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33-659: In 1950s, hundreds of Sambal from the northern municipalities of Zambales migrated to and established a settlement in Quezon, Palawan ; this settlement was named Panitian . The residents call themselves Palawenyong Sambal ( Spanish : zambales palaweños ) or simply Sambal . The Sambal are the original Austronesian inhabitants of the province of Zambales in the Philippines . They speak mainly Sambal and Botolan , as well as Kapampangan , Tagalog , Ilocano , Bolinao , and Pangasinense . The Sambalic languages are most closely related to

66-542: A boiled mixture of balaw sap from apitong trees ( Dipterocarpus spp.) and gata ( coconut milk ). Though most modern bangka in the Philippines have double-outriggers, single-outrigger dugout canoes survived until recent times in some parts of the Philippines . Examples include a specimen in the University of Southampton from Manila Bay collected in the 1940s, as well as boats from Lake Bulusan and Lake Buhi of

99-533: A child, eventually being ransomed by a Recollect missionary in Zambales. During the first hundred years of Spanish rule , the Sambal, like most other non-Spanish groups in the Philippines during the colonial era, had their village structures reorganized and were forced into reducciones in order to assimilate them into Spanish cultural norms. They were gradually Christianized by Spanish missionaries, especially after

132-661: A common large boat type. Boat terminologies were used for ranks, place names, and even personal names, even in island interiors. Among the Sama-Bajau people of the southern Philippines, various types of bangka like the djenging and the lepa served as houseboats of nuclear families and often sail together in clan flotillas. Small bangka were also sometimes used to transport rice and farm goods on land, as they were more convenient on narrow pathways than sleds or wagons. Bangka feature prominently in Visayan mythology . A boat known as

165-481: A community are also punished by death, unless a payment of a certain quantity of gold or silver or slaves is accepted by the family of the deceased. In the Boxer Codex , they were said to immediately cut off the head of people they kill with a bararao dagger. They then make a crown-shaped incision on the head and remove the brains. The head is kept as a trophy. The Boxer Codex also mentions other customs whose veracity

198-558: A short blade or dagger, and carried large rectangular kalasag shields. Fr. Manuel Buzeta in Diccionario Geográfico, Estadístico, Histórico de las Islas Filipinas (1850) describes the Zambales region during the early Spanish period as being sparsely populated by a small number of Sambal villages, with huge distances between them. Each village had about ten to thirty families and were often at war with other villages. The Sambal were headhunters , with similar headhunting traditions as

231-634: Is a barangay of Quezon that discovered and found the Manunggul Jar. The old municipality (Tabon) was popular and derived from the name of the Tabon bird. The Municipality of Quezon was created in 1951 from the barrios of Berong and Alfonso XIII from Aborlan and the barrios of Iraan, Candawaga and Canipaan from Brooke's Point . In 1957, the sitios of Aramaywan, Isugod, Tabon, Sawangan, Calumpang, Campong-Ulay, Ransang, Cadawaga, Culasian, Panalingaan, Taburi, Latud and Canipaan were converted into barrios. Quezon

264-538: Is also known archaically as sakayan (also spelled sacayan ). Bangka is derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *baŋkaʔ , with cognates including Kavalan bangka , Mori bangka , and Sumbawa bangka . It is a doublet of two other protoforms referring to boats: Proto-Austronesian *qabaŋ and Proto-Central-Malayo-Polynesian *waŋka . Ultimately from the Proto-Austronesian lexical root *baŋ for "boat". Indigenous Philippine boats originated from

297-414: Is politically subdivided into 14 barangays . Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios . In the 2020 census, the population of Quezon, Palawan, was 65,283 people, with a density of 69 inhabitants per square kilometre or 180 inhabitants per square mile. Poverty incidence of Quezon Source: Philippine Statistics Authority The National Museum of the Philippines opened of

330-591: Is questionable, including claims that they eat carabao intestines raw, or that only the first and second sons inherit their father's property while the rest are enslaved or sacrificed in a manganito ritual. The Sambals have been occasionally recruited by Indio commanders ( indio was the term used for the Austronesian natives) in campaigns against the Spanish , who then governed the islands. The Sambal were also once known to have captured and enslaved Diego Silang as

363-521: The Bicol Region of southern Luzon from as recently as 2015. The single outrigger is used to provide lateral stability, while still allowing fishermen to work with fishing nets . These traditional boats have largely disappeared in modern times, partly due to the scarcity of suitable timber and partly due to the relative cheapness of fiberglass boats. The ancestral rig was the mastless triangular crab claw sail which had two booms that could be tilted to

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396-522: The Cordillerans . A warrior's status was tied to the number of enemies they had killed. They kept a collection of heads or skulls to indicate this, which is also represented by certain ornaments worn on the body. When a person dies by violent or natural means, the immediate male relatives would wear a strip of black cloth to signify mourning. They would be forbidden from singing, dancing, or participating in festivities until they kill an enemy. Murderers within

429-572: The Ilocos and the Tagalog regions , leading to the modern decline in the Sambal identity and language. During the 1950s, hundreds of Sambals coming from Candelaria , Santa Cruz , and Masinloc in Zambales migrated to an undeveloped and forested area in southern Palawan. They established a settlement which was later on named Panitian . Like in Masinloc, many residents of Panitian have their last names start with

462-767: The Kapampangan language and Sinauna and archaic form of Tagalog still spoken in Tanay in the province of Rizal . This has been interpreted to mean that Sambals had once lived in that area, later being displaced by migrating Tagalog settlers , pushing the original inhabitants northward to the modern province of Zambales, in turn, displacing the Aetas . The Sambals were known to be militant and fierce fighters, notorious for their bloody raids on Christian settlements. They were described by European writers as being excellent archers who used poison arrows . They were also armed with short spears ,

495-576: The Municipality of Quezon ( Tagalog : Bayan ng Quezon ), is a 1st class municipality in the province of Palawan , Philippines . According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 65,283 people. Quezon is 146 kilometres (91 mi) from Puerto Princesa . It is home to the Tabon Caves , where the remains of the Tabon Man were discovered. In the past, the municipality was named Tabon, but now it

528-491: The Philippines . It originally referred to small double-outrigger dugout canoes used in rivers and shallow coastal waters, but since the 18th century, it has expanded to include larger lashed-lug ships, with or without outriggers. Though the term used is the same throughout the Philippines, "bangka" can refer to a very diverse range of boats specific to different regions. Bangka was also spelled as banca , panca , or panga ( m. banco , panco , pango ) in Spanish . It

561-660: The Tabon Caves Museum at the Tabon Cave Complex and Lipuun Point in Quezon, Palawan on February 1, 2024. The inauguraton was attended by Governor Victorino Dennis Socrates, 2nd District Palawan Representative Jose Alvarez , Quezon Mayor Joselito Ayala, National Museum of the Philippines Director General Jeremy R. Barns, among others. Bangka (boat) Bangka are various native watercraft of

594-515: The balanday is used by the deity Magyan to ferry souls of the dead. In the epic Labaw Donggon of the Suludnon people , a boat known as biday na inagta (lit. "black boat") is featured prominently. In the Western Visayas , a divination ritual known as the kibang involves occupants sitting perfectly still in a bangka and asking questions while a diwata (nature spirit) answers by rocking

627-627: The supreme being and the creator deity of the Sambals. Other benevolent spirits were also worshiped who had various functions, mostly agricultural. Three Sambalic languages are spoken by the Sambal: Sambali , Bolinao , and Botolan , with approximately 200,000, 105,000 and 72,000 speakers, respectively, based on the 2007 population statistics from the National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB). The Sambali speakers are

660-631: The Palawan Sambals have since moved to the provincial capital, Puerto Princesa , settling in Mandaragat and New Buncag, in particular, although a majority still resides in Panitian. The Sambal people have a complex indigenous religion since before Spanish colonization. The highest-ranking shaman was called a bayoc , who consecrated other shamans and led rituals to the spirits. Only the bayoc could lead rituals and offer sacrifices to Malayari or Malyari,

693-551: The Philippines are the 9 to 11 balangay found in Butuan dated to 320 CE, all specimens of whom were typical lashed-lug Austronesian boats. The technique remained common in Philippine (and Southeast Asian) boats right up to the 19th century, when modern boats started to be built with metal nails. Edge-joined planks continue to survive in some areas in the Philippines, though these are usually secured with metal rebars and rods, instead of

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726-497: The ancestral single-outrigger dugout canoes of the Austronesian peoples , which themselves evolved from catamarans . These boats were the first ocean-voyaging vessels in the world, which allowed the seaborne Austronesian Expansion around 3000 to 1500 BCE, from coastal southeastern China and Taiwan to Island Southeast Asia , Micronesia , Island Melanesia , Polynesia , and Madagascar . The oldest recovered boats in

759-546: The building of bangka often involved religious rituals, from the choosing of the trees for timber to rituals before voyages. Newly built bangka were imbued with a guardian spirit ( anito ) through various rituals, usually involving blood sacrifices . Ancient and early colonial-era bangka were also usually decorated with a carved or painted face. Bangka had a central role in pre-Hispanic Filipino culture, functioning as personal transports, fishing ships, trading ships, and raiding warships. Motorized or paddle-driven bangka still remain

792-437: The establishment of Fort Paynauen (Paynaven) in what is now Botolan . During the colonial period, the Sambals primarily sold valuable timber, which they shipped by indigenous boats to Manila . This trade was often targeted by Moro pirates , contributing to the relative poverty of the province in the 18th and 19th centuries. The sparsely-populated valley of the Zambales region was also later settled by migrants, largely from

825-684: The letter E. Most common last names are Eclarino, Elefane, Echaluse, Echague, Español, Ebuen, Ebilane, Edquid, Escala, Edquilang, Ebueng, Ebuenga, Ebalo, Ejanda, Elacio, Elfa, Eliaso, Elgincolin, Edquibal, Ednalino, Edora, Espinoza, Ecaldre, Eufeminiano, Edilloran, Ermita, and Ecle. Those who came from Santa Cruz have their last names usually begin with the letter M, foremost of which are Misa, Mora, Moraña, Moralde and Meredor. Other common last names of Sambali people are Ángeles, Atrero, Agagas, Hebron, Hitchon, Hermoso, Hermosa, Hermana, and Hermogino. There are now approximately 6,000 Sambals residing in Palawan. Many of

858-534: The main form of watercraft in the Philippines. Like all ancestral Austronesian boats, the hull of the bangka at its simplest form had five parts. The bottom part consists of single piece of hollowed-out log (essentially a dugout canoe , the original meaning of the word bangka ). At the sides were two planks, and two horseshoe-shaped wood pieces formed the prow and stern . These were fitted tightly together edge-to-edge with lugs, dowels and lashings (made from rattan or fiber), without using any nails. They formed

891-479: The naval warfare and coastal raids ( mangayaw ) of thalassocracies , a notable example of such a warship is the karakoa of the Visayas . These were seasonal and played a large part in the noble and warrior classes gaining prestige and plunder. Warriors participating in the raids had their exploits recorded in elaborate full-body tattoos. In the various animist anitism beliefs of precolonial Philippines,

924-510: The polities in the Philippines remained small and largely in the periphery of Southeast Asian trade, they were nevertheless part of the Southeast Asian market. The earliest exchange of material culture was the late Neolithic trade in lingling-o double-headed jade or gold ornaments, manufactured in Luzon , which was traded with other Austronesian polities in southern Vietnam and Taiwan . This

957-1004: The residents of the municipalities of Santa Cruz , Candelaria , Masinloc , Palauig , and the capital town Iba of the province of Zambales & of Infanta & some towns in Pangasinan. The Bolinao subgroup is located in Anda and Bolinao municipalities of Pangasinan, while the Botolan subgroup is found in Botolan and Cabangan municipalities of Zambales. An estimated 6,000 Sambali speakers can also be found in Panitian in Quezon, Palawan , and in Puerto Princesa. Sambals also speak Kapampangan, Tagalog, Ilocano, and Pangasinense; all those languages spoken in Zambales, while Ilocano, Pangasinense, and Tagalog in Pangasinan. Quezon, Palawan Quezon , officially

990-449: The shell of the boat, which was then reinforced by horizontal ribs. They had no central rudders but were instead steered using an oar on one side. These were built in the double-canoe configuration or had a single outrigger on the windward side. In Island Southeast Asia, these developed into double outriggers on each side that provided greater stability when tacking against the wind. Bangka were also typically traditionally caulked using

1023-533: The traditional lugs and lashings. Unfortunately most excavations and recoveries of pre-colonial shipwrecks (including those by the National Museum ) in Southeast Asia focus more on the cargo rather than studying the ship structures themselves. Looting is also a problem, which contributes to the paucity of research on pre-colonial Filipino watercraft. Various types of bangka were used in maritime trade. While

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1056-476: The wind. The sails were made from mats woven from pandan leaves. The triangular crab claw sails also later developed into square or rectangular tanja sails , which like crab claw sails, can be tilted against the wind. Fixed tripod or bipod masts also developed in Southeast Asia. Aside from being used in trade and war, bangka were of central significance to various cultures throughout the Philippines. Villages were known as barangay , derived from balangay ,

1089-561: Was followed by later trade in ceramics from mainland Southeast Asia and southern China in exchange for resins , aromatic woods, gold, pearls, sea cucumber ( trepanging ), tortoiseshell , civets , fabrics, beeswax , and bird's nest . The main trading contacts of Philippine polities included the Champa polities in Vietnam, China , and the Sultanate of Brunei . Bangka were also used in wars and

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