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48-492: The Bolivian portion of the mountain is protected within Eduardo Avaroa Andean Fauna National Reserve . Moreover, it is close to the sector Salar de Tara-Salar de Aguas Calientes of Los Flamencos National Reserve , Chile. Zapaleri is associated with a major source of obsidian , with a distribution sphere found in archeological sites over 350 kilometres (220 mi) wide. The obsidian is found on

96-582: A black tip. The James's flamingo is similar to most of the flamingo species in South America, but the Chilean flamingo is pinker, with a longer bill (which is not yellow), and the Andean flamingo is larger, with more black in the wings and bill, and with yellow legs. The easiest way to distinguish James's flamingos is by their lighter-colored feathers and the bright yellow on their bills. A good method to distinguish

144-459: A ceremonial site lying in a depression between two volcanoes. Atulcha (or Chullpares), is an archeological site with mummies in a cave on Tunupa Volcano. The most important income generating activity for the two local communities has been camelid farming, selling llama wool and meat. With the restriction on fox hunting subsequent to the REA, community members' livelihoods have been negatively affected as

192-460: A major industry in and around the reserve, rich in natural resources of veins of lead , zinc and silver . As a result, 61 mining concessions are located in the park. Also extracted are its nonmetallic mineral resources like sulfur and ulexite the evaporating mineral. Ulexite is converted to boric acid and is exported to the United States , Europe , Asia and Australia . The reserve in

240-609: A parallel has been drawn with the Yellowstone National Park in the US. Its water resources are limited to lakes and salt water lagoons due to very low rainfall of 76 mm (3.0 in) annually. Two communities, Quetena Chico and Quetena Grande, lie within the reserve. Lakes include Laguna Verde , Laguna Colorada , Laguna Salada, Laguna Busch and Laguna Hedionda . Laguna Colorada lies at an altitude of 4,278 m (14,035 ft) and covers 60 km (23 sq mi). It

288-516: A population was discovered in a remote area in 1956. The James's flamingo is smaller than the Andean flamingo, and is about the same size as the Old World species, the lesser flamingo . A specimen of the bird was first collected by Charles Rahmer, who was on a collecting expedition sponsored by Harry Berkeley James , (1846–1892, a manager of a Chilean saltpetre mine born in Walsall , England) after whom

336-431: A surface, they continue to run as they decelerate and stop flapping their wings. When migrating in a flock, flamingos have been observed to fly at speeds of up to 37 mph (60 km/h). But they may not reach this speed when traveling shorter distances. Both James's and Andean flamingos feed their chicks through an esophageal secretion that is regurgitated from the crop of the bird . The difference between

384-494: A visitation of a large number of people annually to the reserve; the security forces engaged for protecting the park is inadequate to meet this challenge. Human disturbance, soil erosion, wastes in lakes and lagoons, and fecal coliform runoff from waste are also identified reasons affecting the conservation of flamingos. The Conservancy and the Bolivian National Protected Areas Service (SERNAP) has

432-424: A whole has been subject to heavy degradation. The overuse of Polylepis tarapacana , and Azorella compacta has brought the reserve under severe stress. It is due to overgrazing by domesticated animals, use of forest trees for fuel, burning, clearance for cultivation and due to dumping of tailings or mining wastes. Tourism is also perceived as a threat to the park environment and the tourism industry has reported

480-459: A year. The entire colony may participate in mating rituals at the same time. The males put on a show by vocalizing and sticking their necks and heads straight up in the air and turning their heads back and forth. The females initiate mating by walking away from the group and a male follows. The female then spreads her wings and the male mounts the female. The female lays one egg on a cone-shaped nest made from mud, sticks, and other materials in

528-527: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a mountain , mountain range , or peak in Chile is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Eduardo Avaroa Andean Fauna National Reserve The Eduardo Avaroa Andean Fauna National Reserve ( Reserva Nacional de Fauna Andina Eduardo Avaroa ; Spanish acronym: REA ) is located in Sur Lípez Province . Situated in

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576-425: Is as hard as stone, grows slowly, attaining a height of about 5 ft (1.5 m) in height with girth of 10 ft (3.0 m) and can be as old as 3000 years. In places with higher humidity, Tola or Thola ( Parastrephia lepidophylla ), Quinoa and Kenua bush tree are found. The villagers use vegetation as fuel for heating and cooking. The reserve is habitat for ten reptile species (including two lizards of

624-411: Is characterized by the strong presence of pasture grass (straw) such as Peruvian feather grass ( Stipa ichu ) in some plains and hillsides. The important plant species on which people are dependent for fuel wood in the area is yareta , which grows in the forest of the reserve at 1–3 mm (0.039–0.118 in) per year amidst rocky terrain. This hardwood tree, which looks like a foamy bubble bath but

672-407: Is named after the effect of wind and sun on the micro-organism that live in it. The lake is very shallow, less than 1 m (3 ft 3 in) deep, and supports some 40 bird species, providing pink algae to population of rare James's flamingoes who can walk across it. An unusual natural feature of attraction (much photographed) in the reserve is an isolated rock formation projecting out of

720-460: Is named for Harry Berkeley James, a British naturalist who studied the bird. James's flamingo is closely related to the Andean flamingo , and the two species are the only members of the genus Phoenicoparrus . The Chilean flamingo , Andean flamingo, and James's flamingo are all sympatric , and all live in colonies (including shared nesting areas). James's flamingo had been thought to be extinct until

768-495: Is primarily for the protection of birds that inhabit the different lagoons in the reserve. The reserve protects part of the Central Andean dry puna (oligothermic) ecoregion . The reserve's major attractions are erupting volcanoes , hot springs, geysers, lakes, fumaroles, mountains and its three endemic species of flamingos in particular. Established in 1973, the national park is named after Eduardo Avaroa (1838–1879),

816-528: The Bolivian war hero of the 19th century. It was created by Supreme Decree (SD) of 13 December 1973 and extended on May 14, 1981. Since 2009, the entire reserve is part of the larger Los Lípez Ramsar site. The reserve is situated in the southern region of Andean mountains in southwestern Bolivia. The mountains rise to heights varying from 3,500–5,000 m (11,500–16,400 ft). The basin features depict active volcanoes, hot springs, geysers and fumaroles, and

864-461: The Andean has vegetation consisting of tropical alpine herbs with dwarf shrubs of the forests of Polylepis . Plant and tree species are reportedly about 190 species, in the harsh terrain, which have emerged given the conditions of salinity, lack of fresh water, low temperatures, and scarcity of nutrients. Flora restricted to this and other ecoregions include the genera Barneoudia , Hexaptera , Nototriche , Pycnophyllum and Werneria . The vegetation

912-556: The Bolivian side of the border next to Laguna Blanca. Another source is found on Solterio Mountain. Inca and earlier archeological remains are associated with the obsidian sites. This article about a place in Jujuy Province , Argentina is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Potosí Department location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Antofagasta Region location article

960-592: The Ecotourism Program, entrance fees at the reserve amounted to about $ 200,000 in 2006. This necessitated a scientific study on the carrying capacity of the reserve due to large influx of tourists. However, SERNAP is associating the TROPICO (created in 1986 as a non-governmental, non-profit organization for biodiversity conservation in Bolivia. ) as its conservancy partner to introduce and enforce environmental regulations in

1008-624: The SERNAP and the Nature Conservancy, and TROPICO providing the supervisory services, to evolve a self-sustaining strategy of utilizing park entrance fee for conservation related aspects. This experience gained from this pilot model for ecotourism is now replicated in other parks in Bolivia. Other strategies adopted for conservation of the reserve were: Restricting visitor access to some of the reserve's vulnerable resources; providing natural gas and solar energy as cooking fuel replacing wood cutting from

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1056-476: The area. The shape of the egg is oval, similar to that of a chicken . It is smaller in size ( length and breadth ) compared to the other species, including the closely related Andean flamingo . Both the male and female incubate the egg for 26–31 days before it hatches . The chick breaks through the shell using an egg tooth , which is not actually a true tooth, but is actually a keratinized structure, which falls off after fully hatching. When newly hatched,

1104-399: The bill and filtration process begins. The lakes, from which the flamingo typically feeds, are Andean lakes which are mostly fresh water , but if salt water is encountered, the flamingos have salt glands in their nostrils where excess salt is secreted. The filtering process starts with the tongue , which is very soft and fleshy with channel-like features that direct the food and water to

1152-417: The bird was named. It typically measures about 90–92 cm (2.95–3.02 ft) long and weighs about 2 kg (4.4 lb). James's flamingos have a very long neck made up of 19 long cervical vertebrae , allowing for a large range of movement and rotation of the head. They are also distinctive for their long, thin legs. The knee is not externally visible: it is located at the top of the leg. The joint at

1200-459: The chick's bill is straight and red, but later develops a curve and the adult colors of beak. The feathers are white and grey and the legs are pink. The eyes of chicks are gray for their first year. The parents are able to distinguish their chick from others in the colony by appearance and vocalization. This species was determined to be near threatened by the IUCN in 2008, because the populations of

1248-437: The distal end finishes with a hook-like feature. The inner morphology of the beak is similar to that of the lesser flamingo , where the upper and lower jaws contain lamellae which filter the food. In both the upper and lower jaw, the proximal portion of the bill contains lamellae that are ridge-like with a curvature and distal end become more like hooks. Marginal and submarginal lamellae are found, and James's flamingo has

1296-401: The edge of the water; even in colonies of multiple species, James's flamingos typically feed in the region closest to the edge of the water. The birds are able to use their webbed feet to help kick up microscopic algae if not enough are floating in the water column . Breeding cycles in flamingos begin at 6 years of age when fully matured. The frequency of breeding is irregular and may skip

1344-619: The far southwestern region of Bolivia , it is the country's most visited protected area . It is considered the most important protected area in terms of tourist influx in the Potosí Department . Located at an altitude between 4,200 m (13,800 ft) and 5,400 m (17,700 ft) in Bolivia, it extends over an area of 714,745 hectares (1,766,170 acres) and includes the Laguna Colorada National Wildlife Sanctuary. Categorized under IUCN Category IV, it

1392-419: The filtering apparatus. The bill of James's flamingo is the narrowest of its kind. Both the Andean and James's flamingos have deep-keeled bills where the upper jaw is narrower than the lower. The gape of the bill is therefore on the dorsal side of the bill. The bill of James's flamingo is smaller and has a narrower upper jaw. The proximal end of the bill is mostly horizontal, then has a curvature downward and

1440-433: The flamingos' long legs allow them to walk into the water and swoop their necks down into an S-shape to allow the beak to enter the water. The S-shape is effective because it allows the head to be placed upright and the bottom of the bill to be placed as shallow or as deep as it pleases. Only lowering the distal end of the bill into the water allows nostrils to remain above water. The water filled with small organisms floods

1488-509: The fox is the principal predator of llamas. Before establishment of the REA, flamingo egg sales provided monetary income to locals. The park visitor centre is located in Quetena Chico and tourism is growing steadily as, in 2007 there were over 67,000 visitors, six times the number reported in 1997. In addition to working in the tourist trade, locals pan for gold in the Río Quetena. Mining is

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1536-443: The genus Liolaemus ), amphibians and fish. Other domesticated animals that are raised in 500 villages inhabited by Quetena Grande and Quetena Chico communities are the llamas and alpacas ; however, grazing by these animals on the native grasses and plants in the reserve has a detrimental effect on the conservation of the park. The fauna is characterized by the presence of species that have adapted to extreme living conditions in

1584-464: The greatest number of both, which also means a smaller intermarginal distance is seen between them. About 21 lamellae per cm are found in this species, which is more than twice the number found in other flamingos. When the upper and lower jaws close together, the lamellae mesh together to allow the bill to be closed fully. The sizes of the diatoms associated with this size filtering apparatus are about 21–60 μm. Diatoms this size are typically found close to

1632-406: The last three generations of this species have declined. The greatest threat to the population of this species is human destruction of their habitat. In local culture, stealing the eggs from the nest and sell them was common practice, but since then, measures have been taken to control this. Environmental threats such as heavy rainfall may also have an effect on the breeding of the species. Threats

1680-431: The middle of the leg, which may be mistaken for the knee joint, is actually the ankle joint. Its plumage is very pale pink, with bright carmine streaks around the neck and on the back. When it is perched, a small amount of black can be seen in its wings; these are the "flight feathers". They have bright red skin around their eyes, which in adults are yellow. Their legs are brick red and their bills are bright yellow with

1728-605: The months of May, June and July. The park contains the following mountains: Quetena Chico, founded in the 1920s, has a population 520, while Quetena Grande, founded shortly thereafter, is the smaller of the two and has a population of 180. Although the inhabitants are of Quechua descent, their primary language is Spanish. Health care and schooling were unavailable until the 1990s, while electricity and potable water systems were also unavailable at least until 2005. Near Quetena Chico, there are some archaeological remains, jaranas (stone huts), tambos (trail markers), rock paintings, and

1776-486: The new feathers depends on the nature of their diet. There is no difference in color between males and females. All flamingo species are capable of flying. The flight feathers are easily distinguished in James's flamingos as they are the only black feathers on the bird. To begin flying, they run a few steps and then begin to flap their wings. When they want to land, they repeat this process in reverse, and as they touch down to

1824-435: The onus for operating and maintaining the reserve with its trained 14 park guards who are provided with patrol vehicles and two-way radios. However, keeping in view the growing influx of tourists to the park and other threats from other sources as reported, SERNAP has prepared a Master Plan for park management plan subsuming ecotourism as an essential component to generate financial resources. According to Andy Drumm, director of

1872-512: The region, some of them endangered. The reserve is home to 80 species of birds. Out of six flamingo species in the world, three species, namely the Chilean, Andean and James flamingos are found in very large numbers in the freshwater lakes and saltwater lagoons of the reserve; of the Phoenicopterus chilensis , Phoenicoparrus andinus and Phoenicoparrus jamesi flamingos in the reserve, their population recorded in 1994 as 26,600. In addition,

1920-416: The reserve is also the habitat for 80 more species of birds, which include the falcons , ducks , lesser rhea ( Pterocnemia pennata ) , puna tinamou ( Tinamotis pentlandii ) and Andean goose ( Chloephaga melanoptera ) . Endemic birds found in this ecoregion also include the endangered Ash-breasted tit-tyrant ( Anairetes alpinus ) ; the critically threatened royal cinclodes ( Cinclodes aricomae ) ,

1968-452: The reserve. Parks in Peril (PiP), a program of intervention, a collaboration between "the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), and the Nature Conservancy to Preserve our Natural Heritage" provided funding for conservations works of the reserve, which is one of the most economically backward areas. This funding, provided between 1999 and 2002, enabled PiP to work in association with

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2016-482: The reserve; agricultural extension services to educate farmers on better methods of farming; improvement of infrastructure in the reserve including staffing for patrolling and security; and collection of scientific data. James%27s flamingo James's flamingo ( Phoenicoparrus jamesi ), also known as the puna flamingo , is a species of flamingo that lives at high altitudes in the Andean plateaus of Peru , Chile , Bolivia , and northwest Argentina . It

2064-463: The sand dunes of Siloli at a place known as Árbol de Piedra . It is about 18 km (11 mi) north of Laguna Colorada. It is known as the “Stone Tree” as it is in the shape of a stunted tree, which is formed as a thin rock due to strong wind action. The climate in winter (May to August) is dry, generally with no rain during the summer (December to April). The average temperature is 3 °C (37 °F). The lowest temperatures are recorded during

2112-402: The terpenoids: alpha- and beta-carotenes (similar to carotene in carrots). An adult has 12 major feathers designed for flight on each wing . The body is covered in contour feathers , which protect the bird and also help with waterproofing (due to a secretion of oil at the base of the feathers). When the birds are roosting, they face into the wind so that the rain will not blow upwards and soak

2160-469: The two Phoenicoparrus flamingo species from other flamingo species is to look at their feet. The two Phoenicoparrus species have three toes but no hallux . The feet of the other three species of flamingos have three forward-facing toes and a hallux . Newly hatched flamingos are gray or white. Their feathers acquire a pink color by the time they are around 2 or 3 years old, due to their carotene-rich diet . The chemicals that color their feathers are

2208-408: The two species lies in the composition of the prolactin secretion produced by each bird. Both male and female parents are able to feed the chick. Adult flamingos are the most developed filter feeders of the birds. Of the species, James's flamingo has the finest filter-feeding apparatus. The flamingo feeds on diatoms and other microscopic algae . The shape of the bill is deeply keeled. To feed,

2256-409: The underside of their feathers. Their plumage is pale pink, with bright carmine streaks around their necks and on their backs. When they are perching, a small amount of black can be seen in the wings; these are the flight feathers mentioned above. There are typically 12 to 16 tail feathers. James's flamingos molt their wing- and body feathers according to their breeding schedule and the color of

2304-688: The vulnerable Berlepsch's canastero ( Asthenes berlepschi ) ; and species of least concern the line-fronted canastero ( Asthenes urubambensis ) , scribble-tailed canastero ( Asthenes maculicauda ) , short-tailed finch (Idiopsar bracyurus) , and gray-bellied flower-piercer (Diglosa carbonaria) . Mammals reported in the protected reserve are 23 species, which include pumas , Andean foxes ( Pseudalopex culpaeus ) and vizcacha (rabbit -like), and also Endangered species of vicuñas ( Vicugna vicugna ), suri , Andean condor , keñua, puma ( Felis concolor ), andean cat ( Felis jacobita ), and quirquincho ( Chaetophractus nationi ). The region of Polylepis forests as

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