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71-562: Rotunda was built between 1825 and 1831 in accordance with the design of General Jean-Baptiste Mallet de Grandville. Was part of the fortifications of the Zamość Fortress . During World War II and German AB-Aktion in Poland in 1940 was taken over by the German Gestapo precinct. It served as a prison, holding camp and a place off mass execution of Polish people . 8000 people died in

142-642: A podestà in 1178. Their choice first fell on one of the Este family. A fire devastated Padua in 1174. This required the virtual rebuilding of the city. The temporary success of the Lombard League helped to strengthen the towns. However, their civic jealousy soon reduced them to weakness again. In 1214–1216, Padua was involved in a conflict with Venice , which it lost. In 1236 Frederick II found little difficulty in establishing his vicar Ezzelino III da Romano in Padua and

213-451: A few days, King Charles X Gustav joined the forces. The Swedes began with artillery barrage, but due to lack of heavy guns, it was not successful. Within a few days, Charles X Gustav realized that capturing Zamość, whose fortifications had been strengthened since 1648, was impossible, and on March 1, the invaders withdrew. Swedish siege of Zamość was later described by Henryk Sienkiewicz , in his popular book The Deluge (novel) . Next year,

284-662: A population of around 2,600,000. Besides the Bacchiglione, the Brenta River , which once ran through the city, still touches the northern districts. Its agricultural setting is the Venetian Plain . To the city's south west lies the Euganaean Hills , which feature in poems by Lucan , Martial , Petrarch , Ugo Foscolo , and Percy Bysshe Shelley . Padua has two UNESCO World Heritage List entries: its Botanical Garden , which

355-727: A series of monumental gates. In 1797 the Venetian Republic came to an end with the Treaty of Campo Formio , and Padua, like much of the Veneto region, was ceded to the Habsburgs . In 1806 the city passed to the French puppet Kingdom of Italy until the fall of Napoleon , in 1814, when the city became part of the newly formed Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia , part of the Austrian Empire . Austrian rule

426-518: A week, the Swedes withdrew, to return next year with additional troops. Polish defenders, counted at only 260, were unable to resist the attackers and quickly surrendered. Swedish occupation was short and in 1705, Russian soldiers, with permission of Ordynat Tomasz Jozef Zamoyski , entered Zamość. The 1000 Russian garrison remained there until May 1706. After the Partitions of Poland , Zamość became part of

497-513: Is estimated at up to 17 000 (as for August 1813), with 160 cannons. After a few weeks of the siege, epidemic of scurvy broke out in the fortress. However, this was managed and the Polish defence of Zamość continued for several months. In mid-June, both sides signed a temporary truce and the Russians limited their summer actions to blocking the fortress. Months of siege depleted the resources and supplies of

568-399: Is estimated that over 50,000 people passed through the camp. Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87 Fortress Zamość Fortress ( Polish : Twierdza Zamość ) is a set of fortifications constructed together with the city of Zamość (southeastern Poland). It was built between 1579 and 1618, and the construction was initiated by Chancellor and Hetman Jan Zamoyski . It was one of the biggest fortresses of

639-471: Is the Brenta. The ending -ium signifies the presence of villages that have united themselves together. According to another theory, Patavium probably derives from Gaulish padi 'pine', in reference to the pine forests thereabouts. Padua claims to be among the oldest cities in northern Italy. According to a tradition dated at least to the time of Virgil 's Aeneid and to Livy 's Ab Urbe Condita , Padua

710-515: Is the world's oldest, and its 14th-century frescoes , situated in buildings in the city centre. An example is the Scrovegni Chapel painted by Giotto at the beginning of 1300. Padua is home to one of the oldest universities in the world, the University of Padua , founded in 1222 and where figures such as Galileo Galilei and Nicolaus Copernicus taught or studied. In 1610, Galileo observed

781-547: The Austrian Empire , to which it belonged until 1809. During Napoleonic Wars , units of the Duchy of Warsaw , under Prince Jozef Poniatowski , besieged Zamość and managed to capture it. The siege began on May 15, 1809, when units under General Ignacy Kamienski approached the fortress, whose garrison consisted of 3000 soldiers, commanded by Colonel Ferdinand von Pulszky . Two days later, Polish forces were strengthened by additional units under French general Jean Pelletier, who served in

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852-597: The November Uprising , the fortress was one of main centers of Polish resistance. Commanded by Julian Sierawski and later Jan Krysinski , its garrison consisted of 3800 soldiers. Zamość was a base of Polish units operating in the area of Lublin , however, after Polish defeat in the Battle of Ostrołęka , the Russians took the initiative. The blockade of Zamość began in July 1831, and the fortress itself capitulated on November 21, as

923-511: The Po River. In addition, the Indo-European root pat- may refer to a wide open plain as opposed to nearby hills. (In Latin this root is present in the word patera 'plate' and the verb patere 'to open'.) The suffix -av (also found in names of rivers such as Timavus and Tiliaventum ) is likely of Venetic origin, precisely indicating the presence of a river, which in the case of Padua

994-717: The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , built so solidly that it was able to resist the attacks of both the Cossacks and the Swedes during the Deluge . It was taken down in 1866, although fragments survive. Altogether, the fortress went through six sieges, with the first one taking place in 1648, during the Khmelnytsky Uprising . Eight years later it was surrounded by the Swedes, who came there again in 1703, then, in 1809, by

1065-534: The Swedish Army . Among those kept there, was Field Marshal Arvid Wittenberg , who died in prison of natural causes. Late 17th century marked the decline of the Commonwealth, a decline reflected in the general state of repair of the fortress. The Great Northern War did not spare Zamość, as on February 11, 1703, Swedish units under General Magnus Stenbock approached the stronghold and besieged it. However, after

1136-531: The Transilvanian army under George II Rákóczi appeared near Zamość, but it did not even try to capture the mighty fortress. According to a legend, when Swedish representatives came to the town and proposed the capitulation of the fortress, Jan ‘Sobiepan’ Zamoyski answered: "I am the Lord for myself and I will not give Zamość to the Swedes". In the last stage of the war, Zamość was a prison for high-ranking officers of

1207-515: The moons of Jupiter through a homemade telescope in Padua, marking the second phase of the Copernican Revolution . Today, the university has around 72,000 students and has a profound impact on the city's recreational, artistic and economic activities. The original significance of the Roman name Patavium ( Venetian : Padoa ) is uncertain. It may be connected with Padus , the ancient name of

1278-562: The 13th century, Padua outpaced Bologna, where no effort had been made to expand the revival of classical precedents beyond the field of jurisprudence, to become a center of early humanist researches , with first-hand knowledge of Roman poets that was unrivalled in Italy or beyond the Alps. However, the advances of Padua in the 13th century finally brought the commune into conflict with Can Grande della Scala , lord of Verona. In 1311 Padua had to yield to

1349-510: The Austrian Empire (nor previously had there been any), as in Venice or in other parts of Italy; while opponents of Austria were forced into exile. Under Austrian rule, Padua began its industrial development; one of the first Italian rail tracks , Padua-Venice, was built in 1845. In 1866 the Battle of Königgrätz gave Italy the opportunity, as an ally of Prussia , to take Veneto , and Padua

1420-511: The Empire with notable intellectuals. Nearby Abano was the birthplace, and after many years spent in Rome, the death place of Livy, whose Latin was said by the critic Asinius Pollio to betray his Patavinitas (q.v. Quintilian, Inst. Or. viii.i.3). Padua was also the birthplace of Thrasea Paetus , Asconius Pedianus , and perhaps Valerius Flaccus . Christianity was introduced in Padua and in most of

1491-740: The Gauls and then the Carthaginians. Men from Padua fought and died beside the Romans at Cannae . With Rome's northwards expansion, Padua was gradually assimilated into the Roman Republic . In 175 BC, Padua requested the aid of Rome in putting down a local civil war. In 91 BC, Padua, along with other cities of the Veneti, fought with Rome against the rebels in the Social War . Around 49 (or 45 or 43) BC, Padua

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1562-562: The Gestapo Rotunda camp in Zamość . Nobody was tried for those crimes. During Generalplan Ost and the Ethnic cleansing of Zamojszczyzna by Nazi Germany , German forces resettled 297 villages, including roughly 110,000 Polish people, with 16,000 being sent to Majdanek concentration camp , and 2,000 to KL Auschwitz-Birkenau . Additionally, 30,000 children were resettled, with 4,500 Polish children from

1633-492: The House of Habsburg was to receive Padua in addition to Verona and other territories. In 1509 Padua was held for just a few weeks by Imperial supporters. Venetian troops quickly recovered it and successfully defended Padua during its siege by Imperial troops. The city was governed by two Venetian nobles, a podestà for civil affairs and a captain for military affairs. Both of them were elected for sixteen months. Under these governors,

1704-619: The Paduan tradition was the Tuscan Petrarch . In 1387 John Hawkwood won the Battle of Castagnaro for Padua, against Giovanni Ordelaffi , for Verona . The Carraresi period finally came to an end as the power of the Visconti and of Venice grew in importance. Padua came under the rule of the Republic of Venice in 1405, and mostly remained that way until the fall of the republic in 1797. There

1775-596: The Polish Army. Joined Polish-French forces were aided by local population, also several Austrian recruits were Polish, and during the attack, these soldiers did not engage themselves in the fighting. The attack took place in the night of May 19/20, 1809, from 2 to 4 a.m. The main impact was directed on the Lublin Gate, which surprised the Austrians, as they had been expecting the attack on the weakest, southern wall. The fortress

1846-556: The Scaligeri of Verona. Jacopo da Carrara was elected lord ( signore ) of Padua in 1318, at that point the city was home to 40,000 people. From then till 1405, nine members of the Carraresi family , including Ubertino, Jacopo II, and Francesco il Vecchio, succeeded one another as lords of the city, with the exception of a brief period of Scaligeri overlordship between 1328 and 1337 and two years (1388–1390) when Giangaleazzo Visconti held

1917-525: The Spartan king Cleonimos around 302 BC. The Spartans came up the river but were defeated by the Veneti in a naval battle and gave up the idea of conquest. Still, later, the Veneti of Padua successfully repulsed invasions by the Etruscans and Gauls . According to Livy and Silius Italicus , the Veneti, including those of Padua, formed an alliance with the Romans by 226 BC against their common enemies, first

1988-508: The University. The city hosted also a major military command and many regiments. When Italy entered World War I on 24 May 1915, Padua was chosen as the main command of the Italian Army . The king, Vittorio Emanuele III , and the commander in chief , Cadorna, went to live in Padua for the period of the war. After the defeat of Italy in the battle of Caporetto in autumn 1917, the front line

2059-526: The Veneto region by Saint Prosdocimus . He is venerated as the first bishop of the city. His deacon, the Jewish convert Daniel , is also a saintly patron of the city. The history of Padua during Late Antiquity follows the course of events common to most cities of north-eastern Italy. Padua suffered from the invasion of the Huns and was savagely sacked by Attila in 450. A number of years afterward, it fell under

2130-509: The Zamosc Region being deported to Germany to undergo Germanisation . The gate which leads to the yard has the original doors with an inscription in German which reads: The temporary camp for the prisoners of Security Police. In German: Gefangenen-Durchgangslager Sicherheitspol. The last execution took place on 20 and 21 July 1944, when 150 people were shot. A stone plaque In the center of

2201-499: The army of the Duchy of Warsaw , which captured it from the Austrians. The longest one was the siege of Zamość of 1813, when the Polish garrison for 8 months defended the fortress from the Russians . The last siege took place during the November Uprising , when Zamość was the last point of Polish defence which fell to the Russians. The fortress, which had in the meantime become obsolete, was closed down in 1866. Zamość fortress, as well as

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2272-498: The capital of the province of Padua . The city lies on the banks of the river Bacchiglione , 40 kilometres (25 miles) west of Venice and 29 km (18 miles) southeast of Vicenza , and has a population of 214,000 (as of 2011 ). It is also the economic and communications hub of the area. Padua is sometimes included, with Venice and Treviso , in the Padua-Treviso-Venice Metropolitan Area (PATREVE) which has

2343-455: The city of Padua. The end of the early Middle Ages in Padua was marked by the sack of the city by the Magyars in 899. It was many years after Padua recovered from this ravage. During the period of episcopal supremacy over the cities of northern Italy, Padua does not appear to have been either very important or very active. The general tendency of its policy throughout the war of investitures

2414-463: The city. A small Commonwealth War Cemetery is located in the west part of the city, commemorating the sacrifice of these troops. After the war, the city developed rapidly, reflecting Veneto's rise from being the poorest region in northern Italy to one of the richest and most economically active regions of modern Italy. Padua experiences a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification Cfa ) characteristic of northern Italy, modified by

2485-788: The control of the Gothic kings Odoacer and Theodoric the Great . It was reconquered for a short time by the Byzantine Empire in 540 during the Gothic War . However, depopulation from plague and war ensued. The city was again seized by the Goths under Totila , but was restored to the Eastern Empire by Narses only to fall under the control of the Lombards in 568. During these years, many Paduans sought safety in

2556-616: The countryside and especially in the nearby lagoons of what would become Venice . In 601, the city rose in revolt against Agilulf , the Lombard king who put the city under siege. After enduring a 12-year-long bloody siege, the Lombards stormed and burned the city. Many ancient artifacts and buildings were seriously damaged. The remains of an amphitheater (the Arena ) and some bridge foundations are all that remain of Roman Padua today. The townspeople fled to

2627-946: The courtyard commemorates the site of the cremation of human bodies. Here Nazi criminals burnt the bodies of the victims they had murdered, prisoners of the Rotunda. May they rest in peace. The cemetery around the Rotunda contains the ashes of more than 45 thousand people. Rotunda. War cemetery. Prisoners of Rotunda included Dr Zygmunt Klukowski , blessed Stanisław Kostka Starowieyski , 16 year-old schoolgirl scout Grażyna Kierszniewska, 17 year-old schoolgirl Danuta Sztarejko, Celina Sztarejko, count Aleksander Szeptycki, Michał Nowacki (Vice Mayor of Zamość), Wacław Bajkowski (president of Lublin ), colonel Zdzisław Maćkowski (Home Army Soldier), his sons Zdzisław and Jan, his wife Pelagia Maćkowska, Michał Wazowski (Mayor of Zamość), priest Antoni Gomółka ( chaplain of scouts ), farmer Władysław Szala, his 19-year-old son Jan Szala, and notary Henryk Rosiński. It

2698-402: The defender of property and order against revolution. The city was also the site of one of the largest fascist mass rallies, with some 300,000 people reportedly attending one speech by Benito Mussolini . New buildings, in typical fascist architecture , sprang up in the city. Examples can be found today in the buildings surrounding Piazza Spalato (today Piazza Insurrezione), the railway station,

2769-541: The defenders. In October 1813, some 1200 soldiers were sick and almost all were starving. All horses, dogs and cats were eaten, within one month, 450 persons died. On October 22, news of Napoleon's defeat in the Battle of Leipzig reached Zamość, and it lowered the spirits of the Poles. The decision to capitulate was taken on November 19, after eight months of siege. Out of 4000 defenders, 1500 died, mostly of disease and hunger. The fortress became part of Congress Poland . During

2840-482: The enemy burned nearby villages, but the fortress itself was untouched. Soon afterwards, Cossack engineers managed to remove water from southern mound, exposing the wall in that area. However, Khmelnytski's forces were inadequate, and winter was approaching. Since the defenders were also aware of their difficult situation, both sides signed a truce. For the price of 20 000 talars , the Cossack-Tatar forces decided to end

2911-510: The fortress, which lasted until 1694. Walls were strengthened, and two smaller bastions were replaced by a large one. After these works, the fortress was not repaired until 1809, when government of the Duchy of Warsaw invested heavily into several changes. New gates were placed, two older gates were bricked up, bastions were enlarged. However, the works were not completed because of the French invasion of Russia . Further improvements were continued by

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2982-462: The foundation of the center of the town to between the 11th and 10th centuries B.C. By the 5th century BC, Padua, rose on the banks of the river Brenta, which in the Roman era was called Medoacus Maior and probably until AD 589 followed the path of the present-day Bacchiglione ( Retrone ). Padua was one of the principal centers of the Veneti . The Roman historian Livy records an attempted invasion by

3053-510: The government of the Congress Poland , which in 1820 bought the city from ordynat Stanislaw Kostka Zamoyski. All buildings within 1200 meters from the walls were destroyed, and within the radius of 2400 meters, only wooden structures were permitted. A Blockhaus was constructed as well as extensive entrenchments. Buildings in the town were remodelled so that they would serve the military. They were stripped of Baroque decorations and rebuilt in

3124-506: The great and small councils continued to discharge municipal business and to administer the Paduan law, contained in the statutes of 1276 and 1362. The treasury was managed by two chamberlains; and every five years the Paduans sent one of their nobles to reside as nuncio in Venice, and to watch the interests of his native town. Venice fortified Padua with new walls, built between 1507 and 1544, with

3195-609: The hills and later returned to eke out a living among the ruins; the ruling class abandoned the city for the Venetian Lagoon , according to a chronicle. The city did not easily recover from this blow, and Padua was still weak when the Franks succeeded the Lombards as masters of northern Italy. At the Diet of Aix-la-Chapelle (828), the duchy and march of Friuli , in which Padua lay, was divided into four counties, one of which took its title from

3266-522: The last resistance point of the country. After the November Uprising, the fortress declined. Technological advance in warfare was decisive and finally, tsar Alexander II of Russia officially closed the stronghold in 1866. In the following years, large parts of fortifications were demolished. In 1992, Zamość, which is one of the classical monuments of Renaissance urban layout in Europe, was included on

3337-513: The list of the World's Cultural Heritage by UNESCO. 50°43′01″N 23°15′10″E  /  50.71694°N 23.25278°E  / 50.71694; 23.25278 Padua Padua ( / ˈ p æ dj u ə / PAD -ew-ə ; Italian : Padova [ˈpaːdova] ; Venetian : Pàdova , Pàdoa or Pàoa ) is a city and comune (municipality) in Veneto , northern Italy, and

3408-410: The native humanist scholar Lovato Lovati placed near the tomb reads: This sepulchre excavated from marble contains the body of the noble Antenor who left his country, guided the Eneti and Trojans, banished the Euganeans and founded Padua. However, more recent tests suggest the sepulcher dates back to between the 4th and 3rd centuries BC. Nevertheless, archeological remains confirm an early date for

3479-430: The neighbouring cities, where he practised frightful cruelties on the inhabitants. Ezzelino was unseated in June 1256 without civilian bloodshed, thanks to Pope Alexander IV . Padua then enjoyed a period of calm and prosperity: the basilica of the saint was begun; and the Paduans became masters of Vicenza. The University of Padua (the second university in Italy, after Bologna) was founded in 1222, and as it flourished in

3550-456: The neoclassicistic style. In November 1648, during the Khmelnytsky Uprising , Zamość was surrounded by joint Cossack — Tatar forces under command of Bohdan Khmelnytsky and Tugay Bey . The fortress was defended by approximately 4700 soldiers under castellan of Elbląg Ludwik Weyher and Wladyslaw Myszkowski . Also, within city walls, there were numerous refugees from lands of Red Ruthenia , Podolia and Volhynia . On November 5,

3621-419: The new part of City Hall, and part of the Bo Palace hosting the University. Following Italy's defeat in the Second World War on 8 September 1943, Padua became part of the Italian Social Republic , a puppet state of the Nazi occupiers. The city hosted the Ministry of Public Instruction of the new state, as well as military and militia commands and a military airport . The Resistenza, the Italian partisans ,

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3692-436: The next century, they were engaged in wars with Venice and Vicenza for the right of water-way on the Bacchiglione and the Brenta. The city grew in power and self-confidence and in 1138, the government was entrusted to two consuls. The great families of Camposampiero , Este and Da Romano began to emerge and to divide the Paduan district among themselves. The citizens, in order to protect their liberties, were obliged to elect

3763-406: The raids. On 26 April 1945, the partisans started the final insurrection against the Germans and Fascists; in the subsequent fighting, 224 partisans and 497 Germans were killed. 5,000 German troops, including three generals, surrendered to the partisans in Padua, and another 10,000 in the surrounding area; on 28 April New Zealand troops (2nd New Zealand Division) of the British Eighth Army entered

3834-481: The railway station (the target of most raids) and the northern district of Arcella, where 96% of all buildings were destroyed; overall, 950 homes were destroyed and 1,400 damaged. During one of these bombings, the Church of the Eremitani , with frescoes by Andrea Mantegna , was destroyed, considered by some art historians to be Italy's biggest wartime cultural loss. The Cathedral and the University also suffered damage. Some 2,000 inhabitants of Padua were killed by

3905-419: The siege and returned home for the winter. In the summer of 1655, the joint Russo-Cossack forces approached near the fortress, but they did not try to capture it. Instead, when late that year Jan II Zamoyski decided to support King John II Casimir of Poland , Zamość was besieged by the Swedes (see: The Deluge (Polish history) ), whose troops appeared at the gates of the stronghold on February 25, 1656. After

3976-415: The time. As in many other areas in Italy, Padua experienced great social turmoil in the years immediately following World War I. The city was shaken by strikes and clashes, factories and fields were subject to occupation, and war veterans struggled to re-enter civilian life. Many supported a new political way, fascism . As in other parts of Italy, the National Fascist Party in Padua soon came to be seen as

4047-451: The town of Zamość, are the brainchild of Chancellor Jan Zamoyski , who in the second half of the 16th century decided to found a new, private city in the middle of nowhere, named after himself. The foundation charter was issued on April 3, 1580, and the first name of the town was Zamośćie by the Wieprzec river. Both fortifications and the city were planned by Italian architect from Padua , Bernardo Morando . He decided to take advantage of

4118-414: The town. The period of the signoria is covered down to 1358 in the chronicle of Guglielmo Cortusi . The Carraresi period was a long period of restlessness, for the Carraresi were constantly at war. Under Carraresi rule the early humanist circles in the university were effectively disbanded: Albertino Mussato , the first modern poet laureate , died in exile at Chioggia in 1329, and the eventual heir of

4189-457: The two local rivers — Topornica and Labunka , whose waters were used to fill the moat. The first castle was built in 1579, and in the following years additional buildings were added — the Arsenal (1582), Lublin Gate (1588), Lwów Gate (1599) and Szczebrzeszyn Gate, completed in 1603 by Blaise Gocman, each one with a drawbridge. The entire complex was not finished until 1620, by another Italian architect, Andrea dell'Aqua , who

4260-648: The wealthiest city in Italy outside of Rome. The city became so powerful that it was reportedly able to raise two hundred thousand fighting men. However, despite its wealth, the city was also renowned for its simple manners and strict morality. This concern with morality is reflected in Livy's Roman History (XLIII.13.2) wherein he portrays Rome's rise to dominance as being founded upon her moral rectitude and discipline. Still later, Pliny, referring to one of his Paduan protégés' Paduan grandmother, Sarrana Procula, lauds her as more upright and disciplined than any of her strict fellow citizens (Epist. i.xiv.6). Padua also provided

4331-432: Was Imperial ( Ghibelline ) and not Roman ( Guelph ); and its bishops were, for the most part, of Germanic extraction. Under the surface, several important movements were taking place that were to prove formative for the later development of Padua. At the beginning of the 11th century, the citizens established a constitution, composed of a general council or legislative assembly and a credenza or executive body. During

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4402-413: Was also annexed to the recently formed Kingdom of Italy . Annexed to Italy during 1866, Padua was at the centre of the poorest area of Northern Italy , as Veneto was until the 1960s. Despite this, the city flourished in the following decades both economically and socially, developing its industry, being an important agricultural market and having a very important cultural and technological centre like

4473-483: Was captured after a few hours. One of participants of the siege, Joanna Zubrowa , became the first woman to receive the Virtuti Militari . After Napoleon's failed invasion on Russia (1812), the fortress was besieged by the Russian forces, which approached Zamość in February 1813. Polish defenders, under General Maurycy Hauke were well-prepared, with 4000 soldiers, 130 cannons and food supplies for four months. The Russians were commanded by General Rath, and their number

4544-434: Was founded around 1183 BC by the Trojan prince Antenor . After the Fall of Troy , Antenor led a group of Trojans and their Paphlagonian allies, the Eneti or Veneti , who lost their king Pylaemenes to settle the Euganean plain in Italy. Thus, when a large ancient stone sarcophagus was exhumed in the year 1274, officials of the medieval commune declared the remains within to be those of Antenor. An inscription by

4615-462: Was helped by Jan Wolff and Jan Jaroszowic. The fortress was shaped as a septangle, with seven bastions, located around 200 meters from each other, as this was the range of the 17th century artillery. The fortress, with its impressive brickwork, 12 m high and 2.5 m thick, was one of the most modern and largest strongholds of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , together with Kamieniec Podolski . In 1683, architect Jan Michal Link began modernization of

4686-440: Was just a brief period when the city changed hands (in 1509) during the wars of the League of Cambrai . On 10 December 1508, representatives of the Papacy, France, the Holy Roman Empire , and Ferdinand V of Castile concluded the League of Cambrai against the Republic. The agreement provided for the complete dismemberment of Venice's territory in Italy and for its partition among the signatories: Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I of

4757-405: Was made a Roman municipium under the Lex Julia Municipalis and its citizens ascribed to the Roman tribe, Fabia . At that time the population of the city was perhaps 40,000. The city was reputed for its excellent breed of horses and the wool of its sheep. In fact, the poet Martial remarks on the thickness of the tunics made there. By the end of the first century BC, Padua seems to have been

4828-496: Was removed. In late October 1918, the Italian Army won the decisive Battle of Vittorio Veneto , and the Austrian forces collapsed. The armistice was signed at Villa Giusti , Padua, on 3 November 1918. During the war, the industry grew rapidly, and this provided Padua with a base for further post-war development. In the years immediately following World War I, Padua developed outside the historical town, enlarging and growing in population, even if labor and social strife were rampant at

4899-412: Was situated on the river Piave. This was just 50–60 km (31–37 mi) from Padua, and the city was now in range of the Austrian artillery. However, the Italian military command did not withdraw. The city was bombed several times (about 100 civilian deaths). A memorable feat was Gabriele D'Annunzio 's flight to Vienna from the nearby San Pelagio Castle air field. A year later, the threat to Padua

4970-458: Was unpopular with progressive circles in northern Italy, but the feelings of the population (from the lower to the upper classes) towards the empire were mixed. In Padua, the year of revolutions of 1848 saw a student revolt which on 8 February turned the University and the Caffè Pedrocchi into battlegrounds in which students and ordinary Paduans fought side by side. The revolt was however short-lived, and there were no other episodes of unrest under

5041-564: Was very active against both the new fascist rule and the Nazis. One of the main leaders of the Resistenza in the area was the University vice-chancellor, Concetto Marchesi. From December 1943 to the end of the war, Padua was bombed 24 times by Allied aircraft ; the heaviest raids were the ones on 16 and 30 December 1943 (each of which caused 300 victims), 7 February 1944 (300 victims), 11 March 1944 (over 300 tons of bombs dropped by 111 bombers), 22 and 23 March 1944, 20 April 1944 (180 victims), 22 February and 12 March 1945. The worst-hit areas were

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