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42-625: Zero Point Interchange is a large cloverleaf interchange in Islamabad , Pakistan . It is located at the intersection of Islamabad Highway , Srinagar Highway , and Khayaban-e-Suharwardy. It was inaugurated in 5 July 2011, and has an estimated life of 30 years. In 1997, a French firm had been hired to come up with the PC-I of the project, but the Capital Development Authority had rejected it. Technical flaws and political interference led to

84-672: A diamond interchange was built instead. The first cloverleaf interchange built in the United States was the Woodbridge Cloverleaf at intersection of the Lincoln Highway ( Route 25 ) and Amboy —now St. Georges—Avenue ( Route 4 ) (now U.S. 1/9 and Route 35 ) in Woodbridge Township, New Jersey . It opened in 1929, although it has since been replaced with a partial cloverleaf interchange . Before

126-587: A "cloverleaf" and simply be referred to as a jughandle or parclo intersection. The first cloverleaf interchange patented in the US was by Arthur Hale , a civil engineer in Maryland , on February 29, 1916. A modified cloverleaf, with the adjacent ramps joined into a single two-way road, was planned in 1927 for the interchange between Lake Shore Drive ( US 41 ) and Irving Park Road ( ILL 19 ) in Chicago, Illinois , but

168-706: A 3-leaf clover. In the United States , cloverleaf interchanges existed long before the Interstate system . They were originally created for busier interchanges that the original diamond interchange system could not handle. Their chief advantage was that they were free-flowing and did not require the use of such devices as traffic signals . This not only made them a viable option for interchanges between freeways (where such devices are typically not an option), but they could also be used for very busy arterials where signals could present congestion problems. They are common in

210-485: A busy arterial in free-flowing traffic where signals are still not desired. Not only are these ideas true for new interchanges, but they also hold when existing cloverleaf interchanges are upgraded. In Norfolk, Virginia , the interchange between US 13 and US 58 was originally a cloverleaf—it has since been converted to a SPUI . Also, many cloverleaf interchanges on California freeways, such as U.S. 101, are being converted to parclos . In Hampton, Virginia ,

252-540: A cloverleaf interchange between Interstate 64 and Mercury Boulevard has been partially unwound into a partial stack interchange. During 2008 and 2009, four cloverleaf interchanges along I-64 / US 40 in St. Louis , Missouri , were replaced with SPUIs as part of a major highway-renovation project to upgrade the highway to Interstate standards. The original cloverleaf interchange in Delmont, Pennsylvania between Routes 22 and 66

294-739: A loop missing. New Jersey Route 25 Route 25 was a major state highway in New Jersey , United States prior to the 1953 renumbering , running from the Benjamin Franklin Bridge in Camden to the Holland Tunnel in Jersey City . The number was retired in the renumbering, as the whole road was followed by various U.S. Routes : US 30 coming off the bridge in Camden, US 130 from

336-548: Is considered to be the first controlled-access highway or "super-highway" in the United States. The highway was built to carry large amounts of traffic from the Holland Tunnel to the rest of New Jersey. The south end of the extension was at Edgar Road in Linden , just south of Elizabeth and the Bayway Circle . Edgar Road had been built as a turnpike in the 19th century, and now serves as part of U.S. Route 1/9 south of

378-529: Is in Lakewood, Washington , at the interchange between Interstate 5 and Washington State Route 512 , where a visible ramp stub shows that one of the four leaves was removed, thus eliminating weave on I-5. In the future, the traffic signal will be replaced by a two-lane flyover, completing the freeway-to-freeway interchange once again. Cloverleaf interchanges also tend to occupy much more land than any other kind of interchange. Numerous cloverleaf intersections in

420-520: Is now US 1-9 Truck. The city of Elizabeth opposed the alignment along Spring Street, preferring the use of Division Street, but lost the argument. Route 1 largely became Route 25 in the 1927 renumbering and Route 1 again in the 1953 highway renumbering in New Jersey . In the 1927 renumbering, the majority of the Jersey City-Camden corridor, made of Routes 1 and 2,

462-560: Is now the interchange between the A ;9 and A 14 , and has a single flyover from the westbound A 14 to the southbound A 9. Kamener Kreuz was the first in continental Europe to open fully in 1937, at A 1 and A 2 near Dortmund , Germany . The primary drawback of the classic design of the cloverleaf is that vehicles merge onto the highway at the end of a loop immediately before other vehicles leave to go around another loop, creating conflict known as weaving . Weaving limits

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504-718: Is that adjacent on and off ramps are shared together by single bidirectional carriageways. Examples include the Highway 62 and Highway 401 interchange in Belleville, Ontario , the Highway 4 and Highway 401 in London, Ontario , as well as the Lawrence Avenue and Don Valley Parkway interchange in Toronto. The Don Mills Road and Don Valley Parkway and the Highway 27 and Dixon Road are also other examples; however, one quadrant of each has

546-676: Is unknown. The first cloverleaf west of the Mississippi River opened on August 20, 1931, at Watson Road and Lindbergh Boulevard near St. Louis, Missouri , as part of an upgrade of U.S. 66 . The first cloverleaf interchange in Canada opened in 1937 at the junction of the Queen Elizabeth Way (QEW) and Provincial Highway 10 in Port Credit, Ontario (now a part of Mississauga, Ontario). As originally built, Highway 10 passed over

588-608: The Holland Tunnel project, the New Jersey Interstate Bridge and Tunnel Commission and the New York State Bridge and Tunnel Commission widened the four blocks of 12th and 14th Streets in Jersey City from Jersey Avenue to Provost Street. 12th Street was widened west of Grove Street to 100 feet (30 m), with the remaining block, at the toll plaza, being 160 feet (49 m) wide. 14th Street, and

630-583: The Lincoln Highway (Route 1) southwest of Elizabeth to the Holland Tunnel. Existing roads, which passed through downtown Newark , were already experiencing major congestion. Frederick Lavis , Assistant Construction Engineer of the New Jersey State Highway Department, explained this decision: It was also decided that the road would have a minimum width of 50 feet (15 m), which would be enough room for five lanes. The center one

672-542: The Lower Mainland of British Columbia, Canada, require the merging of traffic from the clover directly onto the collector/distributor lane. This requires the slowly moving driver coming around the loop ramp to merge with the quickly moving driver exiting on the collector/distributor lane with no opportunity to accelerate to match the flow of the oncoming driver. This speed differential in merging can be as great as 65 km/h (approx. 43 mph). The cloverleaf interchange

714-532: The federal and NJ state registers of historic places since 2005 as part of a nominated portion of the Route 1 Extension. In 1916, two routes were defined by the state legislature: Route 1 used the existing Lincoln Highway from Elizabeth to New Brunswick, except for two sections between Rahway and New Brunswick (where the Lincoln Highway largely used the old Essex and Middlesex Turnpike ). A new alignment

756-433: The Camden area north to near New Brunswick , US 1 to Tonnele Circle in Jersey City, and US 1 Business (since renamed Route 139 ) to the Holland Tunnel . Route 1 largely became Route 25 in the 1927 renumbering . Route 25 was best known for the 13-mile (21 km) Route 1 Extension, which became the first controlled-access highway or "super-highway" in the United States that also connected

798-547: The Camden border at Westfield Avenue. This was also taken over in 1919. Several amendments in 1922 added to the routes. Route 2 was extended southwest through Camden to the proposed Benjamin Franklin Bridge , and a spur was added from Five Points northwest to the Tacony-Palmyra Ferry . More important was the extension of Route 1 north to the planned Holland Tunnel . The 13-mile (21 km) Route 1 Extension

840-561: The New Brunswick area (temporarily signed along Route 27 until Route 25 was finished) and U.S. Route 130 was assigned south to Camden. North of New Brunswick, the new 50-foot (15 m) wide alignment was completed September 27, 1930; the last part to open was the reconstruction of Edgar Road through Linden , held up by a grade crossing elimination with the Baltimore and New York Railway . The part of old Route 1 to

882-761: The QEW. In 1962, the interchange was rebuilt with sub-collector roads along the QEW, and the orientation was also changed so that Highway 10 then passed under the QEW. The interchange was further modified between 2008 and 2010 by removing all but one loop ramp, creating a partial cloverleaf/diamond hybrid. The cloverleaf was patented in Europe in Switzerland on October 15, 1928. The first cloverleaf in Europe opened in October 1935 at Slussen in central Stockholm , Sweden , followed in 1936 by Schkeuditzer Kreuz near Leipzig , Germany . This

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924-751: The United States and have been used for over 40 years as the Interstate Highway System expanded rapidly. One problem is that, frequently, large trucks exceeding the area speed limit roll over. Another problem is the merging of traffic ( see below ). For these reasons, cloverleaf interchanges have become a common point of traffic congestion at busy junctions. At-grade cloverleaf configurations with full four leaves and full outside slip ramps are extremely rare, though one exists in Toms River, New Jersey . Any other intersection with merely one, two, or three leaf ramps with outer ramps would not be designated

966-592: The cloverleaf was replaced in the late 2000s, it was judged eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places . Because of this, a commemorative film was made of the cloverleaf. The original cloverleaf interchange design was adapted by the Rudolph and Delano building firm from Philadelphia , from a photo Delano saw on a magazine cover about a highway in Buenos Aires , Argentina . The original inventor

1008-565: The extension. The road was built from 1925 to 1932. All, but the Pulaski Skyway , was finished by 1930. It was a full freeway , mostly elevated on embankments or viaducts , from four blocks west of the Holland Tunnel to just north of Newark Airport , and a high-speed surface road from there to Elizabeth (and beyond). In summer of 1923, the NJ State Highway Commission decided that it would be an entirely new route, from

1050-453: The former Route 1 between Elizabeth and New Brunswick became part of Route 27 ; a new alignment was planned from Elizabeth to south of New Brunswick, running east of the existing road and connecting directly with the Route ;1 Extension. The short spur to the Tacony-Palmyra Ferry became Route S41N . Also in 1927, U.S. Route 1 was assigned to Route 25 north of

1092-492: The high traffic volume from the Holland Tunnel to the rest of New Jersey (with roads to other state destinations). The Holland Tunnel was the first vehicular connection between New York City and New Jersey, which are separated by the Hudson River . The Route 1 Extension was built between 1925 and 1932 and was best known for the Pulaski Skyway . The skyway and portions of the currently designated Route 139 have been listed on

1134-441: The number of lanes of turning traffic. Most road authorities have since been implementing new interchange designs with less-curved exit ramps that do not result in weaving. These interchanges include the diamond , parclo and single-point urban interchanges (SPUI) when connecting to an arterial road in non free-flowing traffic on the crossroad and the stack or clover and stack hybrids when connecting to another freeway or to

1176-435: The project being put on hold five times. The interchange was designed by ECIL, and construction work started on 11 September 2008. Mumtaz Hussain served as the project director. The project was to be completed in two phases: in the first phase, three major loops of the interchange were to be constructed, while in the second, two more loops connecting Shakarparian and Khayaban-e-Suharwardy were to be built. The first deadline of

1218-470: The project was 31 September 2010 at a cost of Rs. 2.75 billion. This was extended to 31 December 2010 after its cost was revised. Further irregularities forced the cost to rise to Rs. 4.1 billion, but the second deadline was also missed as work on the Islamabad Highway and Srinagar Highway (then known as Kashmir Highway) was still in progress. However, the adjacent link roads had been opened since 98% of

1260-509: The road. A few cloverleaf interchanges in California have been rebuilt to eliminate weaving on the freeway while keeping all four loop ramps, by adding bridges, similar to braided ramps. Several cloverleaf interchanges have been eliminated by adding traffic lights on the non-freeway route. Sometimes, this is even done at the intersection of two freeways, particularly when one freeway terminates at an interchange with another. An example of this

1302-528: The south border of New Brunswick became Route 25M . The Pulaski Skyway opened in 1932. Sources disagree about whether the old route ( U.S. Route 1-9 Truck ) became another Route 25M, Route 25T , or an un-suffixed section of 25. (The eastern half of the old road was part of post-1927 New Jersey Route 1 .) The embankment in Newark was doubled in 1949 with a new four-lane northbound roadway. The Port of New York Authority , which superseded

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1344-476: The two blocks of Jersey Avenue carrying westbound traffic to the 12th Street Viaduct, were widened to 100 feet (30 m). As part of the project, current U.S. Route 1-9 Truck was built under the Pennsylvania Railroad at Charlotte Circle and east to Tonnele Circle . This was bypassed by the Pulaski Skyway , the last part of the route to be built. Prior to its completion, traffic used what

1386-538: The two state tunnel commissions and took over authority for the Holland Tunnel, built the 14th Street Viaduct in order to avoid the turns to and from Jersey Avenue, but turned over authority over the viaduct to the New Jersey State Highway Commission. The four-lane, westbound 1,800-foot (550 m) viaduct, which was connected to the 12th Street Viaduct, was opened on February 13, 1951. Many bypasses were built south of New Brunswick: In

1428-427: The work had been completed. The interchange was formally inaugurated on 5 July 2011 by the then Prime Minister of Pakistan , Yousaf Raza Gillani , though construction work on a loop was still in progress. The construction of the interchange was fully completed in 2012. Cloverleaf interchange Cloverleaf interchanges, viewed from overhead or on maps, resemble the leaves of a four-leaf clover or less often

1470-505: Was redesigned in 2019 to remove one of the loops. In Ireland , partial cloverleaf set-ups exist at the interchanges of the main roads out of Dublin and the M50, allowing free-flow movements in all directions. The Red Cow Interchange is an example. Most cloverleaf interchanges have been phased out in Ontario, but some close variants do remain with similar traffic flows. The main difference however

1512-626: Was acquired in 1918. South of New Brunswick, Route 1 used the old New Brunswick and Cranbury Turnpike (Georges Road) to Cranbury and the Bordentown and South Amboy Turnpike to Robbinsville. At Robbinsville, it turned west on Nottingham Way, running to the Trenton line on Greenwood Avenue. This section was all taken over in 1919. Route 2 left Trenton on Broad Street, known as the White Horse Road, to White Horse. At White Horse it turned south on what

1554-575: Was also converted to an SPUI . A compromise is to add a collector/distributor road next to the freeway; this does not eliminate weaving but moves it off the main lanes of the freeway. An example of this is the State Highway 23 / Interstate 43 interchange in Sheboygan, Wisconsin , where the exit/entrance roads on and off Highway 23 are two lanes next to the main I-43 freeway on the north and southbound sides of

1596-460: Was assigned Route 25. The one major difference was near Trenton ; the new Route 25 bypassed Trenton via the old Bordentown and South Amboy Turnpike , cutting from Route 1 at Robbinsville southwest to Route 2 at Bordentown . Route 1 west from Robbinsville to Trenton became part of Route 33 , and Route 2 became part of Route 37 from Trenton to White Horse and Route 39 from White Horse to Bordentown. Additionally,

1638-459: Was built on the northwest side of the Pennsylvania Railroad (now Amtrak 's Northeast Corridor ) in Woodbridge Township and Edison to avoid two grade crossings , and a detour around existing streets was made in Metuchen to avoid another one in favor of a tunnel . This route, including the realignments, was taken over in 1919, except between the south border of Rahway and downtown Metuchen, which

1680-451: Was intended as a vehicle breakdown lane since there were no shoulders , but was used as a "suicide lane" for passing slower traffic. At the time, it often took two or three hours to go the 15 miles (24 km) from New York City to the far border of Elizabeth , and the new highway would reduce travel time by over an hour. Grades would be at most 3.5%, and roadway curves would have radii of at least 1,000 feet (300 m). As part of

1722-655: Was known as the White Horse Road Extension and Trenton Road, intersecting the Bordentown and South Amboy Turnpike northeast of Bordentown. There it turned southwest along the turnpike , named Park Street in Bordentown, continuing on the Florence Road (old Burlington Turnpike ) through Florence Township to Burlington. From Burlington, Route 2 kept going southwest on the Westfield and Camden Turnpike , ending at

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1764-683: Was not implemented in great numbers in the United Kingdom , because of these performance problems. There were originally three, one in Redditch and two in Livingston . One of the Livingston examples was remodeled in the mid-2000s as part of a public transport project. The Girton interchange near Cambridge was a "half"-cloverleaf interchange that regularly experienced peak-time congestion due to A14 westbound traffic weaving with M11 traffic. This interchange

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