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36-568: Launches of Zenit-3SLB rockets were conducted from Site 45/1 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome . Commercial launches were conducted by Land Launch , and used the designation 3SLB, whilst launches conducted by Federal Space Agency Roskosmos or the Russian Space Forces were planned to use the designation 3M. It consisted of a Zenit 2SB (Zenit-2M) core vehicle, with a Block DM-SLB upper stage by RSC Energia (Russia). The rocket's fairing

72-672: A Roscosmos subsidiary in charge of handling ground-based infrastructure, as Roscosmos had failed its obligation to conduct an environmental impact assessment of Site 45. This effectively put an end to the Baiterek project and the development of the Irtysh launch vehicle , which had been scheduled to start from Site 45 in 2024. 45°56′35″N 63°39′11″E  /  45.943°N 63.653°E  / 45.943; 63.653 Ruble The ruble or rouble ( / ˈ r uː b əl / ; Russian: рубль , IPA: [rublʲ] )

108-447: A Tselina-2 ELINT satellite. On the next launch, also from pad 2, the first stage RD-171 engine failed five seconds after launch and the rocket fell back onto the launch pad from a height of about 70 metres (230 ft). The resulting explosion completely destroyed the launch pad, and was reported to have lifted a 1,000 tonne metal structure 20 metres into the air, and to have caused significant damage to lighting towers 100 metres from

144-467: A commercial launch conducted for Globalstar in 1998, and continuing commercial launches under the Land Launch programme. The main pad at the site is area 45/1, which was completed in 1983 following five years of construction. A second pad, area 45/2, was completed in 1990, but was destroyed by a launch failure in the same year. The first launch from site 45, using pad 1, occurred on 13 April 1985. This

180-455: A monetary reform and ordered the mintage of silver one ruble coins from imported joachimsthalers and new kopek coins from copper (old silver kopeks were left in circulation). Although around 1 million of such rubles was made, its lower weight (28–32 grams) against the nominal ruble (48 g) led to counterfeiting, speculation and inflation, and after the Copper Riot of 1662 the new monetary system

216-490: A paper credit ruble was worth about nine-tenths of a silver ruble These circulated, in various types, until the revolution, with 500 ruble notes added in 1898 and 250 and 1,000 ruble notes added in 1917. In 1915, two kinds of small change notes were issued. One, issued by the Treasury, consisted of regular style (if small) notes for 1, 2, 3, 5 and 50 kopeks. The other consisted of the designs of stamps printed onto card with text and

252-500: A result of this, the last Zenit-3F launched from Site 45 on December 26, 2017. In accordance to the 2016–2025 Russian space master plan, the launch pad was then supposed to be rebuilt to support the launch of the new domestic Irtysh launch vehicle . In March 2023, it became public that the Baiterek Kazakh - Russian joint venture in charge of the site had filed a claim of about 2 billion rubles (30.3 million US-Dollar ) to TsENKI,

288-399: A ruble varied in the 18th century. Additionally, coins worth over a ruble were minted in gold and platinum . By the end of the 18th century, the ruble was set to 4 zolotnik 21 dolya (or 4 21 ⁄ 96 zolotnik , almost exactly equal to 18 grams) of pure silver or 27 dolya (almost exactly equal to 1.2 g (0.039 ozt)) of pure gold, with a ratio of 15:1 for the values of

324-737: Is a tendency for older sources to use rouble and more recent ones to use ruble . However, usage is not consistent and major publications are known to use both (though usually preferring one or the other). The Russian plurals that may be seen on the actual currency are modified according to Russian grammar . Numbers ending in 1 (except for 11) are followed by nominative singular рубль rubl , копейка kopeyka . Numbers ending in 2, 3 or 4 (except for 12–14) are followed by genitive singular рубля rublya , копейки kopeyki . Numbers ending in 5–9, 0, or 11–14 are followed by genitive plural рублей rubley , копеек kopeyek . In several languages spoken in Russia and

360-506: Is currently formally subdivided, although denga (½ kopek) and polushka (½ denga, thus ¼ kopek) were minted until the 19th century. Historically, the grivna , ruble and denga were used in Russia as measurements of weight. In 1704, as a result of monetary reforms by Peter the Great , the ruble became the first decimal currency . The silver ruble was used until 1897 and the gold ruble was used until 1917. The Soviet ruble officially replaced

396-565: Is still intact, and the tower at area 45/2 is still standing, but was heavily damaged in the October 1990 explosion. The towers are not used in uncrewed launch operations, as all systems are automated, and no access to the rocket is required. Following the Russian military intervention in Ukraine in 2014, Russia announced that it was no longer interested in the purchase of Zenit rockets from Ukraine . As

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432-953: Is the currency unit of Belarus and Russia . Historically, it was the name of the currency of the Russian Empire (the Imperial ruble) and, later, of the Soviet Union (the Soviet ruble ). As of 2022 , currencies named ruble in circulation include the Belarusian ruble (BYN, Rbl) in Belarus and the Russian ruble (RUB, ₽) in Russia. Additionally, the Transnistrian ruble is used in Transnistria , an unrecognized breakaway province of Moldova . These currencies are subdivided into one hundred kopeks . No kopek

468-508: The 17th centuries the ruble was neither a coin nor a currency but rather a unit of weight. The most used currency was a small silver coin called denga (pl. dengi ). There were two variants of the denga, minted in Novgorod and Moscow. The weight of a denga silver coin was unstable and inflating, but by 1535, one Novgorod denga weighed 0.68 g (0.022 ozt), the Moscow denga being a half that of

504-476: The 19th century, copper coins were issued for 1 ⁄ 4 , 1 ⁄ 2 , 1, 2 and 5 kopeks, with silver 5, 10, 25 and 50 kopeks and 1 ruble and gold 5, although production of the 10 ruble coin ceased in 1806. Silver 20 kopeks were introduced in 1820, followed by copper 10 kopeks minted between 1830 and 1839, and copper 3 kopeks introduced in 1840. Between 1828 and 1845, platinum 3, 6 and 12 rubles were issued. In 1860, silver 15 kopeks were introduced, due to

540-790: The Assignation rubles fell relative to the coins until, in 1839, the relationship was fixed at 1 silver ruble = 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 assignat rubles. In 1840, the State Commercial Bank issued 3, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 ruble notes, followed by 50 ruble credit notes of the Custody Treasury and State Loan Bank. In 1843, the Assignation Bank ceased operations, and state credit notes (Russian: государственные кредитные билеты , gosudarstvenniye kreditniye bilety ) were introduced in denominations of 1, 3, 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 rubles. In 1859

576-513: The Novgorod denga. Thus one account ruble consisted of 100 Novgorod or 200 Moscow dengi (68 g (2.2 ozt) of silver). As the Novgorod denga bore the image of a rider with a spear ( Russian : копьё, kop’yo ), it later has become known as kopek . In the 17th century, the weight of a kopek coin reduced to 0.48 g (0.015 ozt), thus one ruble was equal to 48 g (1.5 ozt) of silver. In 1654–1655 tsar Alexis I tried to carry out

612-484: The Russian noun рубец ( rubets ), the seam that is left around a silver bullions after casting: silver was added to the cast in two steps. Therefore, the word "ruble" means "a cast with a seam". A popular theory deriving the word ruble from rupee is probably not correct. The ruble was the Russian equivalent of the mark , a measurement of weight for silver and gold used in medieval Western Europe. The weight of one ruble

648-482: The first launch to be conducted by the Land Launch consortium. This rocketry article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 45 Site 45 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome used to be a Zenit rocket launch site consisting of two pads, both of which are currently inactive. It used to be the launch site for all Soviet and Russian government Zenit launches, along with

684-507: The former Soviet Union, the currency name has no etymological relation with ruble . Especially in Turkic languages or languages influenced by them, the ruble is often known (also officially) as som or sum (meaning pure ), or manat (from Russian moneta , meaning coin ). Soviet banknotes had their value printed in the languages of all 15 republics of the Soviet Union. From the 14th to

720-454: The former coin with a rider on it soon became colloquially known as kopek and was the higher coin until the beginning of the 18th century. Ruble coins as such did not exist till Peter the Great, when in 1704 he reformed the old monetary system and ordered mintage of a 28 g (0.90 ozt) silver ruble coin equivalent to 100 new copper kopek coins. Apart from one ruble and one kopek coins other smaller and greater coins existed as well. Both

756-527: The imperial eagle printed on the reverse. These were in denominations of 1, 2, 3, 10, 15 and 20 kopeks. In 1917, the Provisional Government issued treasury notes for 20 and 40 rubles. These notes are known as " Kerenki " or " Kerensky rubles". The provisional government also had 25 and 1,000 ruble state credit notes printed in the United States but most were not issued. In 1917, the Russian ruble

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792-540: The imperial ruble in 1922 and continued to be used until 1993, when it was formally replaced with the Russian ruble in the Russian Federation and by other currencies in other post-Soviet states . In the past, several other countries influenced by Russia and the Soviet Union had currency units that were also named ruble , including the Armenian ruble , Latvian ruble and Tajikistani ruble . According to one version,

828-445: The pad. Zenit launches resumed from pad 1 around ten months later, pad 2 was not rebuilt. On 29 June 2007, the first Zenit-2M was launched from pad 1, followed by the first Zenit-3SLB on 28 April 2008. Facilities to support crewed launches were built at both pads. These included large mobile access towers, which would have allowed the crew to board a spacecraft on top of the rocket. These towers were never used. The tower at area 45/1

864-408: The ruble was never part of a grivna but a synonym for it. This is attested in a 13th-century birch bark manuscript from Novgorod , where both ruble and grivna referred to 204 grams (6.6 troy ounces) of silver. The casting of these pieces included some sort of cutting (the exact technology is unknown), hence the name from рубить ( rubit ). Another version of the word's origin is that it comes from

900-723: The spellings ruble and rouble are used in English, depending on the author's native dialect. The earliest use recorded in English is the now completely obsolete robble . The form rouble is preferred by the Oxford English Dictionary and probably derives from the transliteration into French used among the Tsarist aristocracy . It may have been retained in English to avoid confusion with "rubble". In general, American, and some Canadian, authors tend to use "ruble" while other English-speaking authors use "rouble". In American English there

936-508: The two metals. In 1828, platinum coins were introduced with 1 ruble equal to 77 2 ⁄ 3 dolya (3.451 grams). On 17 December 1885, a new standard was adopted which did not change the silver ruble but reduced the gold content to 1.161 grams, pegging the gold ruble to the French franc at a rate of 1 ruble = 4 francs. This rate was revised in 1897 to 1 ruble = 2 2 ⁄ 3 francs (17.424 dolya or 0.77424 g fine gold). This ruble

972-478: The use of this denomination (equal to 1 złoty ) in Poland, whilst, in 1869, gold 3 rubles were introduced. In 1886, a new gold coinage was introduced consisting of 5 and 10 ruble coins. This was followed by another, in 1897. In addition to smaller 5 and 10 ruble coins, 7 + 1 ⁄ 2 and 15 ruble coins were issued for a single year, as these were equal in size to the previous 5 and 10 ruble coins. The gold coinage

1008-440: The word "ruble" is derived from the Russian verb рубить ( rubit ), "to cut, to chop, to hack", as a ruble was considered a cutout piece of a silver grivna . Rubles were parts of the grivna or pieces of silver with notches indicating their weight. Each grivna was divided into four parts; the name "ruble" came from the word "cut" because the silver rod weighing 1 grivna was split into four parts, which were called rubles. Others say

1044-508: Was a sub-orbital test flight of the Zenit-2 , and the maiden flight of the Zenit rocket. The launch failed, and was followed up with a second, successful, test flight launched at 08:21 GMT on 21 June 1985. Whilst this launch was also intended to be suborbital, some debris from the launch reached low Earth orbit . The first launch from pad 2 occurred on 22 May 1990, when a Zenit-2 successfully orbited

1080-413: Was abandoned in favour of the old one. In 1704 Peter the Great finally reformed the old Russian monetary system, minting a silver ruble coin of weight 28.1 g (0.90 ozt) and 72% fineness; hence 20.22 g fine silver. The decision to subdivide it primarily into 100 copper kopeks, rather than 200 Muscovite denga, made the Russian ruble the world's first decimal currency. The amount of silver in

1116-476: Was developed by Lavochkin (Khimki, Moscow, Russia). The launch services were provided by "Land Launch", a subsidiary of Sea Launch, and Space International Services, a Russian/Ukrainian joint venture. The first launch of a Zenit-3SLB occurred on 28 April 2008, carrying the Israeli AMOS-3 satellite. This was also the first commercial Zenit launch from Baikonur since a failed Globalstar launch in 1998, and

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1152-574: Was equal to the weight of one grivna . In Russian, a folk name for ruble, tselkovyj (целковый, IPA: [tsɨlˈkovɨj] , wholesome), is known, which is a shortening of the целковый рубль ("tselkovyj ruble"), i.e., a wholesome, uncut ruble. This name persists in the Mordvin word for ruble, целковой . Since the monetary reform of 1534, one Russian accounting ruble became equivalent to 100 silver Novgorod denga coins or smaller 200 Muscovite denga coins or even smaller 400 polushka coins. Exactly

1188-588: Was never minted in numbers, and never circulated in public. Its existence became known in 1857 in foreign publications. In 1768, during the reign of Catherine the Great , the Russian Assignation Bank was instituted to issue the government paper money. It opened in Saint Petersburg and in Moscow in 1769. In 1769, Assignation rubles were introduced for 25, 50, 75 and 100 rubles, with 5 and 10 rubles added in 1787 and 200 rubles in 1819. The value of

1224-619: Was replaced by the Soviet ruble ( ISO 4217 code: SUR) which, issued by the State Bank of the USSR , remained the sole currency of the Soviet Union, until its breakup in 1991. Afterwards, it continued to be used in the 15 Post-Soviet states until it was replaced by new national currencies: Since 2000, the Russian ruble (code: RUB) and the Belarusian ruble (code: BYN) have been the only ruble currencies in circulation that have been issued by internationally recognized countries. The ruble sign “ ₽ ”

1260-552: Was suspended in 1911, with the other denominations produced until the First World War. The Constantine ruble (Russian: константиновский рубль , konstantinovsky rubl' ) is a rare silver coin of the Russian Empire bearing the profile of Constantine , the brother of emperors Alexander I and Nicholas I . Its manufacture was being prepared at the Saint Petersburg Mint during the brief Interregnum of 1825 , but it

1296-463: Was worth about US$ 0.5145 in 1914. With the outbreak of World War I , the gold standard peg was dropped and the ruble fell in value, suffering from hyperinflation in the early 1920s. With the founding of the Soviet Union in 1922, the Russian ruble was replaced by the Soviet ruble. The pre-revolutionary Chervonetz was temporarily brought back into circulation from 1922 to 1925. By the beginning of

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