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77-549: John came from a prominent Croatian-Slavonian noble family. His father became one of Hungary's wealthiest lords and served as Palatine of Hungary . During the Peasants' Revolt of 1514 led by György Dózsa , John gained influence through his military campaigns and by crushing the revolt, which bolstered his authority and earned him the title of "liberator of the realm." However, his power declined after his sister Barbara 's death in 1515. And in 1528, he fled to Poland , later aligning with

154-553: A member of a junior branch of the Habsburgs, was a significant intermediary between the revolutionaries and the imperial court in Vienna. However, after 1848, the palatine was only a symbolic function, but it was only in 1918 – with the end of Habsburgs in the Kingdom of Hungary (the kingdom continued formally until 1945) – that the function ceased officially. The Golden Bull of 1222 authorized

231-412: A payment of 20 denars for each peasant household. Supporters of Zápolya were appointed to the royal council, becoming a majority, and his friend, Gregory Frankopan, Archbishop of Kalocsa , was made chancellor. The previous chancellor, George Szatmári , Archbishop of Esztergom , remained hostile to Zápolya. Zápolya, Stephen Báthory, Emeric Török, and Michael Paksy joined forces to laid siege to Žrnov ,

308-645: A result, he attracted the hatred of the Protestant aristocrats. In 1605, he was one of the members of the Habsburg delegation which was responsible for the termination of cooperation between Ahmed I and Stephen Bocskay . He was one of the signatories of the Peace of Zsitvatorok (1606) which ended the Fifteen Years or Long War. In 1608, István Pálffy and Miklós Istvánffy traveled to Hainburg to invite Archduke Matthias before

385-559: A vassal relationship, which he later accomplished with Transylvania. This was an old method used by the Ottoman Empire, which had also been applied against Balkan states, such as Serbia, in the 14th and 15th centuries, where they were first compelled into dependency and then annexed in the following decades. In 1529 John approached the Ottomans, and agreed to make Hungary a vassal state in return for recognition and support. Sultan Suleiman

462-464: Is documented from the early 13th century. In 1201, King Emeric exempted the "guest settlers" in Sárospatak from the jurisdiction of all judges but the king and the palatine, which proves that the palatines had already heard cases on their own right, not only as the monarchs' representatives. The Golden Bull of 1222 declared that a palatine had jurisdiction over all inhabitants of Hungary, although he

539-558: Is often called as " Livy of Hungary", because of his historiographical activity and, because, he studied in Padua , the birthplace of the great Roman historian (then called Patavium ). He was the second son of Pál Istvánfi ("son of István"), who functioned as Ispán (Count; comes ) of Baranya County and was also a member of the Royal Council. His mother was his father's second wife, Hedvig Gyulay. One of his brothers, István (d. 1585) held

616-460: The Bohemian throne in late 1526 – from the burden of assisting his brother. By then, Ferdinand had developed a Hungarian policy that was fully in keeping with the interests of his realms. He judged that if Hungary, unable to resist the Ottoman Empire, took action independently of Austria and Bohemia, it might well enter into an alliance with the Ottomans against its western neighbors. It was therefore in

693-694: The Fifteen Years War , he was unlawfully authorized to recover the war tax in Slavonia . He participated in the Battle of Pákozd on 3 November 1593, and the Siege of Petrinja in the summer of 1595. He was one of Rudolf's three delegates who took over the control of Transylvania from Prince Sigismund Báthory in 1598. He was also present at the Siege of Nagykanizsa (1600), when the town fell to Tiryaki Hasan Pasha and became

770-448: The Kingdom of Croatia until 1918 the ban held similar function as the highest office in the Kingdom (after the king himself), monarch's representative, commander of the royal army and viceroy (after the union of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia with Hungary in 1102). The earliest recorded Medieval Latin form of the title was comes palatii ("count of the palace"); it was preserved in

847-536: The Ottomans , leading Hungary to become an Ottoman vassal state . John was the oldest son of Count Stephen Zápolya and his second wife, Hedwig of Cieszyn . Stephen Zápolya was descended from a Croatian noble family from Slavonia . Their family name was derived from the Croatian phrase "za polje" (literally translated as "behind field"). Stephen became one of the wealthiest lords in the Kingdom of Hungary after inheriting

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924-482: The Pannonhalma Archabbey on the king's behalf around 1005, must have been a palatine, because the villages were situated in many counties , suggesting that he was not the head of one county. The Long Life of Saint Gerard say that King Stephen I made Csanád "the master of the household of the king and Ajtony " after Csanád defeated Ajtony. Some historians (including Györffy and Gábor Thoroczkay) say that

1001-427: The curialis comes administered justice on the king's behalf in the royal court in the 12th century , but according to a scholarly theory, he heard disputes in the royal court already during the reign of King Coloman's son, Stephen II of Hungary , which gave rise to the development of the palatines' own court of justice. The curialis comes was mentioned as iudex curie , or royal judge, after around 1219. Changes in

1078-458: The deed of foundation of the Tihany Abbey , issued in 1055. A new variant (comes palatinus) came into use in the second half of the 11th century ; it was first recorded around 1067. The shortened palatinus form became the official version in the 1230s. A new official title – palatinus regni Hungariae ("Palatine of the Kingdom of Hungary ") – was adopted in

1155-489: The ispáns and the stablemen) do not seem to have been responsible for the management of the royal household. Consequently, most historians say that most probably the palatines were the administrators of the royal domains and revenues up until the 1120s. The palatines' jurisdiction over the udvornici , or royal serving people, which is documented from the end of the 11th century , also validate this theory. The late 13th-century chronicler, Simon of Kéza , stated that it

1232-447: The universities of Bologna and Padua after 1551; at the latter place he learned Latin philology from the great Humanist scholar János Zsámboky . Istvánffy returned home in 1556 and presumably became a soldier of Nikola Šubić Zrinski ( Hungarian : Zrínyi Miklós ), the hero of Szigetvár . Between 1558 and 1559 he functioned as the secretary of Olahus, who served as Chancellor of Hungary from 1543. Istvánffy became an official of

1309-414: The "count of the duke" was to pay the same amount if "he judges others besides his own people", which suggests that the head of the " duchy " was also entitled to appoint his own palatine. A new great officer, the curialis comes , appeared in the royal court in the first half of the 12th century . He was responsible for the management of the royal household. Authentic royal charters do not prove that

1386-668: The 11th, 12th, 13th and 14th century were the Aba (family) , Lackfi , in the 15th century the Garay , afterwards the Báthory and the Zápolya , Esterházy , Pálffy , and ultimately the Joseph branch of the Habsburg . Prominent palatines have been: in the early 17th century, István Illésházy of Trencsén , then up to 1616, György Thurzó and János Zakmárdi . Thurzó is the palatine who arrested Elizabeth Báthory ,

1463-510: The 1340s, which shows that the palatines who were still royal officials were also regarded as representatives of the Estates of the realm from that time on. The original Hungarian version of the title was nádorispán ; it was first recorded around 1405. The etymology of the word is uncertain. Most scholars agree that its root is the Slavic word for court (dvorjь) , but no documents evidence that

1540-507: The Chancellery after 1559. Olahus was appointed Royal Governor of Hungary in 1562. He died in 1568. He tried to acquire new estates and lands to the place of his former possession, but failed. In 1576, he was a royal envoy to Pasha of the Budin Eyalet to returning to occupied castles in peacetime, unsuccessfully. He had been a Royal Councillor since 1578. After the death of Imre Czobor , he

1617-553: The Diet at Székesfehérvár by the lesser nobles (gentry), and he was duly crowned the next day. Ferdinand was also elected king by the magnates, barons, and the Catholic clergy in a rump Diet in Pozsony on 17 December 1526. Profiting from nine months of relative calm, John strove to restore state authority. He drew on his vast private wealth, the unconditional support of the lesser nobility, and

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1694-605: The Diet. From around 1450 he had the right to grant royal property – like the king himself but with certain restrictions. An act of 1485 explicitly stipulated that the palatine shall be the viceregent in the king's absence. After 1526, when the Habsburgs became rulers of the kingdom and the Turks seized large parts of the kingdom, the palatine, as the vice-regent (viceroy), had his seat outside Royal Hungary in Prague and later in Vienna . In 1526,

1771-497: The Habsburg dynasty could help Hungary fight against the Ottomans. But in 1526, the promise rang empty. Hungary had been fighting the Ottomans for over a century, during which time the Empire and the Habsburgs had offered much encouragement but no tangible help. The likelihood of assistance was further reduced by the conflict of Ferdinand's older brother, Emperor Charles V, and King Francis I of France that once again flared into open war in

1848-614: The Magnificent accepted, and sent Ottoman armies to invade Austria (which included the Siege of Vienna ), a war which lasted till 1533. This allowed John to regain his position in Hungary in 1529, by the efforts of Frater George Martinuzzi , despite the association with the Ottomans which tainted him at the time. Martinuzzi became royal treasurer and John's most trusted minister. In 1533, the Ottomans made peace and ceded western Hungary to Ferdinand. Ferdinand now began to press John for control of

1925-585: The Old , married John's younger sister, Barbara Zápolya in early 1512. This increased the influence of the Zápolyas, but only in the short term, as Barbara died in 1515. To show off his wealth, John went with Barbara to Poland accompanied by 800 horsemen who wore gilded clothes. John raided Ottoman Bulgaria in summer 1513. After returning to Transylvania, he crushed a revolt in Hermannstadt (now Sibiu , Romania) and forced

2002-702: The Ottoman fortress near Nándorfehérvár (now Belgrade, Serbia) in April 1515. However, Sinan , Bey of Smederovo , defeated their united troops. The defeat weakened Zápolya's position. In 1526, the Ottoman Empire crushed the Hungarian royal army in the Battle of Mohács and killed King Louis II . Zápolya was en route to the battlefield with his sizable army but did not participate in the battle for unknown reasons. The Ottomans sacked

2079-626: The Székelys on 8 November 1510. He moved to Transylvania and took up residence in Kolozsvár (now Cluj-Napoca , Romania) in March 1511. The Ottomans invaded the southern frontier of the Kingdom of Hungary in April 1511. John regularly held Diets for the representatives of the " Three Nations of Transylvania ". He also headed the judicial assemblies of the Székely people . Vladislaus's brother, Polish king Sigismund I

2156-466: The administration of the royal court and the palatines' office occurred around the same period. Hereafter the highest-ranking royal officials, including the palatine and the royal judge, were styled as "barons". The first documents issued in a palatine's name is dated to about 1219. Up to that time, the palatines' decisions had not been recorded by their own officials, but by other authorities, especially by cathedral chapters. The earliest references to

2233-472: The assistance of some aristocrats to impose his policies in domestic affairs. However, in the crucial sphere of foreign relations, success eluded him. He sought an entente with the Habsburgs, proposing to form an alliance against the Ottomans, but Ferdinand rejected all attempts at reconciliation. John's envoys fanned out across Europe in quest of support. Only in France did they find a positive response, but even that

2310-402: The assumed *nadъ-dvorjь-županъ ("head of the royal court") form actually existed. In Czech and Serbo-Croatian languages, similar expressions ( náderšpan and nadršpan ) existed, but only as loanwords from Hungarian, in reference to the palatines of Hungary. Ludovicus Tubero and some other 16th-century scholars referred to the palatine as nándorispán . Historian András Róna-Tas says that

2387-572: The capital of the newly established Kanije Eyalet . One year later, the Christian armies tried to recapture the town but suffered a heavy and decisive defeat. Istvánffy served as Master of the doorkeepers ( Hungarian : főajtónállómester , Latin : magister janitorum ) from 1599 until his death. In 1603, he drafted the judgment under which the Lutheran István Illésházy was illegally sentenced to death and confiscation of property. As

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2464-588: The countess accused for killing numerous girls and young women. The position was occupied in the remaining 17th century by members of the families Esterházy , Pálffy, Francis Wesselényi , Rhedey and others. The last palatines at the end of the 18th and the first half of the 19th century were the Habsburgs Archdukes Alexander Leopold , Joseph and his son Stephen , who resigned in 1848. Following Stephen's death in 1867 without issue, his half-brother Archduke Joseph August of Austria inherited

2541-608: The county taxes. From the 13th century, his deputy ( vicepalatinus ) was based in Pest (around 1300 temporarily in Old Buda ), where he was simultaneously the county leader of the Pest county and judge of the middle nobility. According to the Article II of Law 1439, the king could appoint the palatine only with the consent of the parliament. The Diet of the Kingdom of Hungary of 1455 and 1456 issued

2618-426: The decree "de officio Palatini", which guaranteed the palatine's position as the representative of the king. From around 1400 he was the viceregent of the king, a function which however only became important after 1526. He was allowed to command the royal army and to preside over the Diet of the Kingdom of Hungary instead of the king. When the king was not of age or if there was an interregnum , he also could convene

2695-453: The head of the royal court in 892. In 11th-century Bohemia and in Poland , the "count of the palace" was the monarch's deputy in military affairs. According to a scholarly theory, the comes palatii was originally responsible for the administration of the royal household, but primary sources do not contain direct reference to the palatines' economic functions. Hungarian historians agree that

2772-478: The higher clergy, and King Vladislaus. The Diet initially refused to elect the infant crown prince Louis as successor to Vladislaus, but Louis was finally crowned on Vladislaus's demand on 4 June 1508. According to the late 16th-century historian Miklós Istvánffy , when the king returned from Bohemia in early 1510, Zápolya asked Vladislaus for the hand of his daughter Anne , but Vladislaus refused. Vladislaus II made John Zápolya Voivode of Transylvania and Count of

2849-413: The idea of marriage between princess Anne and John Zápolya. Zápolya began his public career as a member of the new Diet at Rákos in 1505. On 13 October, the Diet, prompted by Zápolya, passed a bill which prohibited the election of a foreigner as king if Vladislaus died without male issue. The bill was aimed at creating a legal basis for Zápolya's ascension to the throne after the death of Vladislaus, but

2926-466: The imperial court of the Holy Roman Empire set the pattern for the organization of the royal household in Hungary. Historians also concur that the first king of Hungary , Stephen I , who died in 1038, appointed the first palatine, although no primary source mentioned this office during his reign. György Györffy says that one Comes Ceba, who was responsible for the transfer of ten villages to

3003-412: The interest of Austria and Bohemia that the Habsburgs gain control of Hungary, by force if necessary. In July 1527, Ferdinand sent an army of German mercenaries into Hungary. The moment was well chosen, for John Zápolya's forces were tied up in the southern counties of Hungary , where Slavonic peasants, incited by Ferdinand, had rebelled; the revolt was led by the 'Black Man', Jovan Nenad . In one sweep,

3080-408: The king refused to ratify it, and the Diet was closed by the king. Moreover, Vladislaus's wife, Anne of Foix-Candale , gave birth to a son, Louis , on 1 July, 1506. Zápolya's serious conflicts with the royal court had meanwhile made him the leader of a "national party", consisting of the smaller untitled noblemen (the gentry) who were opposed to the pro-Habsburg orientation of the higher aristocracy,

3157-485: The king's knowledge by any judge. The earliest charters referring to the palatines' deputies mentioned them under several names, including vicarius palatini (in 1220 and 1221), and vicecomes palatini comitis and viceiudex palatini comitis (in 1221). The same documents, all preserved in the Regestrum Varadinense (including Maurice Pok ), suggest that the palatine and his deputies administered justice during

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3234-534: The large domains of his brother, Emeric Zápolya , in 1487. Stephen Zápolya's marriage with the Silesian duchess, Hedwig, who was related to Emperor Maximilian I , increased the prestige of the Zápolya family . Stephen Zápolya had no sons when Matthias Corvinus , King of Hungary , died on 6 April 1490, according to a contemporaneous report, but a charter issued in September 1491 already mentioned John, showing that John

3311-502: The lesser nobility. Most of his opponents succumbed at Mohács: the Hungarian branch of the Jagiellon dynasty became defunct, and its pro-Habsburg following was decimated. The higher nobility of Hungary (the magnates or barons) sided with Ferdinand, and gathered in Pozsony for Ferdinand's election. The German dynasty's main argument – one that many historians would judge to be decisive – was that

3388-540: The men of our realm, but cases concerning nobles condemned to capital punishment and loss of possessions shall not be concluded without the king's knowledge. The count palatine shall judge without differentiation all the men of our realm except ecclesiastical persons and clerks, and cases concerning marriage, dowry, and other ecclesiastical matters which appear to belong for whatever reason to ecclesiastical jurisdiction. Cases concerning nobles condemned to capital punishment and loss of possessions shall not be concluded without

3465-485: The office of Vice-ispán (Viscount; vicecomes ) of Veszprém County . The family had to leave Baranya County, when the Ottomans invaded and occupied Pécs in 1543 (the Christian armies were able to recapture the town only in 1686 ). Istvánffy served archbishop Pál Várdai as his page in Nagyszombat (today: Trnava, Slovakia ). After the death of Várdai (1549), he became a protegee of Nicolaus Olahus . He studied at

3542-430: The ongoing war conflict with Ferdinand (only empty promises), he had no choice but to send his envoy, Laszky Jeromos, to Istanbul to seek help. Suleiman I, who had not invaded the country in 1526, now did not want it to fall under Habsburg control. Therefore, alongside military support, he began the actual occupation of Hungarian territories and their annexation to the Ottoman Empire. The sultan sought to force Szapolyai into

3619-461: The original title, was first recorded in 1784. High-ranking officials who bore the title comes palatinus or comes palatii were present in several royal courts of medieval Europe. In the Carolingian Empire , the comes palatii was the monarch's deputy and one of the highest judges in the 9th century , according to the contemporaneous Hincmar . In Croatia , the zuppanus palatii was

3696-485: The palatine became a life function. In 1527, the palatine István Báthory created the Hungarian Vice-regency Council (a kind of government, seat in Pozsony (German: Pressburg, now Bratislava ) since 1531) comprising also other noble representatives, which became a permanent institution headed by the palatine in 1549. In 1608, the functions of vice-regent and palatine were separated. The Palatine's office

3773-415: The palatine from "send[ing] the seal" to anyone "except only to those who are called [udvornici] and to those who come to him voluntarily" while he was absent from the royal court. On the other hand, the decree also shows that in the second half of the 11th century , the palatine's jurisdiction over the udvornici was independent of his role as the sovereign's deputy. Around 1100, King Coloman authorized

3850-415: The palatine to hear appeals against decisions of judges from the counties "if a popular outcry arises against them". Four royal charters show that the palatines, along with other high-ranking royal officials, occasionally heard disputes between ecclesiastic institutions and royal people as judges, specifically assigned with the task by the monarchs in the 12th century . The palatines' own court of justice

3927-445: The palatine to represent the monarch at the great assembly which was customarily held at Székesfehérvár on the feast of King St Stephen in each year. The presence of the palatine at the yearly law-day enabled him to act as a mediator between the sovereign and the noblemen. Initially, the palatines administered justice on the kings' behalf, primarily in the royal court. A decree, attributed to King Ladislaus I, explicitly forbade

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4004-400: The palatine was that high official. A law-book, issued during or shortly before the reign of King Ladislaus I of Hungary , preserved the first reference to the palatines' judiciary function, ordering that a palatine who administer justice to people who fell outside his jurisdiction should pay a fine of "fifty-five pensae " (the equivalent to 2,000 pence ). The same decree also ruled that

4081-485: The palatines' deputies, who were later known as vicepalatines or the palatines' vicejudges, were also recorded in 1219. From the 1230s, the monarchs occasionally entrusted the palatines, along with other barons of the realm, with specific tasks. For instance, Andrew II sent Denis, son of Ampud on diplomatic missions; Stephen Gutkeled destroyed mills built without permission on the river Rába on Béla IV 's orders. The palatines acted as itinerant judges , wandering in

4158-544: The peasant army marched toward Turkish territory, they took to plundering nearby noble manors. Many villagers refused to pay taxes and duties. On 22 May, Vladislaus and the Archbishop ordered the peasants to disband, but they refused. Peasant bands took control of the southern lowlands along the rivers Danube and Tisza and murdered many nobles. The main army of the peasants, commanded by György Dózsa , laid siege to Temesvár (now Timișoara , Romania). Stephen Báthory defended

4235-522: The pro-Habsburg soldiers captured Buda. John hurriedly redeployed his army, but on 27 September in the Battle of Tarcal (near Tokaj), he suffered a bloody defeat. Based on the earlier election of the Diet at Pozsony, Ferdinand was crowned in the Székesfehérvár Basilica on 3 November 1527. In 1528 John fled Hungary for Poland , where he stayed with Prince Jan Amor Tarnowski . After Szapolyai received no assistance from European rulers to resolve

4312-628: The rest. In 1538, by the Treaty of Nagyvárad , John designated Ferdinand to be his successor after his death, as he was childless. However, in late January to early February 1539, he married Isabella Jagiellon , and on 15 July 1540 they had a son, John Sigismund . King John died seven days later on 22 July 1540 in Szászsebes ( Sebeş ). Palatine of Hungary The Palatine of Hungary ( Hungarian : nádor or  nádorispán , German : Landespalatin ,  Latin : palatinus regni Hungariae )

4389-428: The right to free movement and obliged them to work on their lords' lands without remuneration one day in every week. Zápolya's victory over the peasant revolt strengthened his authority in several ways: on the one hand, he had opposed the "crusade" from the beginning, and on the other hand, it gained him support among the petty nobility (gentry). The Diet hailed Zápolya as the "liberator of the realm" and rewarded him with

4466-414: The royal capital of Buda and occupied Syrmia , then withdrew from Hungary. The last three months of the year were marked by a power vacuum; political authority was in a state of collapse, yet the victors chose not to impose their rule. Two candidates stepped into the breach. One was Zápolya, voivode of Transylvania and Hungary's most prominent aristocrat as well as commander of an intact army. The other

4543-519: The same period but in faraway territories: while Palatine Nicholas Szák heard cases in the lands east of the river Tisza , his deputies worked in Transdanubia in 1220. This practise was obviously unpopular, because the Golden Bull of 1222 explicitly stated that the palatine "shall have no deputy judge except for the one at his own court". Important families that provided several palatines were: in

4620-462: The summer of 1526. This circumstance led the Voivode to discount the threat lurking behind the Habsburgs' candidacy: that Zápolya's Hungary would have to contend not only with the Ottomans, but also with an attack from the west. Thus Zápolya took no notice of his rival's protests, nor of those voiced by the few Hungarians who rallied to Ferdinand. On 10 November 1526, Zápolya had himself proclaimed king at

4697-567: The text suggests that Csanád held the office of palatine for some time during Stephen's reign; other historians (for example, Tibor Szőcs and Tibor Almási) write that the author of the legend borrowed the expression from Psalm 105 which mentioned the "master" of the king's household. Nevertheless, Gerard of Csanád 's same legend preserved the earliest historical event in connection with a palatine – the dethronement of Stephen I's successor, Peter Orseolo by " Count Palatine Aba " in 1041. According to modern scholars' consensus, Aba, who

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4774-504: The title may be connected to the Bulgars ' old Hungarian exonym (nándor) . If his theory is valid, the palatine was originally the head of the Bulgars in Hungary. Other scholars have not accepted Róna-Tas's theory, because the nándorispán version seems to have developed from the original nádorispán version. The modern Hungarian version of the title (nádor) , which is the shortened version of

4851-407: The title, though the post by that time was symbolic only. Mikl%C3%B3s Istv%C3%A1nffy Baron Miklós Istvánffy de Baranyavár et Kisasszonyfalva ( Latin : Nicolaus Istuanfius ; 8 December 1538 – 1 April 1615) was a Hungarian politician, Humanist historian and poet, who served as Palatinal Governor of Hungary ( Hungarian : nádori helytartó ) from 19 January 1582 to November 1608. He

4928-402: The town. Zápolya, who had returned from his Ottoman campaign, came to relieve Temesvár. His army routed the peasants on 15 July. The leaders of the revolt were tortured to death with much cruelty. Dózsa was put on a red-hot iron "throne" with a red-hot iron "crown" on his head, and his accomplices were compelled to eat his flesh before being executed. In October, the Diet deprived the peasants of

5005-451: The townspeople to pay an extraordinary tax. Zápolya launched a new campaign into Bulgaria in early May 1514. Meanwhile, Tamás Bakócz , Archbishop of Esztergom , declared a Crusade against the Turks on 9 April. About 40,000 peasants joined the crusade and assembled near Pest, although their lords had tried to retain them before the harvest. The "crusade" soon turned into a peasant rebellion. As

5082-522: The whole realm in the 1230s and early 1240s. Roland Rátót , who became palatine in 1248, abandoned this practice and mostly heard cases in Pressburg (now Bratislava in Slovakia). After Béla IV of Hungary and his son, Stephen divided the country along the river Danube in 1262, Stephen, who adopted the title of "junior king", set up his own royal court and made Denis Péc his palatine. Andrew III , who

5159-501: Was Archduke Ferdinand of Austria , the late king's brother-in-law and brother of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V , who claimed Hungary for the House of Habsburg . The majority of Hungary's untitled lesser nobility (the gentry) backed Zápolya, who for fifteen years had been playing a leading role in Hungarian political life. Part of the aristocracy acknowledged his leadership, and he enjoyed the enthusiastic support – not always reciprocated – of

5236-399: Was King Coloman who had "made over his own udvornici for the use of the palatine of the realm", but Kéza's testimony is suspect. In his Admonitions , King Stephen I declared that the kings should not judge legal cases in person, suggesting that a high-ranking official administered justice on the kings' behalf already in the first half of the 11th century . Modern historians agree that

5313-544: Was Stephen I's brother-in-law or nephew, must have been made palatine by Stephen I. A decree of King Coloman the Learned stated that messengers sent by the ispáns from the borderlands to the monarch were entitled to "claim the cost of travel and an equal amount for the return journey" from the palatine. No other primary sources contain direct evidence of the first palatines' economic duties, but other royal officials who were mentioned in 11th-century royal charters (including

5390-575: Was appointed Palatinal Governor (or Vice-palatine) by King Rudolf on 24 June 1581, however the Diet of Hungary approved the appointment only in January 1582. Istvánffy was responsible for the judicial affairs. He was appointed Castellan of Sopron Castle in 1585. He served as envoy, along with Péter Heresiniczy, the bishop of Győr and Chancellor of Hungary, to the Kingdom of Poland to releasing Archduke Maximilian , between December 1588 and March 1589. During

5467-481: Was born between the two dates. Stephen Zápolya became Palatine of the Kingdom of Hungary from 1492 until his death in 1499. Vladislaus's brother, King Sigismund Jagiellon of Poland, came to Hungary to mediate between the royal family and the Zápolyas in late June. Emperor Maximilian had already in September declared war on Hungary, because he wanted to protect his claim (acknowledged in the 1491 Peace of Pressburg ) to succeed Vladislaus. The teenager Stephen Zápolya

5544-599: Was crowned king in 1290, often made two influential noblemen palatines. During the interregnum that followed Andrew III's death , many oligarchs were styled palatines, including Amadeus Aba , Matthew Csák and Stephen Ákos . He was also the judge of the Jászok (Alans), of the Cumanians and of the Jews . Title of Palatine is abolished in 1848. From 1200, he was also the comes of several counties, thus being entitled to one third of

5621-449: Was ineffective since Francis was intent not on reconciling Hungary and the Habsburgs, but on drawing Hungary into a war against Charles and his family. Europe's political balance underwent a major shift in the summer of 1527, when, in a somewhat unplanned operation, mercenary forces of the emperor occupied Rome and drove Pope Clement VII , one of France's principal allies, to capitulate. This development freed Ferdinand – who also acquired

5698-1138: Was made one of the commanders of the Hungarian army. During the war, the envoys of King Vladislaus and Maximilian signed a secret treaty on 30 March 1506 about the marriage of Vladislaus's daughter, Anne Jagiellon, and Maximilian's grandson, Ferdinand . John was born in Szepes Castle (now Spiš Castle in Slovakia), which was an important center of the Zápolyas' domains. At the Diet of Hungary in 1497, Stephen Zápolya's opponents circulated rumours about his intention to have his son crowned king. John and his younger brother, George , inherited their father's vast domains in 1499. Their domains were primarily located in Upper Hungary (now Slovakia), where they held most landed estates in five counties . John could write letters in Latin, showing that his mother provided excellent education to him. Hedwig of Cieszyn wanted to persuade Vladislaus II , King of Hungary and Bohemia , to marry his only child, Anne , to John. However king Vladislaus refused

5775-455: Was only authorized to condemn a nobleman to death or confiscate a nobleman's property if the monarch had consented to it. The same decree was completed with a sentence which confirmed the jurisdiction of ecclesiastical courts (including the clergymen's immunity) in accordance with customary law when King Andrew II of Hungary confirmed the Golden Bull on the prelates' demand in 1231. The count palatine shall judge without differentiation all

5852-526: Was suspended in 1673 when Emperor Leopold I appointed a Directorium to more directly administer Hungary in the crackdown that followed the Magnate conspiracy , however the office was restored in 1681. The Vice-regency council was abolished in 1673, but renewed in 1723, when the palatine became the official president of the council. During the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 , the palatine Archduke Stephen ,

5929-429: Was the highest-ranking office in the Kingdom of Hungary from the beginning of the 11th century to 1848. Initially, Palatines were representatives of the monarchs , later (from 1723) the vice-regent ( viceroy ). In the early centuries of the kingdom, they were appointed by the king, and later (from 1608) were elected by the Diet of the Kingdom of Hungary. A Palatine's jurisdiction included only Hungary proper, in

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