnia and Herzegovina . The compound consisted of several buildings, chapel, and

1680-807: The Pope that he was a loyal Catholic in February 1340, once again saving Bosnia. After the final peace between the Bosnian Ban and the Papacy , the Catholic Church started to grow in influence rapidly throughout Bosnia in 1340–43. The Roman Catholic monks had constructed numerous monasteries in Usora and Hum and baptised a large number of Bosnia's heretics on their way to Ston in the Republic of Ragusa. This process eventually brought on

1764-649: The Republic of Dubrovnik . Mladen was not popular in Bosnia and had fought bloody but losing wars against the Serbian Kingdom (under Stephen Uroš II Milutin ), and the Venetians (to whom he lost Zadar in 1313), along with numerous internal opponents of his regime. Mladen came to the idea to impose Stephen Kotromanić as his vassal in Bosnia, for he was sure that he would be well accepted in Bosnia. The Šubić , vengeful enemies of

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1848-519: The Republic of Venice . In the summer of 1343 he sent an emissary to Venice , proposing an alliance. The Venetians wanted to act only if victory was certain, so they wanted another member in their alliance; their traditional ally, Serbia. The Serbian King was, unfortunately for the Venetians, busy with other matters. Venice was just waging war against Prince Nelipac, so it only agreed to arm and help build up Bosnia's military, but begged Stephen II not to move against Hungary without it. It became evident that

1932-667: The "Little Brother" in Mile , near Visoko . He was succeeded by his underage nephew Tvrtko , son of Stephen's brother Vladislav Kotromanić , with Vladislav governing in Tvrtko's name. Stephen withdrew all demands as can be seen in his edict to the Republic from 1332 in which he guaranteed future friendships between the Banate of Bosnia and the Republic of Ragusa. In the edict he called his people Bosnians ( Bošnjani ). Ban Stephen II issued several edicts to Ragusa in 1333. There were four documents. Here

2016-469: The 15th century, which will change to Saint Gregory the Great with King Thomas ' conversion to Catholicism in late 1440s early 1450s. St. Gregory has been the patron saint of Bosnia and Herzegovina from the medieval times until 26 August 1752, when he was replaced by St. Elijah ( Sveti Ilija ), and confirmed by papacy, at the request of a Bosnian Franciscan friar, Bishop Pavao Dragičević . The reasons for

2100-708: The Bosnian Bishop Peregreen was a notable Venetian member of the Franciscan Order . The Serbian Emperor Stefan Dušan was constantly demanding that Ban Stephen II Kotromanić return the Hum area to the Nemanjić dynasty , but Stephen II always refused. Ban Stepen's Bosnia was weaker than the Serbian Empire , so he asked Venice , as a mutual ally, to act as a mediator. Eventually the Serbian Emperor accepted

2184-446: The Bosnian kings, Tvrtko II , Stjepan Tomaš and Stjepan Tomašević , with Pope Gregory shown with miter and shepherd's staff in his hand. The excavations of 1969 to 1970, led by Pavao Anđelić of University of Sarajevo , unearthed foundations and walls of several buildings, including a church, an eastern palace, and western part of the court . Today only foundations and parts of the walls are visible and conserved . The church

2268-611: The Hum Land ever after. Ban Stephen became the ruler of all the lands from Cetina to Neretva with the exception of Omiš which was taken by the Hungarians. In 1329, Ban Stephen II Kotromanić pushed another military attempt into Serbia , assaulting Lord Vitomir of Trebinje and Konavli , but the main portion of his force was defeated by the Young King Dušan who commanded the forces of King Stefan Dečanski at Priboj . The Ban's horse

2352-602: The Hungarian court for fosterage. Stephen was reluctant at first, but eventually dispatched Elizabeth. After three years of life at the Hungarian court, the King's mother invited Stephen to Hungary for the wedding. The Bosnian Ban became gravely ill and could not be present at the ceremony. Stephen II Kotromanić died in September 1353. He was ceremonially buried in his own foundation, the Roman Catholic Church of Saint Nicholas of

2436-458: The Miracle-Worker , spread through the rise of the new territorial church, the schismatic Bosnian Church , after the Catholic episcopal see had to move out from Bosnia to Đakovo , in the first half of the 13th century. This prompted Bosnians to search for a new confessional identity, so in a fully autonomous act, unrecognized by papacy at the time, Bosnian political and ecclesiastical hierarchy turned

2520-729: The Pope to allow it. Ban of Croatia , Mladen II , member of the Šubić noble family, became Ban of Bosnia in 1305, following his uncle, who was appointed Ban of Bosnia by his brother Paul I and was killed in fighting "Bosnian heretics" in 1304. Paul I referred to himself as Lord of all of Bosnia in a charter from 1305, but it is doubtful that he held all Bosnia at any time. Until 1319 Mladen's II army had already entirely retreated from Bosnia, as he had found himself stuck in numerous troubles and conflicts with revolting cities in Dalmatia . This disorder greatly helped Stephen II as he gained influence and

2604-463: The Preservation of National Monuments , at the session held on June 26, 2019, decided to declare the National Museum collection of stećak s a National Monument of Bosnia and Herzegovina . The dimensions of the stećak with a slab are: the gable-shaped sarcophagus 248 cm x 136 cm x 142 cm, slab 310 cm x 204 cm x 34 cm. The weight is about 14 tons. The richness of

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2688-567: The Venetians had constructed an improvised wooden fortification with 28 bastidas (towers), huge enough to man the entire Venetian army. Deciding not to move against the Venetians, the Bans accepted a bribe of 1,000 florins each, although Zadar had accused them of treason. The Hungarian King was amassing forces for a new strike against the Venetian positions, but both parties had elected the new Serbian Emperor Stefan Dušan to assist Ban Stephen II and form

2772-579: The Venetians only wanted to push Ban Stephen II against Nelipac for additional support. In 1344, Nelipac himself unexpectedly died, which prompted Hungarian nobility to ordered the new Slavonian Ban to seize Knin from Nelipac's widow Vladislava and her son Ivan. She attempted to negotiate help from Venice, but the Croatian nobility cut off the negotiations. The Hungarian King became impatient, so he commanded Ban Nikola to move to Knin immediately and ordered Ban Stephen II of Bosnia to send help at once. Ban Stephen came leading his forces. A large 10,000 strong Army

2856-548: The broken gable-shaped megalith, was done provisorily with ordinary cement mortar. For the last 15 to 20 years, the stećak was only maintained by washing. It is still unprotected and exposed to elements and constant decay. A replica of the Zgošća Stećak was also made, which was placed on Square of Bosnia and Herzegovina in front of the building of the Parliamentary Assembly of BiH and the Council of Ministers of BiH , and

2940-588: The chance to move first. In the Christmas of 1349 Bosnia's Ban moved quickly, proceeding all the way across Konavli which he raided heavily until he reached the Bay of Kotor . Trebinje , Gacko , and Rudine were razed during his military operations. Venice attempted to make another peace between the warring sides, but the Serbian emperor agreed only to stall his counterattack a little. In October 1350, Tsar Stefan Dušan crossed

3024-651: The chance to rule on his own and build up his realm opened up, all the while his supreme liege, the Hungarian king Charles I Robert , had plans which required Ban's help. Charles I went on a campaign to eradicate the Croatian magnates in order to become the sole ruler of the realm. He isolated Matthew III Csák and destroyed the Kőszegi family . The time had come for the Šubićs. Near the end of 1321, he ordered Stephen II to act from Bosnia supported by Ban Ivan Babonić from Slavonia , encircling and isolating Croatia. Stephen II now fell under King Charles Robert's direct command. Due to

3108-409: The church, and the column had its facade (west side) facing the gable. With its height and iconographic topographic setting in the form of a material "earthly" and a spiritual "heavenly" sphere, at the top of which stands the "most important" epitaph, the column imposes itself as a primary monument that determines the hierarchical role of all the deceased. The transcript of Ema Mazrak for the epitaph on

3192-539: The coast from the border with Ragusa across Neretva to Omiš . Ban Stephen himself killed two members of the Branivojević, while Branko Branivojević fled to Serbia and sought help from King Stefan and then headed to Ragusa, from where he proceeded to Ston . Ban Stephen pursued the chase of Branko, but eventually the Ragusan forces caught the last of the four brothers from the Branivojević. The Bosnian titles included Lord of

3276-661: The coastal cities taken by the Venetians. Upon the numerous changes, Zadar switched side from Venice back to Hungary, but their letter missed the Hungarian King during his stay in Bihać , so they had to seek alternative allies whom they found in the Šubić and the Serbian King Stefan Dušan . When it became evident that the Venetians were going to attack, Zadar asked Hungary directly to intervene. The Hungarian King ordered Ban Stephen II and Ban Nikola of Slavonia to move with their forces in assistance. The two Bans moved with their 10,000 man Army to Zadar, only to find out that

3360-453: The column, based on the results of research by Ćiro Truhelka and Lejla Nakaš , reads as follows: сʜє ʌ(єжʜ стѣпɑ)ɴ(ь) (Бɑɴь Босьɴѣ) ʜ Б(ρ)ɑть мɣ (Б)г(ом)д(ɑɴь) ʜ дρɑгʜшɑ 2nd row (κɴє)ʒ(ɑ) Бɑтɑʌɑ (ʜ κɴє)ʒ(ɑ) ст(ɑɴьцɑ) ʜ твρь(тκо)s (с)дρɣжʜʌь She concludes that these monuments were posthumously erected by Tvrtko II to ban Stjepan I. Kotromanić and his brother ban Prijezda II , his great-grandfather and his brother, as prominent figures of

3444-428: The condition before they were moved to the National Museum and: In this sense, the author states that the column is positioned in the central part of the necropolis. This data is very important for further analysis for two reasons: 1. It is the only upright stećak in this locality that stands out due to its height; 2. In its top there is an epitaph on all four sides. The large gable (Zgošća Stećak) had its facade facing

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3528-531: The conquest of Hum. To make matters worse, he (Ban's vassal) asked Ragusa to pay him the old traditional mogorish tax that it traditionally paid to the Hum and Serbian rulers and even asked it to recognize his supreme rule. The Republic of Ragusa refused outright. The Pope was enraged by the religious tensions that grew in Bosnia, installed Fabian of the Franciscan Order as the Inquisitor in Slavonia and gave him

3612-403: The decoration of the stećak is reflected on all four sides of the gable, ornamented with human and animal figures, plant and geometric ornamentation and architectural motifs. Most decorated is the eastern front side of the monument, which is extremely artistically interesting. It is divided into three horizontal zones, and in between the first and second zone, which is lower to the ground, there

3696-649: The defense of Bosnia, splitting his forces enough to defend every possible entryway into his realm. His plan soon started to break, as Dušan was able to bribe several of Ban's most trusted servants who abandoned their posts. Losing control over the conflict, Ban Stephen II retreated with his most trusted men to the most unreachable mountains of Bosnia. He no longer knew whom he could trust, so he regularly dismissed and recruited new men to serve him. His older daughter Elizabeth hid from Dušan in Ban's court and one of Bosnia's strongest fortresses, Bobovac . Dušan's forces easily defeated

3780-451: The demise of the Bosnian Church that held supremacy over the religious life in Bosnia. In 1342, Hungarian King Charles Robert died and so did Stephen II's past ally, Mikac of Slavonia in 1343. This gave rise to a new idea. The opportunity arose to detach Bosnia from the Kingdom of Hungary and for Ban Stephen II to rule it independently. He immediately sought help from Hungary's greatest foe,

3864-421: The ductus of letters from documents and carvings created around 1400 from the time of King Ostoja , which coincide with the inscription on the column. According to her interpretation, then it would be possible that the gabled stećak was the tombstone of no other than Grand Duke of Bosnia , Hrvoje Vukčić Dubravko Lovrenović thought that there is no evidence for claims of belonging to any person but agrees that

3948-486: The fact that he wanted to get revenge and get rid of the Šubićs , this was useful to him for the time being, since he could then rule Bosnia uninterrupted without incursions from Dalmatia, and practically entirely by himself as Charles I would be too far away to watch his every move. Besides that, he also got a chance to expand his influence in Croatia. The decisive battle happened near Mladen's capital Skradin in 1322, where he

4032-435: The fall of Ostrvica at Rudnik at the hands of Stefan Dečanski , there was no more point in supporting him during the struggles for the Serbian throne, so he took Usora and Soli for himself. The hostility caused by this between Bosnia and Serbia would lead to Stephen II Kotromanić's war against Dečanski several years later. When his uncle Vladislav died, he gained some parts of his realm of Syrmia . After this, Stephen II spent

4116-582: The fields of Glamoč , Duvno and Livno . These parts of the province of Hum, that Ban conquered and annexed for Bosnia, were ruled by the Serbian vassalage family the Branivojevićs and their overlord Crep , Stefan Dečanski 's viceroy for Trebinje and coastal areas around Ston, whom Branivojević attacked and killed. The King Stefan had no desire to defend this family and their lands from Ban Stephen's forces claiming their past sins, but in reality he assessed Bosnians to strong for his forces. Bosnia controlled

4200-405: The fight against Ban Stephen II, and managed to capture city of Visuća, but Stephen's shrewd politics and willingness to bestow his nobility with privileges had paid off, as Vuk of Vukoslavić family had helped him to retake the city. Although Stephen's military ambitions were only relatively successful he continued to wage war against the enemies of the Šubić. His target was the city of Trogir which

4284-511: The first years of his reign in relative peace. He gave numerous privileges to the local nobility to increase popularity. One of the most famous was the edict in which he gave some župe ) to Prince Vukoslav. In the edicts he refers to his brother Vladislav with the title Prince of Bosnia sharing equal rule with him since 1326, although Stephen had, being Ban , the real rule. In 1323 Hungarian King Charles Robert wanted to increase influence over Ban Stephen II Kotromanić. He offered Stephen

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4368-625: The five tombs located in the mausoleum. The identified skeletons belong to kings Dabiša , Ostoja , Ostojić , Tvrtko II and Thomas . It is assumed that one of the remaining skeletons belongs to the last king, Tomašević , decapitated in Jajce on the order of Mehmed the Conqueror . Only one of the skeletons, found next to that of King Tvrtko II, is female and assumed to belong to Tvrtko II's wife, Queen Dorothy . Stephen II, Ban of Bosnia Stephen II ( Serbo-Croatian : Стефан II / Stjepan II )

4452-406: The four human figures represent members of one of the feudal families of medieval Bosnia . Ema Mazrak looks back at all previous research and interpretations of the artistic repertoire of the stećak, and presents the interpretations of the iconographic and artistic analysis of the gables as a whole. The detailed analysis refers to the symbolism of the religious motifs of the book of Revelation and

4536-527: The giving of the Hum area to Stephen II, but as a land of the Nemanjić. Stephen II had better plans for his daughter, so he refused the agreement. Ban reasoned that a large multi-ethnic Empire ruled autocratically by one man could not succeed. Politically and militarily savvy Ban, now proved himself foresighted too, as he will soon start witnessing first traces of Dušan's Empire demise, while he regained full control over his realm, Bosnia. The rest of Ban's reign passed mostly in peace. The only conflict that he had

4620-402: The hand of his wife's distant relative, Elizabeth of Kuyavia , daughter of Duke Kazimierz III of Gniewków and received from the King as a gift with the marriage the lands to the west formerly held by Mladen I Šubić Bribirski and Usora and Soli in the north formerly held by Stephen Dragutin and his son, Vladislav II of the Nemanjić . The marriage was legalized by 1339. Up to 1339 Stephen

4704-465: The most representative examples of stećak found in terms of its size, artistic processing and ornamentation. It is kept in a museum's botanical garden in the atrium of the building. Conservation works were carried out during the period of Austro-Hungarian administration in Bosnia and Herzegovina , then after the Second World War . The reconstruction of the damaged parts, as well as the assembly of

4788-458: The name Gregory appear successively as the patron saints of both the Bosnian state and the Kotromanić dynasty in the late 15th century. The first was St. Gregory of Nazianzus the Theologian, who was Archbishop of Constantinople and one of the great church fathers from the 4th century, and the other was Pope Saint Gregory the Great (ca. 540 – 604). They appear on the reverse of the coins of

4872-557: The nucleus of what will later become Kraljeva Sutjeska Franciscan Monastery . The court in Trstionica (present-day Kraljeva Sutjeska) was established by Ban of Bosnia, Stjepan II Kotromanić . The court remains are located in present-day Kraljeva Sutjeska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The remains of the royal court are situated on the small prominence next to the Kraljeva Sutjeska Franciscan friary and church. This prominence

4956-600: The opportunity and pushed against Nelipac, talking some of his lands for himself. Soon, Ban Stephen II would finally stop the constant threat of the Western Crusades to the Bosnian Church. In 1339, during Franciscan General Gerard's stay at the Hungarian Court of King Charles Robert, Gerard paid a visit to the Bosnian Ban to negotiate an arranged prosecution of Bosnia's heretics. At first, Stephen II thought that it

5040-454: The past troubles that he had caused him. The still powerful Croatian Šubićs family protested Nelipac's decision. An arranged marriage was made between Bosnian Ban Stephen II's brother, Vladislav and the sister of Ban of Croatia Mladen III Šubić , Jelena Šubić in 1338 in Klis Fortress . Mladen III Šubić's wife was Jelena Nemanjić, sister of the Serbian King Stefan Dušan , so this created

5124-606: The positions of the Hungarian troops for a handsome sum of money, thereby earning the nickname "Devil's Student". On 1 July 1346 a fierce clash occurred, which the Hungarian side eventually won only due to numerical superiority and achieved a pyrrhic victory with more than 7,000 Hungarian troops killed in battle. The Hungarian King lost trust in Ban Stephen II and, losing confidence as well, returned to Hungary. Ban Stephen II played Venice and Hungary against each other, slowly ruling Bosnia more and more independently and soon initiated

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5208-414: The reel is decorated with smaller flowers, 28 of them. On the southern side, there is an identical division into two fields. In the upper field there are eight rosettes and the Tree of Life, and in the lower five horsemen with pointed spears. Four knights are facing the east side of the front, and the fifth is facing the west front side, i.e. towards the first four knights. Historian Đorđe Stratimirović in

5292-399: The replacement are unclear. It has been suggested that Elijah was chosen because of his importance to all three main religious groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina— Catholics , Muslims and Orthodox Christians . Pope Benedict XIV is said to have approved Bishop Dragičević's request with the remark that "a wild nation deserved a wild patron". During the 15th century, two other saints with

5376-533: The rest of his troops to Serbia to resolve new conflicts that the Byzantines stirred in Macedonia . Both failed siege of Bubovac and attempt to catch up with Ban Stephen II eventually compelled Dušan to abandon Bosnia and order his troops to retreat. Ban Stephen II therefore won the war, even though he lost most of the battles. This encouraged the Ban to refuse all suggestions from Dušan to share Hum as joint rulers. Dušan forces that remained in Hum tried to keep at least this region, however Ban Stephen II soon launched

5460-401: The river of Drina with 50,000 cavalry and 30,000 infantry . Ban Stephen II did not have the strength to meet his army in open battle, so he decided to use a guerrilla tactic. Using timber and rock he blockaded all major roads in Bosnia and slowly withdrew his forces to forests and mountains, using impervious topography of his realm and forts to defend against advancing invader. He planned

5544-402: The saint, also known for his state-building role, into both the ruling Kotromanić dynasty and the state patron of the Bosnian Kingdom . Patronage of Saint Gregory the Miracle-Worker will eventually get its recognition by Pope Pius II , in late 1461. Meanwhile, the cult of St. Gregory, maintained by the Bosnian Church, will see another manifestation in Gregory of Nazianzus in the first half of

5628-446: The scattered Bosnian squadrons and went on a campaign to slowly conquer Bosnia. Eventually, Bobovac was besieged, but Dušan failed to seize it which will prove detrimental to success of his campaign. But he proceeded by ordering his armies to raid Bosnia. After creating a strong foothold with forces in Bosnia, Dušan sent a portion of his army on raiding quests towards Cetina and the other to Croatia towards Krka , while he returned with

5712-521: The so-called tribute of Ston . In 1334, the Bosnian Bishop Peter died, and a huge dispute began over his successor. Hungarian King Charles Robert managed to replace his supporter, but it would take until 1336 for the final dispute to be resolved in the Catholic Church's favour. Pope Benedict XII lost all patience and eventually accepted the offer of Prince Nelipac of Croatia in 1337, who not only wanted to restore Bosnia under Croatian control, but also desired personal revenge on Stephen II Kotromanić for

5796-477: The task of rooting out heresy in Bosnia. The Pope requested Stephen II's full assistance. In 1327 the Dominicans and Franciscans argued over who would be granted the task of burning the heretics. Although Fabian eventually took over the leadership over the movement, he utterly failed. Then the Pope wrote to the Hungarian King for a military intervention in Bosnia. In 1333, Stephen agreed with Stefan Dušan of Serbia to cede Ston and Pelješac to Ragusa in return for

5880-455: The tiles are not in the museum. Ćiro Truhelka attributed it to Ban Prijezda . The most accurate description of this stećak is given by Šefik Bešlagić in his monograph on the stećaks of central Bosnia (1967), but without any explanations or interpretations. Marian Wenzel (1999) points out that Vuk Vukčić or Vojislav Hrvatinić could be buried under the column, both of whom disappear from written sources in 1401, and she based this on

5964-544: The Šubić to power in Croatia with Juraj II on the throne. When an all-out war broke out between the armies of Prince Ivan Nelipić and Juraj II Šubić in the Summer of 1324, Ban Stephen II contributed considerable support to the Šubićs , without involving his forces into clashes. It turn out to be good move, because the Šubić's party was massacred near Knin and Juraj II Šubić himself was captured by Prince Nelipac. Stephen II had attempted to liberate Juraj II from imprisonment, but without success. Ivan Nelipić immediately pushed

6048-474: Was a dispute with the Republic of Venice and Dubrovnik since the Ban's men had raided their trade caravan. The Ban managed to elevate his supporter, Monk Petergreen as the new Bosnian Bishop . After 1352 Stephen II referred to himself as Bosnia's Herzeg (or herceg ) in resemblance of the German title. The same year he gave his sister or niece, Marija , in marriage to Count Ulrich of Helfenstein , which

6132-524: Was amassed near Knin, and this was only the first wave as the main part of the Army was arriving headed by the Hungarian King himself. This time Princess Vladislava Nelipić had no choice but to accept demands. The Hungarian King planned the shape of his coastal territories in the new order that he would create. He annexed several cities from the Nelipić family of Croatia, but left them the two largest until Stephen II gave

6216-527: Was built in Gothic style . The eastern palace, buildings closer to the existing Franciscan Church, is the oldest part of the royal court. The western complex includes three palaces. In its close proximity is the location of medieval royal castle of Bobovac , the crown jewels of Bosnia were held. The royal chapel in Bobovac consisted the burial chamber of several Bosnian kings and queens. Nine skeletons have been found in

6300-543: Was buried in his Franciscan church in Mile , near Visoko , Bosnia. A member of the Kotromanićs, Stephen II was often labeled a " patarene ", as Bosnian Church krstjani were mistakenly identified in contemporary sources (see Bosnian Church ). When his father died in 1314 and Croatian Ban Mladen II Šubić emerged as Count of Zadar , Princeps of Dalmatia and Second Bosnian Ban , Stephen's mother Elizabeth took him and his siblings and fled with them into exile to

6384-682: Was defeated decisively. Mladen II fell back to Klis Fortress and waited for Charles I to come, blindly believing that he would somehow retain his power because of Šubić's loyal service during King's ascension to tron. However, Charles I came to Knin and invited Mladen to meet him there where he was immediately arrested and sent to a dungeon in Hungary where he died. Immediately after the death of Serbian King Stefan Uroš II Milutin in 1321, he had no problem in acquiring his lands of Usora and Soli , which he fully incorporated in 1324. He helped his uncle Vladislav of Syrmia to regain all Serbia, but after

6468-571: Was killed in the battle, and he would have lost his life if his vassal Vuk had not given him his own horse. By doing so, Vuk sacrificed his own life, and was killed by the Serbian troops in open battle. Thus the Ban managed to add Nevesinje and Zagorje to his realm. Although the Zahumljans mostly accepted the Ban's rule, some resisted, like Petar Toljenović who ruled the Seaside from his capital in Popovo ; he

6552-447: Was one of the major supporters of Nelipić's campaigning. Stephen adopted a harsh tactic. His forces raided Caravans from Trogir, which eventually forced its denizens to humbly sign a peace and addressed him as the high and mighty lord Stephen free ruler and master of Bosnia, Usora and Soli and many other places and Prince of the Hum . It is because of this that Stephen started a conflict with the Republic of Ragusa regarding trade. Stephen

6636-435: Was sanctioned by the Hungarian King. He sent his daughter Catherine (some sources describe Catherine as the daughter of Stephen's brother Vladislav) to marry Count Hermann I of Celje , but the actual marriage happened long after Stephen II's death. Elizabeth of Poland , the mother of the King of Hungary, wanted to arrange a marriage between her son and Stephen's daughter Elizabeth . She insisted immediately on bringing her to

6720-602: Was shown as a very tough negotiator and the negotiations finally ended in 1326. After seeing that Ban Nikola Omodejev was unable to weaken the position of Nelipić, Hungarian King Charles I deposed him. The new man for the job was one of his most trusted men, Ban Mikac Mihaljević. Ban Mikac advanced toward Croatia in the summer of 1325. Bosnian Ban Stephen II sent several squadrons to assist him in his offensive. In 1326, after taking Babonić family cities Mikac advanced deeper into Croatia, where he meet Stephen's reinforcements. The expedition eventually had little success, so Mikac sent

6804-558: Was still married to the daughter of the Bulgarian tsar and had been previously married to a countess of Ortenburg. The Hungarian king Charles I Robert had asked Stephen II again, around 1323, to join the new Ban of Slavonia Nikola Omodijev and launch a joint offensive against Nelipić in Croatia. Nikola's expedition eventually failed, but it did rise up Juraj II Šubić (brother of Mladen II Šubić) against Nelipić, and, eventually, Bosnian Ban Stephen II himself. The movement wanted to return

6888-520: Was the Bosnian Ban from 1314, but in reality from 1322 to 1353 together with his brother, Vladislav Kotromanić in 1326–1353. He was the son of Bosnian Ban Stephen I Kotromanić and Elizabeth , sister of King Stefan Vladislav II . Throughout his reign in the fourteenth century, Stephen ruled the lands from Sava to the Adriatic and from Cetina to Drina . He was a member of the Kotromanić dynasty . He

6972-523: Was the grandson of the famous Andrija, Prince of Hum . Petar raised a rebellion , wishing either more autonomy or total independence and the eventual restoration of the conquered territories to Serbia. He lost a battle against Ban Stephen II and was imprisoned and put in irons. Stephen had him thrown with his horse off a cliff. Peter survived for a full hour after the fall. The Ban's vassal that governed Hum started to raid Ragusa's trade routes, which worsened Bosnian-Ragusan relations that were very high during

7056-533: Was time to bow to the Roman Catholic Church ; but he realised that the neighboring Orthodox Christians might stand up to him if he moved against the Bosnian Church, their allies. In addition, Serbia wanted a reason to involve itself in a conflict, for its King desired revenge for the losses in the Bosnian war against the Serbs, so Ban Stephen abandoned the thought. Nevertheless, Stephen's diplomatic efforts convinced

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