142-693: Dr. Zakir Husain Khan (8 February 1897 – 3 May 1969) was an Indian educationist and politician who served as the 3rd president of India from 13 May 1967 until his death on 3 May 1969. Born in Hyderabad in an Afridi Pashtun family, Husain completed his schooling in Etawah and went on to study at the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College , Aligarh and the University of Berlin from where he obtained
284-516: A demographic dividend from India's comparatively young population. Demand for private schools has been growing over the years. While a consensus over what is the most significant driver of this growth in private schooling has not yet emerged, some authors have attributed this to a higher demand for English-medium education , a dissatisfaction with the quality of public schools, greater affordability of private schools, and non-availability of preferred field of study in government schools . After
426-675: A doctoral degree in economics. A close associate of Mahatma Gandhi , Husain was a founding member of the Jamia Millia Islamia which was established as an independent national university in response to the Non-cooperation movement . He served as the university's vice-chancellor from 1926 to 1948. In 1937, Husain chaired the Basic National Education Committee which framed a new educational policy known as Nai Talim which emphasized free and compulsory education in
568-512: A doctorate in economics from the University of Berlin . Supervised by Werner Sombart , his thesis on the agrarian structure in British India was accepted summa cum laude in 1926. During his time in Berlin, Husain collaborated with Alfred Ehrenreich to translate into German thirty-three of Gandhi's speeches which were published in 1924 as Die Botschaft des Mahatma Gandhi . Husain got published
710-523: A nom de plume . These include Uqab aur Doosri Kahaniyan and stories translated into English and published under The Magic Key series by Zubaan Books . Capitalism: An Essay in Understanding is a series of lectures he delivered at the Delhi University in 1946. His convocation addresses were published in 1965 as The Dynamic University . As President of India, Husain headed a committee to celebrate
852-403: A square plan to form an open structure topped by a shallow dome. The tomb has no ornamentation but features jalis and arches. The graves of Husain and his wife lie under the dome of the tomb. Commemorative postage stamps on Husain were issued by India Post in 1969 and 1998. A Rose Called Zakir Husain – A Life of Dedication is a 1969 documentary film on the life of Husain produced by
994-589: A Basic National Education chaired by Husain (also known as the Zakir Husain committee) which was tasked with preparing the detailed scheme and syllabus for this policy. The committee submitted its report in December 1937 and formulated the Wardha Scheme of Basic National Education or Nai Talim . The policy, inter alia, proposed teaching craft work in schools, instilling ideals of citizenship , and its establishment as
1136-442: A Commissioner looks for four districts of Aligarh Division (Aligarh, Etah , Hathras , Kasganj ). According to the 2011 Census, Aligarh has a total population of 874,408, of which 461,772 are males and 412,636 are females. Population in the age range 0–6 years is 119,543. The literacy rate is 59.15%, of which the male literacy rate is 63.42% and female literacy rate is 54.37%. The effective literacy rate of 7+ population of Aligarh
1278-428: A Standard II-level text, and only 29% of them could do basic division. However, due to a shortage of resources and lack of political will, this system suffers from massive gaps including high pupil to teacher ratios, shortage of infrastructure and poor levels of teacher training. Some scholars have used the concept of "visibility" to explain why successive governments have underprioritised investments directed at raising
1420-674: A center of economic prominence, especially for production of distilled wine. By the mid-13th century, the town commanded enough importance for (would-be Sultan) Ghiyas ud din Balban to erect a minaret. Under the Khiljis and Tughlaqs, the prominence continued unabated; it had become an iqta by the times of Alauddin Khalji . Kol is mentioned in Ibn Battuta 's Rihla , when Ibn Battuta, along with 15 ambassadors representing Ukhaantu Khan , emperor of
1562-474: A class who may be interpreters between us and the millions whom we govern; a class of persons, Indian in blood and colour, but English in taste, in opinions, in morals, and in intellect. To that class we may leave it to refine the vernacular dialects of the country, to enrich those dialects with terms of science borrowed from the Western nomenclature, and to render them by degrees fit vehicles for conveying knowledge to
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#17329209226001704-598: A considerable influence in shaping English education in India. The Charter Act 1813 lifted several prohibitions on Christian missionary schools in the expanding British territories. Historian Gauri Viswanathan identifies two major changes to the relation between Britain and India that came about as the result of the Charter Act 1813: first, the assumption by the British of a new responsibility for Indian people's education; and, second,
1846-440: A few words for your consideration on behalf of the educational workers. The fire of hatred is fast spreading which makes it seem mad to tend to the garden of education. This fire is burning in a noble and humane land. How will the flowers of nobility and sensibility grow in its midst? How will we be able to improve human standards which lie today at a level far lower than that of the beasts? How shall we produce new servants devoted to
1988-755: A little too dry to be a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate ( Cwa ). Summers start in April and are hot with temperatures peaking in May. The average temperature range is 28–38 °C (82–100 °F). The monsoon season starts in late June, continuing until early October, bringing high humidity. Aligarh gets most of its annual rainfall of 800 millimetres (31 in) during these months. Temperatures then decrease, and winter sets in December, and continues until February. Temperatures range between 2–11 °C (36–52 °F). Winters in Aligarh are generally mild, but 2011–12 experienced
2130-675: A national institution of higher learning. For his services to education, he was awarded the Padma Vibhushan in 1954 and was made a nominated member of the Indian Parliament during 1952 to 1957. Husain served as Governor of Bihar from 1957 to 1962 and was elected the Vice President of India in 1962. The following year, he was conferred the Bharat Ratna . He was elected president in 1967, succeeding Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , and became
2272-534: A number of foreign students to study topics such as Buddhist Páli literature , logic, and páli grammar . Chanakya , a Brahmin teacher, was among the most famous teachers, associated with the founding of the Mauryan Empire . Shramanas and Brahmanas historically offered education by means of donations, rather than charging fees or the procurement of funds from students or their guardians. Later, stupas and temples also became centres of education; religious education
2414-622: A ploy to replace Urdu with Sanskritized Hindi . The Congress party's argument that the scheme had been formulated by Husain was rejected by the Muslim League in its Patna session of 1939 where it declared that "the mere fact that the Principal of Jamia Millia at Delhi has taken a prominent part in the preparation of the scheme does not prove that it is not unsuited to the Muslims". India's National Policy on Education of 1968, 1988 and 2020 all draw on
2556-612: A professor of physics at the Aligarh Muslim University while Sayeeda married Khurshed Alam Khan who served as a Union Minister and Governor. Their son Salman Khurshid became India's External Affairs Minister in 2012. Of Husain's six brothers, Yusuf Husain became a historian and a winner of the Sahitya Akademi Award who served as Pro Vice-Chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University . Mahmud Husain
2698-520: A report by Geeta Gandhi Kingdon entitled: The Emptying of Public Schools and Growth of Private Schools in India , it is said that for sensible education-policy making, it is vital to take account of the various changing trends in the size of the private and public schooling sectors in India. Ignoring these trends involves the risk of poor policies/legislation, with adverse effects on children's education. In January 2019, India had over 900 universities and 40,000 colleges. In India's higher education system,
2840-476: A revenue of US$ 450 million in 2008, but is projected to be a US$ 40 billion market. As per the Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) 2012, 96.5% of all rural children between the ages of 6–14 were enrolled in school. This is the fourth annual survey to report enrolment above 96%. India has maintained an average enrolment ratio of 95% for students in this age group from year 2007 to 2014. As an outcome
2982-567: A revision of the curriculum and pedagogical structure from a 10+2 system to a 5+3+3+4 system design in an effort to optimise learning for students based on cognitive development of children. On 29 July 2020, the cabinet approved a new National Education Policy with an aim to introduce several changes to the existing Indian education system. The Policy aims to make pre-primary education universal and places special emphasis on achieving foundational literacy/numeracy in primary school and beyond for all by 2025. The National Education Policy 2020 introduced
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#17329209226003124-510: A second language. The term "pre-modern" was used for three kinds of schools – the Arabic and Sanskrit schools which taught Muslim or Hindu sacred literature and the Persian schools which taught Persian literature. The vernacular schools across India taught reading and writing the vernacular language and arithmetic. British education became solidified into India as missionary schools were established during
3266-462: A second term its serving Vice-Chancellor. In response, the state government considered amending the law to require the governor to appoint a vice-chancellor as advised by the chief minister . Husain however threatened to resign rather than assent to such an amendment forcing the government to drop its plans. In later appointments made as Vice-Chancellors of other state universities in Bihar, Husain accepted
3408-583: A self-supporting scheme. It proposed seven years of free and compulsory basic education in the mother tongue , the teaching of crafts, music and drawing and learning the Hindustani language . It also proposed a comprehensive plan for the training of teachers and framed its curriculum. The Congress party in its Haripura session of 1938 accepted the scheme and sought to implement it nationwide. An All-India Education Board (the Hindustani Talimi Sangh)
3550-435: A significant number of seats are reserved under affirmative action policies for the historically disadvantaged Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes . In universities, colleges, and similar institutions affiliated to the central government, there is a maximum 50% of reservations applicable to these disadvantaged groups, at the state level it can vary. Maharashtra had 73% reservation in 2014, which
3692-413: A system so economical, from a handful or two of grain, to perhaps a rupee per month to the school master, according to the ability of the parents, and at the same time so simple and effectual, that there is hardly a cultivator or petty dealer who is not competent to keep his own accounts with a degree of accuracy, in my opinion, beyond what we meet with amongst the lower orders in our own country." In 1835,
3834-593: A wider range of subjects, including additional languages, arts, and vocational subjects. At the end of class X, students often appear for a standardised board examination like the Secondary School Leaving Certificate Examination / Secondary School Certificate ( SSLC / SSC ) conducted by the respective state education boards or All India Secondary School Examination ( AISSE ) conducted by the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) or
3976-560: A worthy home for a great people engaged in the fascinating task of building up a just and prosperous and graceful life. Husain was the first Muslim and the first governor of a state to be elected President of India. Husain's election was challenged before the Supreme Court of India on the grounds that the result of the election had been affected by undue influence exerted by the Prime Minister. The election petition filed by Baburao Patel
4118-517: Is 140 km from New Delhi. It is one of the Division of UPSRTC. Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation (UPSRTC) buses serve cities all over the state and cities in Uttarakhand , Rajasthan , Madhya Pradesh and Haryana . Aligarh City has three UPSRTC bus stations: There are buses plying from Aligarh to Delhi at frequent intervals via 1) Khair, Tappal, Palval, Faridabad, Delhi - The route
4260-412: Is 15 km from the city. Narora Atomic Power Station is located 50 km from Aligarh. Aligarh is associated with an applique and embroidery art known as phool patti ka kaam . Aligarh has several popular landmarks. Most notable few of them are Aligarh Fort , Jama Masjid, Khereshwar Temple which is the birthplace of Swami Shri Haridas Ji, Dor fortress (1524), which is now in ruins, lies at
4402-557: Is Asia's largest rose garden , is also named after Husain. Dr. Zakir Hussain – Teacher who became President , a book on Husain by the Indian Council for Cultural Relations , was released in 2000. Education in India Education in India is primarily managed by the state-run public education system, which falls under the command of the government at three levels: central , state and local . Under various articles of
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4544-457: Is achieving only 79.0% of what should be possible at its level of income for the right to education. Although there are private schools in India, they are highly regulated in terms of what they can teach, in what form they can operate (must be a non-profit to run any accredited educational institution) and all the other aspects of the operation. Hence, the differentiation between government schools and private schools can be misleading. However, in
4686-581: Is administered by Nagar Nigam Aligarh (Municipal Corporation), which is responsible for performing civic administrative functions administered by Mayor and Municipal Commissioner (PCS Officer). Infrastructure development of the city is looked after by the Aligarh Development Authority (ADA) administered by Divisional Commissioner (chairman) and vice-chairman (PCS Officer). Aligarh is the headquarters of Aligarh Police Range and Aligarh Division . A DIG looks after Aligarh for legal condition and law;
4828-472: Is held at the exhibition ground in January and February. The land Numaish Ground was donated by Nawab Rehmat Ullah Khan Sherwani . The cultural shows take place at three grand stages (Kohinoor, Krishnanjali and Muktakash). In all, more than 150 stage events featuring artists from across India take place during a period of 28–30 days. Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) is one of the oldest central universities. It
4970-682: Is inching closer to universal education, the quality of its education has been questioned particularly in its government run school system. While more than 95 per cent of children attend primary school, just 40 per cent of Indian adolescents attend secondary school (Grades 9–12). Since 2000, the World Bank has committed over $ 2 billion to education in India. Some of the reasons for the poor quality include absence of around 25% of teachers every day. States of India have introduced tests and education assessment system to identify and improve such schools. The Human Rights Measurement Initiative finds that India
5112-532: Is located at the coordinates 27°53′N 78°05′E / 27.88°N 78.08°E / 27.88; 78.08 . It has an elevation of approximately 178 metres (587 feet). The city is in the middle portion of the doab , the land between the Ganges and the Yamuna rivers. The Grand Trunk Road passes through it via NH-91 is 134 km from capital of India. Aligarh has a hot semi-arid climate ( Köppen BSh )
5254-410: Is not the time to ask who is responsible for it and what is its cause. The fire is raging. Please extinguish it. For God's sake do not allow the very foundations of civilised life in this country to be destroyed." In October 1937, an All-India National Education Conference was held at Wardha under Mahatma Gandhi which sought to establish a policy for basic education in India . The conference appointed
5396-532: Is optional and includes pre-school and kindergarten education for children aged 3 to 6 years. It focuses on early childhood development and prepares children for formal schooling. Kindergarten is mainly attended by children between 3-5 years of age, and is an important basic building block that prepares kids for primary education. Children study in LKG for one year and then in UKG for one year. Primary education typically starts at
5538-488: Is plagued by issues such as grade inflation, corruption, unaccredited institutions offering fraudulent credentials and lack of employment prospects for graduates. Half of all graduates in India are considered unemployable. Until 1976, under the Indian constitution, each state was responsible for the schools that fell under its governance; states possessed full jurisdiction over creating and implementing education policies. After
5680-574: Is the 53rd most populous city in India . The recorded history of Aligarh begins in the 12th century, under the name Kol. Kol was a major city of the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire , serving as both a political and economic centre. Beginning with a major rebuilding of the Aligarh Fort in the 16th century, the city was renamed several times before eventually settling on the current name, Aligarh, in
5822-645: Is the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan which is one of the largest education initiatives in the world. While school enrolment rates have increased, the quality of education received by students remains low. The literature suggests that one of the biggest reasons for quality deficiencies in primary and secondary education is teacher absence and negligence. In one popular study, the researchers made unannounced visits to 3700 schools in 20 major Indian states, where they found that, on average, 25% of government primary school teachers absent every day. In another study, although it
Zakir Husain - Misplaced Pages Continue
5964-434: Is the administrative headquarters of Aligarh district , and lies 342 kilometres (213 mi) northwest of state capital Lucknow and approximately 130 kilometres (81 mi) southeast of the capital, New Delhi . The cities and districts which adjoin Aligarh are: Gautam Buddha Nagar , Bulandshahr , Sambhal , Badaun , Kasganj , Hathras , Etah and Mathura , as well as Palwal district of Haryana . As of 2011, Aligarh
6106-403: Is the foundation of children's knowledge, skills and behaviour. On completion of pre-primary education, the children are sent to the primary stage, but pre-primary education in India is not a fundamental right. In rural India, pre-primary schools are rarely available in small villages. But in cities and big towns, there are many established players in the pre-primary education sector. The demand for
6248-480: Is the highest percentage of reservations in India. Early education in India commenced under the supervision of a guru or preceptor after initiation. The education was delivered through Gurukula . The relationship between the Guru and his Shishya (students /disciples) was a very important part of education. Taxila is an example of an ancient higher learning institute in ancient India, possibly dating as far back as
6390-572: Is to create a harmonious nationhood without Muslims losing their Islamic identity . In its aim, if not always in its procedure, it is nearer to Gandhian Movement than any other Islamic institution I have come across." In its early years, Jamia faced shortage of funds and its continued existence was uncertain especially after the Non-Cooperation Movement and the Khilafat Committee closed down. Husain left for Germany in 1922 to do
6532-624: Is under construction between Khair and Palval and should be strictly avoided by cars. No toll charges. 2) Khair, Tappal, Yamuna expressway, Noida, Greater Noida, Delhi, Gurgaon - Best and recommended route for Delhi, Noida, Gurgaon. Toll Charges are ₹120 between Aligarh and Delhi. 3) Old GT Road, Bulandshahr, Ghaziabad, Delhi - NH 91 - It is a 6-lane highway. Toll charges are ₹285. Following Highways are connected to Aligarh: Aligarh City has Mahanagar Bus Service (City Bus Service) which provides local transport to Aligarh. Apart from this an Air-conditioned Electronic Bus Service has been running within
6674-566: The Diwan-e-Ghalib in 1925 and the Diwan-i-Shaida , a collection of poetry by Hakim Ajmal Khan in 1926. He returned to India in 1926 and succeeded Abdul Majeed Khwaja as "Sheikh-ul-Jamia". He was joined by Mohammad Mujeeb and Abid Hussain – the latter becoming the university registrar . Husain travelled across India soliciting funds for the Jamia and got financial support from Mahatma Gandhi,
6816-1068: The Films Division of India . In 1975 the Delhi College, a constituent college of the Delhi University , was renamed the Zakir Husain Delhi College . The Zakir Husain Centre for Educational Studies at the Jawaharlal Nehru University and the Dr. Zakir Husain Central Library of the Jamia Millia Islamia are also named after him. Delhi's Wellesley Road was renamed the Dr. Zakir Husain Marg. The Zakir Hussain Rose Garden in Chandigarh , which
6958-547: The Greek traditions inherited by Persia and the Middle East before Islam spread from these regions into India. A feature of traditional Islamic education was its emphasis on the connection between science and humanities. British rule and the subsequent establishment of educational institutions saw the introduction of English as a medium of instruction. Some schools taught the curriculum through vernacular languages with English as
7100-846: The Indian Constitution and the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 , free and compulsory education is provided as a fundamental right to children aged 6 to 14. The approximate ratio of the total number of public schools to private schools in India is 10:3. Education in India covers different levels and types of learning, such as early childhood education , primary education , secondary education , higher education , and vocational education . It varies significantly according to different factors, such as location (urban or rural), gender , caste , religion , language , and disability . Education in India has much room for growth, such as improving access to education, increasing
7242-850: The Indian Institutes of Technology . In 1961, the Union government formed the National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) as an autonomous organisation that would advise both the Union and state governments on formulating and implementing education policies. In 2019, the Indian Ministry of Education released a draft of a new education policy, which was followed by a number of public consultations. It discusses reducing curriculum content to enhance essential learning, critical thinking, and promoting more holistic, experiential, discussion-based and analysis-based learning. It also talks about
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#17329209226007384-635: The Jamia Millia Islamia , it shifted in 1925 from Aligarh to Delhi. Husain was one of the founders of this private university which had Maulana Muhammad Ali as its first "Sheikh-ul-Jamia" (vice-chancellor) and Hakim Ajmal Khan as the first "Amir-i-Jamia" (chancellor). Jamia, as the Turkish educationist Halide Edib noted, had two purposes: "First, to train the Muslim youth with definite ideas of their rights and duties as Indian citizens . Second, to coordinate Islamic thought and behaviour with Hindu . The general aim
7526-599: The Mongol Chinese Yuan dynasty , travelled to Kol city en route to the coast at Cambay (in Gujarat ) in 1341. According to Battuta, it would appear that the district was then in a very disturbed state since the escort of the Emperor's embassy had to assist in relieving Jalali from an attacking body of Hindus and lost an officer in the fight. Ibn Batuta calls Kol "a fine town surrounded by mango groves". From these same groves
7668-479: The Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh and later, in preparation for a medical degree, at the Lucknow Christian College enrolling for a Bachelor of Science degree. A bout of illness led to him having to discontinue his studies and a year later he rejoined the college at Aligarh. Husain graduated in 1918 with philosophy , English literature and economics . He was elected vice president of
7810-628: The Quran , Persian and Urdu and is thought that he had his primary school education at the Sultan Bazaar school in Hyderabad. Following his father's death in 1907 Husain's family shifted back to Qaimganj and he was enrolled at the Islamia High School in Etawah . Husain's mother and several members of his extended family died in a plague epidemic in 1911. Having matriculated in 1913, he joined
7952-762: The Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan , the Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan , the Midday Meal Scheme , the Beti Bachao Beti Padhao Scheme, and the National Digital Education Architecture. It is also supported by various stakeholders and partners, such as UNICEF , UNESCO , World Bank , civil society organisations, academic institutions, private sector entities, and media outlets. Education in India
8094-425: The World University Service , Geneva during 1955–57 and was a member of the Central Board of Secondary Education (1957). He served on the executive board of the UNESCO during 1957–58. Husain was the Governor of Bihar from 6 July 1957 to 11 May 1962. Contrary to the advice of the then Chief Minister of Bihar, Shri Krishna Sinha , Governor Husain, who was also Chancellor of Patna University reappointed for
8236-425: The college's students' union and won prizes for his debating skills. Husain pursued the disciplines of law and economics for his post-graduate studies. Having obtained his master's degree in 1920, he was appointed as a lecturer at the college. In 1915, while still pursuing his graduation, Husain married Shahjahan Begum with whom he had two daughters, Sayeeda Khan and Safia Rahman. Safia married Zil-ur-Rahman,
8378-445: The first language . He was opposed to the policy of separate electorates for Muslims and, in 1946, the Muslim League under Muhammad Ali Jinnah vetoed a proposal by the Indian National Congress to include Husain in the Interim Government of India . Following Independence and the Partition of India Husain stayed on in India and, in 1948, was appointed Vice Chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University which he helped retain as
8520-538: The janaza prayers and the national salute being offered at the Rashtrapati Bhavan . The United Arab Republic , Syria , Iraq , Libya , Sudan , Nepal , Bhutan and Trinidad and Tobago all declared several days' of mourning . Husain's death was mourned in Pakistan as well where flags flew at half mast on the day of his funeral. Pakistan's President Yahya Khan sent the Chief of Air Staff of Pakistan Air Force and Deputy Chief Martial Law Administrator Air Marshal Malik Nur Khan as his personal representative to
8662-406: The "+2" stage. The two-halves of secondary education are each an important stage for which a pass certificate is needed, and thus are affiliated by boards of education under education ministry, before one can pursue higher education, including college or professional courses. Aligarh Aligarh ( ; formerly known as Koil ) is a city in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India . It
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#17329209226008804-441: The 1820s. Dharampal was instrumental in changing the understanding of pre-colonial education in India. Dharampal's primary works are based on documentation by the colonial government on Indian education, agriculture, technology, and arts during the period of colonial rule in India. His pioneering historical research, conducted intensively over a decade, provides evidence from extensive early British administrators’ reports of
8946-716: The 42nd Amendment of the Constitution of India was passed in 1976, education fell under the concurrent list, which allowed the federal government (also known as the central government) to recommend education policies and programmes, even if state governments continued to wield extensive autonomy in implementing these programmes . In a country as large as India, with 28 states and eight union territories, this has created vast differences between states' policies, plans, programmes, and initiatives relating to school education. Periodically, national policy frameworks are created to guide states in their creation of state-level programmes and policies. State governments and local government bodies manage
9088-401: The 5+3+3+4 education structure in India, where students will spend 5 years in the foundational stage, 3 years in the preparatory stage, 3 years in the middle stage, and 4 years in the secondary stage, with a focus on holistic development and critical thinking. However, it is important to note that educational practices can vary across different states and education boards in India. This stage
9230-437: The 8th century BCE. However, it is debatable whether or not this can be regarded as a university in modern-day terms, since the teachers living there may not have had official membership of particular colleges, and there did not seem to have existed purpose-built lecture halls and residential quarters in Taxila, in contrast to the later Nalanda university in eastern India. Nalanda was the oldest university-system of education in
9372-471: The Aligarh Muslim University and later Vice Chancellor of Jamia Millia Islamia . In 1920, Mahatma Gandhi visited the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College in Aligarh where he urged non-cooperation with the British Raj . In response to Gandhi's appeal, a group of students and faculty joined the Non-Cooperation Movement . In October 1920 they established the Independent National University aimed at imparting education free from colonial influence. Later renamed
9514-445: The Aligarh district was formed by the union of the second, third and fourth British divisions with the addition of Anupshahr from Muradabad and Sikandra Rao from Etawa. On 1 August 1804, Claude Russell was appointed the first Collector of the new district. Aligarh district is divided into five tehsils , namely Kol Tehsil , Khair Tehsil , Atrauli , Gabhana and Iglas . These tehsils are further divided into 12 blocks. The city
9656-422: The Bombay philanthropist Seth Jamal Mohammed, Khwaja Abdul Hamied the founder of the pharmaceutical firm Cipla and the Nizam of Hyderabad among others. In 1928, a National Education Society was established to manage the affairs of the Jamia. Zakir Husain became its secretary. To be a life member of the society, members pledged their services to it for 20 years with a salary that could not exceed Rs.150. Husain
9798-512: The British. G.L. Prendergast, a member of the Governor's Council in Bombay Presidency, recorded the following about indigenous schools on 27 June 1821: "I need hardly mention what every member of the Board knows as well as I do, that there is hardly a village, great or small, throughout our territories, in which there is not at least one school, and in larger villages more; many in every town, and in large cities in every division; where young natives are taught reading, writing and arithmetic, upon
9940-425: The Congress Party sat in the opposition . The results of the presidential election, coming after the general elections of 1967 where the Congress party had suffered severe setbacks, were seen as strengthening Prime Minister Gandhi. Husain was declared elected on 9 May 1967. His election as president was seen domestically as the Congress Party's attempt to reach out to the Muslims of India who had voted against it in
10082-402: The Education Guarantee Scheme and in alternative learning centres). Of those schools managed privately, one third are 'aided' and two thirds are 'unaided'. Enrolment in Grades 1–8 is shared between government and privately managed schools in the ratio 73:27. However, in rural areas this ratio is higher (80:20) and in urban areas much lower (36:66). In the 2011 Census, about 73% of the population
10224-497: The English Education Act was passed by the British in India. This act made English the formal medium of education in all schools and colleges. This act neglected both indigenous schools and mass education, as only a small section of upper-class Indians were educated to become the connecting link between the government and the masses. This act is today popularly known as Macaulayism . "We must at present do our best to form
10366-517: The General Assembly, NY, November 2003). In January 2016, Kerala became the 1st Indian state to achieve 100% primary education through its literacy programme Athulyam. This primary education scheme has also shown a high gross enrolment ratio of 93–95% for the last three years in some states. Significant improvement in staffing and enrolment of girls has also been made as a part of this scheme. The scheme for universalisation of Education for All
10508-711: The Ghalib Centenary in 1969 which recommended the establishment of the Ghalib Institute as a memorial to Ghalib whereas the Ghalib Academy in Delhi was inaugurated by Husain in 1969. Husain, who had suffered a mild heart attack earlier in the year, was unwell after returning to Delhi from a tour of Assam on 26 April 1969. He died in the Rashtrapati Bhavan on 3 May 1969 of a heart attack. Vice President V. V. Giri
10650-900: The Indian Certificate of Secondary Education ( ICSE ) examination conducted by the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE). Seconday school education in India is commonly known as "high school" or "secondary school". These terms are widely used across the country to refer to the stage of education that follows primary education and precedes higher secondary education. After completing secondary or high school education, students move on to higher secondary education, which includes classes XI and XII (grades 11–12). They typically specialise in one of three streams: Science, Commerce, or Humanities/Arts. The curriculum becomes more focused on specific subjects related to
10792-513: The Prime Minister to resign. There were 17 candidates in the fray for the election held on 6 May 1967. Of these, nine failed to win any vote. Husain won 4,71,244 votes against the 3,63,971 received by Subbarao. The margin of 1,07,273 votes was much larger than what was expected by the Congress party with Husain winning the most votes in Parliament and in twelve state legislatures including three where
10934-582: The Rajya Sabha , Husain gave rulings clarifying that Union ministers were entitled to speak in either house of parliament and that a sitting member of parliament who had been appointed as a Minister in a State would not be debarred from attending Parliament or voting in its debates until the member had been elected to the state legislature . In 1966, he ruled that parliamentary immunity from arrest would be limited to only civil cases and would not apply to criminal proceedings initiated against members. Husain
11076-655: The University Education Commission (1948–1949), the Secondary Education Commission (1952–1953), University Grants Commission and the Kothari Commission (1964–66) to develop proposals to modernise India's education system. The Resolution on Scientific Policy was adopted by the government of Jawaharlal Nehru , India's first Prime Minister. The Nehru government sponsored the development of high-quality scientific education institutions such as
11218-553: The acting president when President Radhakrishnan left for the United Kingdom to undergo treatment for cataract . It was during his acting presidency that President's rule was reimposed in Kerala after elections held there the previous month failed to give any party a majority and efforts by the Governor to facilitate the formation of a government collapsed. As ex-officio Chairman of
11360-561: The adoption of the Right to Education (RTE) Act 2009, private schools were required to be 'government-recognised'. A private school would be eligible for government recognition when it met certain conditions. At the primary and secondary level, India has a large private school system complementing the government run schools, with 29% of students receiving private education in the 6 to 14 age group. Certain post-secondary technical schools are also private. The private education market in India had
11502-456: The advice of the Chief Minister in the exercise of his powers as Chancellor and acted accordingly although he was opposed to the appointment of non-academicians as vice chancellors to universities. On 14 April 1962, the Congress party chose Husain to be its candidate for the upcoming election to the office of the Vice President of India . The election was held on 7 May 1962, and votes counted
11644-454: The age of 6 and continues for 5 years, from classes I to V. The main subjects taught during this stage include mathematics, science, social science, languages (usually English and a regional language), and physical education. Education from class 1 to 4 is classified as lower primary education ( LP ) and class 5 to 7 as upper primary ( UP ) education. Secondary education covers classes VIII to X, usually from ages 12 to 16. Students are exposed to
11786-495: The best possible way for a better understanding of the young children. By following an easy and interesting curriculum, teachers strive hard to make the entire learning process enjoyable for the children. Primary education in India is divided into two parts: Lower Primary (Class I-V) and Upper Primary (Class VI-VIII). The Indian government places emphasis on primary education, intended for children between 6 and 14 years of age. Since education laws are governed by individual states,
11928-439: The burial ground. Husain was the first President to die in office and has served the shortest tenure in office. Husain's tomb was built in 1971 and was designed by Habib Rahman . Its architecture reflects the influence of Bauhaus aesthetics on traditional Indian styles as seen in its eight curved, reinforced concrete walls topped by rough cut marble which have been inspired by Tughluq tombs . These tapering walls stand along
12070-412: The cause of education? How can you protect humanity in a world of animals? ... . An Indian poet has remarked that every child who comes to this world brings along the message that God has not yet lost faith in man. But have our countrymen so completely lost faith in themselves that they wish to crush these innocent buds before they blossom? For God's sake sit together and extinguish this fire of hatred. This
12212-429: The celebration was attended by Jinnah, his sister Fatima and Liaquat Ali Khan from the Muslim League and Jawaharlal Nehru , Maulana Azad and C. Rajagopalachari of the Congress. In a plea to the assembled leaders, Husain said "You, gentlemen, are the stars of the political firmament. You have a secure place in the hearts of millions of people. Taking advantage of your presence here, I wish to submit in great sorrow
12354-1141: The chosen stream. At the end of class XII, students generally appear for board examinations such as the Higher Secondary Certificate Examination conducted by the respective state boards or All India Senior School Certificate Examination (AISSCE) conducted by CBSE or the Indian School Certificate (ISC) examination conducted by CISCE . The terminology used to describe higher secondary education varies between states in India. Some commonly used terms include intermediate education in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Bihar, Uttarakhand, and Uttar Pradesh; higher secondary education (HSE) in Assam, Maharashtra, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu; senior secondary education (SSE) in Haryana, Punjab, and Rajasthan; and pre-university education (PUC) in Karnataka. These terms represent
12496-517: The city since January 2022. Aligarh Airport , Situated on NH 91, Dhanipur, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh. It is Also known as Dhanipur Air Strip/Dhanipur Hawai Patti. This airport is also used as flying Club. The Government of Uttar Pradesh signed a memorandum of understanding with the Airports Authority of India in February 2014 for the development of the airport. At this time direct flight started by
12638-495: The city's centre, its site is in the area now called Upper Fort (Balai Qila) and is occupied by an 18th-century mosque. The area Shah Jamal is very famous for a Sufi saint Syed Shah Jamal is also known as Shamsul Arifeen, of whom the tomb is located at Shahjamal area and surrounded by a graveyard. The Sufi Saint is mentioned by Ibn Battuta in his book The Travels of Ibn Battuta . The saint is said to be of Sufi Chishtiya order. The Annual Cultural Exhibition, popularly known as Numaish,
12780-450: The company initiated production of locks on a small scale here. Aligarh is famous for its brass hardware and sculptures. The city has many manufacturers, exporters, and suppliers involved in the brass, bronze, iron and aluminium industries. Indian Diecasting Industries which manufactures aluminium and zinc die-casting parts is located at Sasni Gate in Aligarh. Harduaganj Thermal Power Station (also referred as Kasimpur Power House )
12922-420: The duration of primary school can vary between Indian states. The Indian government has also banned child labour in order to ensure that the children do not enter unsafe working conditions. However, both free education and the ban on child labour are difficult to enforce due to economic disparity and social conditions. 80% of all recognised schools at the elementary stage are government run or supported, making it
13064-690: The education board, such as CBSE , CISCE , state boards, or international boards. Additionally, there are alternative education systems in India, such as the International Baccalaureate (IB) and Cambridge International Examinations (CIE) , which follow different curricula and assessment methods. After completing higher secondary or intermediate education, students can pursue higher education in colleges and universities. Higher education options include undergraduate programmes (bachelor's degrees), postgraduate programmes (master's degrees), and doctoral programmes (Ph.D. degrees). The pre-primary stage
13206-591: The education system includes a two-year pre-university course (PUC) after the completion of secondary education (10th grade). The PUC is commonly referred to as junior college. Students typically enroll in pre-university colleges to pursue their intermediate education, which acts as a bridge between high school and university. The pre-university system allows students to choose from three major streams of study: Upon completing their pre-university education, students can choose to pursue higher education at universities, professional colleges, or other specialised institutions. In
13348-483: The educational stage following secondary education and indicate the diverse terminology used in different states across the country. The curriculum for these streams may vary based on the board of education or state education board. After completing the 12th grade, students can also pursue higher education in universities or specialised institutions depending on their chosen stream and career aspirations. In certain states in India, such as Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh ,
13490-414: The environs of Kol would appear to have acquired the name Sabzabad or "the green country". In the reign of Akbar , Kol was made a Sirkar and included the dasturs of Marahra, Kol ba Haveli, Thana Farida and Akbarabad. Akbar and Jahangir visited Kol on hunting expeditions. Jahangir clearly mentions the forest of Kol, where he killed wolves. During the time of Ibrahim Lodhi , Muhammad, son of Umar,
13632-528: The first Muslim to hold the highest constitutional office in India. He was also the first incumbent to die in office and had the shortest tenure of any Indian president. His mazar lies in the campus of the Jamia Millia Islamia in Delhi. An author and translator of several books into Urdu and a prolific writer of children's books, Husain has been commemorated in India through postage stamps and several educational institutions, libraries, roads and Asia's largest rose garden that have been named after him. Husain
13774-422: The fort of Koil. Bahadur Singh continued the battle from another fort and died fighting in what is known as the "Battle of Ghasera". It was renamed Ramgarh and Rao Durjan Singh Poonia of Bijauli was made the kiledar of the fort. When a Persian Mughal Shia commander, Najaf Khan , captured Ramgarh, he renamed it and gave it its present name of Aligarh. Aligarh Fort (also called Aligarh Qila), as it stands today,
13916-514: The funeral. George Romney , Secretary of Housing and Urban Development , represented President Nixon and the United States whereas the Soviet Union was represented by its Prime Minister Alexei Kosygin . The Prime Ministers of Yugoslavia , Afghanistan and Nepal too attended the funeral. Up to a million people are thought to have lined the streets as the funeral cortege made its way to
14058-481: The general elections and globally as burnishing India's claim of being a secular nation . Husain was sworn in on 13 May 1967. In a memorable inaugural address, while dedicating himself to the service of the Indian nation and its civilization, Husain said The whole of Bharat is my home and its people are my family. The people have chosen to make me the head of this family for a certain time. It shall be my earnest endeavour to seek to make this home strong and beautiful,
14200-534: The government. The District Education Revitalisation Programme (DERP) was launched in 1994 with an aim to universalise primary education in India by reforming and vitalising the existing primary education system. 85% of the DERP was funded by the central government and the remaining 15% was funded by the states. The DERP, which had opened 160,000 new schools including 84,000 alternative education schools delivering alternative education to approximately 3.5 million children,
14342-464: The great mass of the population." According to sociologist Hetukar Jha , this act lead to the decline of indigenous schools which flourished in villages and towns, and simultaneously, the British policy in 1835 skewed in favor of the filtration theory of education, which worked to block to a significant extent the entry of the middle classes and below. The colonial period also saw an increasing establishment of Christian missionary schools , which had
14484-586: The ideal of a common nationhood and the achievement of the freedom of the country […] [and that] the Jamia's objectives are Islamic education , the love of independence and service to Urdu ". Husain remained the Jamia's vice chancellor until 1948. In the 1940s he built his home, the Zakir Manzil, on the Gulmohar Avenue in Jamia Nagar. Husain was opposed to the policy of separate electorates for Muslims and
14626-575: The ideas contained in the Wardha Scheme of Basic National Education. Following the Partition of India , Husain was almost killed in communal violence at the Jalandhar railway station while he was on his way to Kashmir – an experience he described twelve years later to his friend Abdul Majid Daryabadi . On his return to Delhi, Husain worked to help the victims of rioting in Delhi. The Jamia Millia Islamia's buildings at Karol Bagh were looted and destroyed in
14768-619: The largest provider of education in the country. Figures released by the Indian government in 2011 show that there were 5,816,673 elementary school teachers in India. As of March 2012 there were 2,127,000 secondary school teachers in India. Education has also been made free for children for 6 to 14 years of age or up to class VIII under the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act 2009. While school enrollment rates have increased, many children leave school with poor literacy and numeracy skills. ASER reported in 2019 that only 50% of fifth standard students in rural India could read
14910-411: The lowest temperature of 1 °C. The fog and cold snaps are extreme. The city is an agricultural trade centre. Agricultural product processing and manufacturing are important. Aligarh is an important business center of Uttar Pradesh and is most famous for its lock industry. Aligarh locks are exported across the world. In 1870, Johnson & Co. was the first English lock firm in Aligarh. In 1890,
15052-423: The majority of primary and upper primary schools and the number of government-managed elementary schools is growing. Simultaneously, the number and proportion managed by private bodies is growing. In 2005-2006, 83.13% of schools offering elementary education (Grades 1–8) were managed by government, and 16.86% of schools were under private management (excluding children in unrecognised schools, schools established under
15194-513: The mid-1700s. It is notable as the seat of Aligarh Muslim University , which was founded here as Mohammadan Anglo-Oriental College in 1875, initiating the Aligarh Movement . Written references to the city commence only from 12th century onward; however, archaeological records suggest that the town used to be inhabited by Jains. The area of Aligarh before the Ghurid conquest of the region was under
15336-443: The number of students in the age group 6–14 who are not enrolled in school has come down to 2.8% in the academic year 2018 (ASER 2018). Another report from 2013 stated that there were 229 million students enrolled in different accredited urban and rural schools of India, from Class I to XII, representing an increase of 2.3 million students over 2002 total enrolment, and a 19% increase in girl's enrolment. While quantitatively India
15478-412: The preschools is growing considerably in the smaller towns and cities but still, only 1% of the population under age 6 is enrolled in preschool education. LKG and UKG stages prepare and help children emotionally, mentally, socially and physically to grasp knowledge easily in the later stages of school and college life. A systematic process of preschool education is followed in India to impart knowledge in
15620-459: The progress, especially in higher education and scientific research, has been credited to various public institutions. While enrolment in higher education has increased steadily over the past decade, reaching a Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) of 26.3% in 2019, there still remains a significant distance to catch up with tertiary education enrolment levels of developed nations, a challenge that will be necessary to overcome in order to continue to reap
15762-494: The quality of education, reducing disparities, lowering dropout rates, increasing enrolment and completion rates, enhancing learning outcomes and employability, strengthening governance and accountability, promoting innovation and technology, and addressing the impact of COVID-19 pandemic . It is influenced by various policies and programmes at the national and state levels, such as the National Education Policy 2020 ,
15904-541: The quality of teaching and education in India relative to investments in building more schools. Building schools is more "visible" to the voting public and easily attributable to the government; training teachers to teach better and raising the quality of education is a more uncertain venture, the success of which is determined by factors outside the control of any one government. This incentivises governments to focus their resources on "visible" areas of intervention . There have been several efforts to enhance quality made by
16046-399: The regular academic curriculum, vocational education is offered at various stages to provide specific skills and training in fields such as engineering, information technology, hospitality, healthcare, and more. Vocational courses are available at both the secondary and higher secondary levels. It is important to note that educational practices, syllabus, and examinations may vary depending on
16188-434: The relaxation of controls on missionary activity. Since the country's independence in 1947, the Indian government sponsored a variety of programmes to address the low literacy rate in both rural and urban India. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad , India's first Minister of Education, envisaged strong central government control over education throughout the country, with a uniform educational system. The Union government established
16330-488: The rest of the states in India, including the central education boards like CBSE (Central Board of Secondary Education) and CISCE (Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations), the education system follows a 10+2 format. It consists of ten years of primary and secondary education (up to the 10th grade) followed by two years of higher secondary education (11th and 12th grade). In addition to
16472-521: The same day. Husain won 568 of 596 votes cast while his only rival N. C. Samantsinhar won 14 votes. He was sworn in as vice president on 13 May 1962. In 1962, Husain was nominated the Vice President of the Sahitya Akademi – a post held by his predecessor S. Radhakrishnan before his election as President of India. The following year, he was awarded the Bharat Ratna . In 1965 he served briefly as
16614-589: The sitting Chief Justice of India , Koka Subbarao to resign his post and contest the election as their joint candidate. Unlike the three previous presidential elections, the election of 1967 proved to be a real contest between the various candidates. The campaign was marred by communal rhetoric and accusations of sectarianism being made against Husain by the Jana Sangh party . There was also speculation that Husain would lose on account of cross voting against him by Congress legislators, an outcome which would have forced
16756-512: The sway of Dor Rajputs in 12th century. In 1194, Qutb-ud-din Aibak mounted a successful invasion of the region and Hisam-ud-din Ulbak was installed as the first Muslim governor; court-historian Hasan Nizami noted Kol to be "one of the most celebrated fortresses of Hind". Beginning the 13th century, the place featured — as Kol or Koil — in multiple Persian (as well as non-Persian) Sultanate sources as
16898-769: The university so that it could be retained as a national institution of higher education. Husain, who had served as a member of the Universities Commission between December 1948 and August 1949 however took regular charge only in early 1950 as he was incapacitated following a heart attack in October 1949. He set to work, attempting to dissociate the university from its past association with the Muslim League and restoring school discipline . Students released from prison for involvement in Communist activism were readmitted and socialists and communists from across North India took up
17040-453: The university's finances while also allowing it autonomy in governance. By the end of his tenure, Husain had turned around the fortunes of the university, helping it overcome the uncertainty it faced in independent India and become a national institution under the patronage of the Government of India. Husain served as a nominated Member of the Rajya Sabha from 3 April 1952 to 2 April 1956 and
17182-456: The vacancies created by the departure of Muslim nationalists for Pakistan . Husain also filled up vacant faculty positions with eminent academicians. In 1951, Parliament enacted the Aligarh Muslim University (Amendment) Act which converted the university from a private , aided university to an autonomous institution of the Government of India , fully maintained by it. This ensured stability in
17324-601: The violence in Delhi. Husain was appointed Vice Chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University in 1948, succeeding Nawab Ismail Khan. The university had been closely associated with the Pakistan Movement and had been a stronghold of the Muslim League . It was therefore perceived as a center of pro-Pakistan feeling and a threat to secular India . Maulana Azad , the Union Minister of Education , tasked Husain with leading
17466-571: The widespread prevalence of indigenous educational institutions in Bombay, Bengal and Madras Presidencies as well as in the Punjab, teaching a sophisticated curriculum, with daily school attendance by about 30% of children aged 6–15. In 1818, the fall of Maratha Empire lead to large parts of India coming under British rule. During the decade of 1820–30, detailed surveys of the indigenous education system that were prevalent in their provinces were conducted by
17608-586: The world in the modern sense of university, and all subjects there were taught in the Pali language . Secular institutions cropped up along Buddhist monasteries. These institutions imparted practical education such as medical studies. A number of urban learning centres became increasingly visible from the period between 500 BCE to 400 CE. The important urban centres of learning were Nalanda (in modern-day Bihar ), Vikramashila , and Odantapuri among others. These institutions systematically imparted knowledge and attracted
17750-404: Was 68.5%, of which male literacy rate was 62.9% and the female literacy rate was 70.8%. The Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes have a population of 138,184 and 332 respectively. There were 147,363 households in Aligarh as of 2011. The city lies in the cultural region of Braj . Languages in Aligarh (2011) Hindi is the most spoken language. Urdu is the second-largest language. Aligarh
17892-464: Was a political opponent of Muhammad Ali Jinnah , the leader of the Muslim League , who vetoed the Congress proposal to include Husain as a member of the Interim Government in 1946 . Husain however convinced Jinnah to attend the Jamia's silver jubilee celebration on 17 November 1946. At a time of rising animosity between the Congress and the Muslim League and worsening inter-communal relations ,
18034-467: Was also supported by UNICEF and other international programmes. "Corruption hurts the poor disproportionately – by diverting funds intended for development, undermining a government's ability to provide basic services, feeding inequality and injustice, and discouraging foreign investment and aid" (Kofi Annan, in his statement on the adoption of the United Nations Convention against Corruption by
18176-556: Was born in Hyderabad in 1897 and was of Afridi Pashtun descent, his forefathers having settled in the town of Qaimganj in the Farrukhabad district of modern Uttar Pradesh . His father, Fida Husain Khan, moved to the Deccan and established a successful legal career in Hyderabad where he settled in 1892. Husain was the third of seven sons of Fida Khan and Naznin Begum. He was homeschooled in
18318-583: Was built by French engineers under the control of French officers Benoît de Boigne and Perron . The Battle of Aligarh was fought on 1 September 1803 during the Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–1805) at Aligarh Fort . The British 76th Regiment , now known as the Duke of Wellington's Regiment besieged the fort, which was under the control of the French officer Perron , and established British rule. In 1804,
18460-560: Was chosen as the Congress party's candidate to succeed Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan as the President of India in the presidential election of 1967 . There was a lack of enthusiasm for the candidature of Husain within the party, but Prime Minister Indira Gandhi chose to nominate him as the party candidate over objections raised by K. Kamaraj , the party president , and other senior members of her cabinet. A coalition of seven opposition parties got
18602-550: Was closely associated with the Pakistan Movement, becoming Minister of Education in the Government of Pakistan and Vice-Chancellor at Dhaka and Karachi Universities . His nephew, General Rahimuddin Khan went on to become Pakistan's Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee and later Governor of Balochistan and Sindh . Masud Husain, the nephew from his eldest brother, became Professor Emeritus in Social Sciences at
18744-1044: Was compulsory, but secular subjects were also taught. Students were required to be brahmacharis or celibate. The knowledge in these orders was often related to the tasks a section of the society had to perform. Arts, crafts, Ayurveda, architecture, etc., were taught. With the advent of Islam in India the traditional methods of education increasingly came under Islamic influence. Pre-Mughal rulers such as Qutb-ud-din Aybak and other Muslim rulers initiated institutions which imparted religious knowledge. Scholars such as Nizamuddin Auliya and Moinuddin Chishti became prominent educators and established Islamic monasteries. Students from Bukhara and Afghanistan visited India to study humanities and science. Islamic institution of education in India included traditional madrassas and maktabs which taught grammar, philosophy, mathematics, and law influenced by
18886-586: Was established by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan as Madrasatul Uloom Musalmanan-e-Hind in 1875–78 which later became Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College (MAO College). It was designed to train Muslims for government services in India and prepare them for advanced training in British universities. The Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College became Aligarh Muslim University in 1920. It is famous for its Law, Medical, and Engineering courses. Ibn Sina Academy of Medieval Medicine and Sciences maintains 'Museum on History of Medicine and Sciences' and 'Museum on Arts, Culture and Orientalism'. It
19028-1105: Was established by a family Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman and Syed Ziaur Rahman at the heart of the city and near a busy market of Dodhpur. Aligarh Junction railway station is the primary station for Aligarh city and is a major stop on the Delhi-Kolkata route. It is an A-Class railway station. It is one of the oldest railway station of this route. It connects Aligarh to the states of West Bengal , Odisha , Bihar , Jharkhand , north-east and most of Uttar Pradesh, and important stations of cities such as New Delhi railway station , Mumbai Central , Kolkata , Bhopal Junction railway station , Indore , Jammu , Gwalior , Lucknow , Jhansi , Puri , Kanpur Central railway station , Etawah Junction railway station , Tundla Junction railway station , Agra Cantonment railway station and Varanasi . Aligarh railway station handles over 136 trains daily (in both directions) and serves around 204,000 passengers every day. Aligarh has one Branch Railway Line to Bareily. Aligarh City has following railway stations: Aligarh
19170-524: Was established to implement the scheme under Husain and E.W. Aryanayakam with Gandhi as its overall supervisor. Husain remained the President of the Hindustani Talimi Sangh from 1938 to 1950 when he was succeeded by Kaka Kalelkar . The scheme was wholly opposed by the Muslim League which saw the scheme as an attempt to gradually destroy Muslim culture in India and the focus on Hindustani language as
19312-412: Was found that three-quarters of the teachers were in attendance in the government primary schools that were inspected, only half of them were found teaching. Secondary education covers children aged 14 to 18, a group comprising 88.5 million children according to the 2001 Census of India . The final two years of secondary is often called Higher Secondary (HS), Senior Secondary, Intermediate or simply
19454-1253: Was however dismissed by the court. During his presidential tenure, Husain led state visits to Canada , Hungary , Yugoslavia , USSR and Nepal . Husain, who had an interest in roses , is credited with having introduced several new varieties in the Mughal Gardens of the Rashtrapati Bhavan and building a glass conservatory for its collection of succulents . Husain wrote extensively in Urdu and also translated several books into that language. His translations include Friedrich List 's National System of Economics , Edwin Cannan 's Elements of Economics and Plato 's Republic . He also wrote extensively on education in books such as Aala Taleem , Hindustan me Taleem ki az Sar-E-Nau Tanzeem , Qaumi Taleem and Taleemi Khutbat and on Urdu poets Altaf Hussain Hali in Hali: Muhibb-e-Wata n and Mirza Ghalib in Intikhab-e-Ghalib . Husain wrote several stories for children which he published under
19596-401: Was one of the 11 initial members who took the pledge. The society adopted a constitution for the university which stipulated that the Jamia would neither seek nor accept any help from the colonial administration, and that it would treat all religions impartially. Husain himself identified the aim of the Jamia as being to "keep alive Islamic culture and education and also help in the realization of
19738-455: Was renominated in 1956, serving until his resignation on 6 July 1957 following his appointment as the Governor of Bihar. For his services in the areas of culture and education Husain was conferred the Padma Vibhushan in 1954. Throughout the 1950s he was associated with various organizations working in the field of education. He was chairman, India Committee, International Students Service (1955),
19880-416: Was reported to be literate, with 81% for males and 65% for females. National Statistical Commission surveyed literacy to be 77.7% in 2017–18, 84.7% for male and 70.3% for female. This compares to 1981 when the respective rates were 41%, 53% and 29%. In 1951 the rates were 18%, 27% and 9%. India's improved education system is often cited as one of the main contributors to its economic development . Much of
20022-488: Was sworn in as acting president the same day. The Government of India declared thirteen days of national mourning . His body lay in state in the Durbar Hall of the Rashtrapati Bhavan where an estimated 200,000 people paid their tributes. The funeral was held on 5 May 1969. He is buried in the university campus of the Jamia Millia Islamia where his body was taken in a gun carriage in a ceremonial funeral procession , after
20164-415: Was the governor of Kol. He built a fort at Kol and named the city Muhammadgarh, after himself, in 1524–25. Sabit Khan, who was then the governor of this region, rebuilt the old Lodhi fort and named the town Sabitgarh, after himself. The ruler of Koil was Bargujar King Bahadur Singh who, in 1753, rose against the destruction of Hindu temples. The Jat ruler, Surajmal , with consent of Safdar Jang , occupied
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