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76-1355: (Redirected from Zain-ul-Abidin ) Zayn al-Abidin may also refer to: Ali al-Sajjad , also known by as Zayn al-Abidin, was the fourth imam in Shia Islam Zayn al-Abidin the Great (1395–1470), ninth sultan of Kashmir who ruled from 1418 to 1419 and then from 1420 to 1470 Zainul Abidin of Aceh (died 1579), sultan of Aceh in northern Sumatra Zaynul-ʻÁbidín (1818−1903) Iranian Baháʼí. Zainul Abidin (politician) (born 1948), Singaporean diplomat, politician and journalist Zainul Abedin (1914–1976), Bangladeshi painter Zainul Abedin (politician) ( c.  1944 –2014), Bangladeshi politician Zainulabedin Gulamhusain Rangoonwala (1913–1994), Indian businessman Zainulabedin Ismail Hamdulay (born 1970), Indian cardiac surgeon See also [ edit ] Zainal Abidin (disambiguation) Zayn (disambiguation) Zain (disambiguation) Zainal (disambiguation) Zainul (disambiguation) Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam (1931–2015), 11th President of India [REDACTED] Topics referred to by

152-496: A Sunni school of thought, Abu Hanifa , was a Kufan who had supported the Zaydi Revolt in the 730s; and his jurisprudence was systematised and defended against non-Iraqi rivals (starting with Malikism ) by other Kufans, such as al-Shaybani . Shirazi 's " Tabaqat ", which Hallaq labels "an important early biographical work dedicated to jurists", covered 84 "towering figures" of Islamic jurisprudence; to which Kufa provided 20. It

228-568: A century earlier than the founding of the town of Kufa, according to Moritz in the Encyclopaedia of Islam . The kufic script was derived from one of the four pre-Islamic Arabic scripts, the one called al-Hiri (used in Hirah ). (The other three were al-Anbari (from Anbar ), al-Makki (from Mecca ) and al-Madani (from Medina )). Ibn al-Nadim (died c.  999 ) the author of the famous Kitab al-Fihrist , an index of Arabic books, dedicates

304-489: A friendly relationship between al-Sajjad and Marwan, who in 684 succeeded Yazid's sickly son in the caliphate. Such sources even allege that al-Sajjad borrowed from Marwan to buy a concubine or that he was consulted by him about a message from the Byzantine emperor. In contrast, Shia sources contend that al-Sajjad interacted with authorities under the principle of religious dissimulation ( taqiyya ) to avoid persecution. In

380-425: A gift of Ibn Sa'd's head to al-Sajjad. When Mukhtar was himself killed by Ibn Zubayr's forces in 687, they did not harm al-Sajjad, which suggests that al-Sajjad had only weak ties to Mukhtar. Sources are contradictory as to what al-Sajjad thought of Mukhtar, although Shia sources are largely unsympathetic towards Mukhtar, in part because he championed Ibn al-Hanafiyya rather than al-Sajjad. Similarly, al-Sajjad

456-508: A lesser extent Syria , in Iraq there was no unbroken Muslim or Ishmaelite population dating back to the prophet Muhammad 's time. Therefore, Maliki (and Awza'i ) appeals to the practice amal () of the community could not apply. Instead the people of Iraq relied upon those Companions of Muhammad who settled there, and upon such factions from the Hijaz whom they respected most. A primary founder of

532-422: A pioneer in the science of judicial precedent. Additionally, Imam Muhammad al-Baqir and his son Jafar al-Sadiq made decisions from Medina that contributed to the law of Kufa; and to this day Shi‘ite law follows their example. Imam Abu Hanifa too learnt from al-Baqir and especially al-Sadiq. As a result, while Hanafi school is doctrinally Sunni, in practical terms Hanafi law is closer to Imami law than either

608-546: A rebellion among Kufans and they turned to Muhammad 's grandson Husayn for help and leadership. Yazid appointed Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad as the new Governor to put down the rebellion, and kill Husayn if he did not acknowledge his Caliphate, culminating in the Battle of Karbala . There was a period of relative calm during the short reign of Al-Mukhtar 's rulership, and the Umayyad-era Governorship of Al-Hajjaj . In 749,

684-530: A rival history, which became popular under Abbasid rule. This history does not survive but later historians like Tabari quoted from it extensively. Kufa is also where the kufic script was developed, the earliest script of the Arabic language . As the scholar al-Qalqashandi maintained, "The Arabic script [ khatt ] is the one which is now known as Kufic. From it evolved all the present hands." The angular script which later came to be known as Kufic had its origin about

760-775: A secluded, pious life after Karbala. Indeed, even though al-Sajjad was widely respected, he had few followers until the collapse of the Zubayrid counter-caliphate in 692. Such was his quiescent attitude that some Western historians are uncertain whether he put forward any claims to imamate. Yet some contemporary Shia figures, including Abu Khalid al-Kabuli and Qasim ibn Awf, are known to have switched their allegiance to al-Sajjad from Ibn al-Hanafiyya. For his part, Ibn al-Hanafiyya remained in his hometown of Medina and declined active leadership of Mukhtar's uprising. Ibn al-Hanafiyya neither repudiated Mukhtar's propaganda in his own favor nor made any public claims about succession to Husayn. On

836-530: A strip of land in Kufa, in 640. In the 640s, the Kufan commons were agitated that Umar's governor was distributing the spoils of war unfairly. In 642 ʻUmar summoned Saʻd to Medina with his accusers. Despite finding Sa'd to be innocent, Umar deposed him to avert ill feelings. At first, Umar appointed Ammar ibn Yasir and secondly Basra's first Governor Abū Mūsā al-Ashʻarī ; but the Kufan instigators accepted neither. ʻUmar and

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912-473: Is a storing away with your Lord and a deposit for which you will have no need for witnesses. If you deposit it in secret, you will be more confident of it than if you deposit it in public. You should know that it repels afflictions and illnesses from you in this world and it will repel the Fire from you in the next world. Risalat al-Huquq ( lit.   ' treatise on rights ' ) is attributed to al-Sajjad; it

988-442: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Ali al-Sajjad Ali ibn al-Husayn al-Sajjad ( Arabic : علي بن الحسين السجاد , romanized :  ʿAlī ibn al-Ḥusayn al-Sajjād , c.  658  – 712), also known as Zayn al-Abidin ( Arabic : زين العابدين , romanized :  Zayn al-ʿĀbidīn , lit.   'ornament of worshippers')

1064-543: Is highly regarded by the Shia. Ali al-Sajjad is seen by the Shia community as an example of patience and perseverance when numerical odds are against one. Ali al-Sajjad was born in Medina , or perhaps in Kufa , in the year 38 AH (658–659 CE ). Shia Muslims annually celebrate the fifth of Sha'ban for this occasion. Al-Sajjad was the great-grandson of Islamic prophet Muhammad , and

1140-542: Is located on the banks of the Euphrates River . It is 170 kilometres (110 mi) south of Baghdad , and 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) northeast of Najaf . The town has produced several Shi'ite Muslim scholars . It also contains several sites of importance to Shi'ites: Kufa is home to Al-Kufa SC , that plays in the second division of the Iraqi football league system, namely Iraqi Premier Division League . Its home stadium

1216-459: Is named for the city. After the Arabian hegemony and the fall of Persian Empire, and its geographic proximity to the imperial capital, Ctesiphon) at Battle of Al-Qadisiyyah in 636, Kufa was founded and given its name in 637–638 CE, about the same time as Basra . Kufa and Basra were the two amsar (garrison cities) of Iraq, serving as military bases and administrative centers. The Companion of

1292-573: Is often regarded as authentic by Shia scholars of hadith, although its whispered prayers ( munajat ) may have been artistically edited by others. Regarded as a seminal work in Islamic spirituality, al-Sahifa is also a rich source of Islamic teachings. Its prayer "Blessing Upon the Bearers of the Throne", for instance, summarizes the Islamic views about angels . The book was translated into Persian during

1368-547: Is one of five Iraqi cities that are of great importance to Shi'ite Muslims. The city was founded in 638 CE (17 Hijrah ) during the reign of the second Rashidun Caliph, Umar ibn Al-Khattab , and it was the final capital of the last Rashidun Caliph , Ali ibn Abi Talib . Kufa was also the founding capital of the Abbasid Caliphate . During the Islamic Golden Age it was home to the grammarians of Kufa . Kufic script

1444-560: Is to the other schools of jurisprudence i.e. of Malik , Shafi‘i , and Ibn Hanbal . Kufa was also among the first centers of Qur'anic interpretation , which Kufans credited to the exegete Mujahid (until he escaped to Mecca in 702). It further recorded general traditions as Hadith ; in the 9th century, Yahya ibn ‘Abd al-Hamid al-Himmani compiled many of these into a Musnad . Given Kufa's opposition to Damascus , Kufan traditionists had their own take on Umayyad history. The historian Abu Mikhnaf al-Azdi (d. 774) compiled their accounts into

1520-589: The Abbasids under al-Hasan ibn Qahtaba took Kufa and made it their capital. In 762, they moved their seat to Baghdad . Under the Umayyad and early Abbasid decades, Kufa's importance gradually shifted from caliphal politics to Islamic theory and practice. The city was sacked by the Qarmatians in 905, 924, and 927 , and it never fully recovered from the destruction. Wael Hallaq notes that by contrast with Medina and to

1596-741: The Abbasids’ overthrow of the Umayyads . As the Abbasids gradually turned against their former Shia allies, they carried most Kaysanites with themselves toward Sunnism. Among other Shia sects, the Isma'ilis believe that Husayn had designated Ibn al-Hanafiyya as a temporary imam to protect the identity of the true imam, that is, al-Sajjad. Most Zaydis , by contrast, do not count al-Sajjad among their imams, for his political quietism disqualifies him from Zaydi imamate. When al-Sajjad died, most of his followers accepted

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1672-505: The Safavid era; and its English translation, entitled The Psalms of Islam , is available with an introduction and annotations by the Islamicist W. Chittick . Numerous commentaries have been written about al-Sahifa . This supplication ( du'a' ) is attributed to al-Sajjad, and is transmitted by his companion Abu Hamza al-Thumali . The right of charity (sadaqa) is that you know it

1748-405: The 12th century, when Kufa was already long past the peak of its fortunes, but the coins might have arrived at the far north at a much earlier time. Kufa began to come under constant attack in the 11th century and eventually shrank and lost its importance. Over the last century, the population of Kufa began to grow again. It continues to be an important pilgrimage site for Shi'ite Muslims. Kufa

1824-586: The Arabs were continuing their conquest of western Persia under Uthman ibn Abi al-As from Tawwaj , but late in the 640s, these forces suffered setbacks. Uthman in 650 reorganised the Iranian frontier; both Basra and Kufa received new governors ( Sa'id ibn al-'As in Kufa's case), and the east came under Basra's command while north of that remained under Kufa's. The few but noticeable trouble makers in Kufa sought in 654 and had Sa'id deposed and instead showed satisfaction with

1900-461: The Governor of Kufa, after Hasan 's A.S migration to Medina, which was a peace treaty which dictated he abdicate his right to caliphate to avoid an open war among Muslims. Some of Hasan's A.S followers, like Hujr ibn Adi , were unhappy with the peace treaty, and did not change their ways according to the edicts of the new Governor. This became increasingly noticeable, since it created a rebellion against

1976-514: The Karbala massacre in private gatherings, fearing the Umayyads' wrath. Such gatherings were a form of protest against the Umayyad regime, and the precursor of Shia Muharram rituals . Personally, al-Sajjad was deeply affected by the Karbala massacre, to the point that for many years he frequently wept over it. He justified his prolonged grief with a reference to the Quranic verse 12:84, which describes

2052-570: The Kufans finally agreed on Al-Mughīrah ibn Shuʻbah . It was also conquered for few years by the Thaqafids dynasty led by Mokhtar Al Thaqafi after conquering Basra and other parts of Iraq. The city was built in a circular plan according to the Partho-Sasanian architecture . Following Umar's death (644), his successor Uthman replaced Mughirah with Al-Walid ibn Uqba in 645. This happened while

2128-609: The Prophet Saʻd ibn Abī Waqqas founded it as an encampment adjacent to the Lakhmid Arab city of Al-Hirah , and incorporated it as a city of seven divisions. Non-Arabs knew the city under alternate names: Hīrah and Aqulah , before the consolidations of ʻAbdu l-Mālik in 691. Umar, who assigned the land of the Jews in Arabia to his warriors, ordered the relocation of the Jews of Khaybar to

2204-415: The Shia scholar M. H. Tabataba'i . In particular, the Islamicist H. M. Jafri writes that Yazid is not known to have reprimanded his governor in the wake of the massacre, which does not suggest any remorse to Jafri. At any rate, such claims of remorse are in stark contrast to Yazid's earlier orders to his governor to either exact homage from Husayn or kill him. The alternative narrative suggests that

2280-431: The Umayyads. After his death, the mainstream Shia followed his eldest son, the equally quiescent Muhammad al-Baqir . Some others followed Muhammad's much younger half-brother, Zayd ibn Ali , whose rebellion was crushed by the Umayyads in 740, marking the birth of Zaydism . Some supplications attributed to al-Sajjad are collected in al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya ( lit.   ' the scripture of al-Sajjad ' ), which

2356-481: The a section of the first chapter to calligraphy. He was the first to use the word 'kufic' to characterize this script, which reached a state of decorative perfection in the 8th century, when surahs were used to decorate ceramics, for representations of nature were strictly forbidden under the Islamic regime. Al-Fihrist contains the biographies of many of the grammarian philologists from the school of Kufa and from its rival school of Basra . A third chapter treats of

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2432-451: The adherents of Wahhabism , a revivalist Saudi-backed movement that considers the veneration of Muslim saints a form of polytheism and a grave sin.( shirk ). Ali al-Sajjad either died from natural causes, or, as reported by Shia authorities, he was poisoned at the instigation of the reigning Umayyad caliph al-Walid ( r.  705–715 ) or perhaps his brother Hisham ( r.  724–743 ). Today, most Shias believe that Husayn

2508-534: The anti-Umayyad revolt in Medina. Ali al-Sajjad also prevented ill-treatment of Hisham ibn Isma'il when the latter was dismissed as the governor of Medina, even though Hisham had regularly insulted al-Sajjad. Ali al-Sajjad is seen by the Shia community as an example of patience and perseverance against numerically superior odds. Ali al-Sajjad had between eight and fifteen children, perhaps eleven boys and four girls. Four of his sons were born to Fatima bint Hasan and

2584-520: The battle of Neharwan, when Ali killed a lot of them. After the battle, al-Sajjad and other survivors were treated with respect by Yazid and taken to the Umayyad capital Damascus . Al-Sajjad was eventually allowed to return to his hometown of Medina , where he led a secluded life, without participating in the numerous pro- Alid uprisings against the Umayyads during the civil war of the Second Fitna . Instead, he devoted his life to worship and learning, and

2660-504: The beginning of the Zaydi (Shia) movement. Especially for early Zaydis, any (religiously) learned descendant of Ali ibn Abi Talib and Fatima qualified for leadership as long as he rose against the unjust government. Shia sources attribute some miracles to al-Sajjad: He spoke to a gazelle in the desert, restored youth to an old woman, and the sacred Black Stone in Mecca attested to his imamate in

2736-478: The caliph for treating the captives poorly, suggesting that such treatment was worse than the massacre. In Damascus, captives were paraded in the streets, and then imprisoned for a while, before being brought to the caliph. Yazid’s reaction to, and his culpability in, the events in Karbala have been debated in medieval and modern sources alike. The first narrative is that he treated the captives kindly after an initial, harsh interrogation, saying that he regretted

2812-454: The caliph of killing Husayn and blaming Ibn Ziyad. Part of the great mosque in Damascus , known as Mashhad Ali, marks where al-Sajjad was incarcerated. The captives were eventually freed and escorted back to Medina. Their caravan may have returned via Karbala, where they halted to mourn the dead. Sunni sources report of Yazid's remorse for the massacre and that he compensated the captives for

2888-524: The captives were brought to the caliph in a ceremony, who gloated over avenging his pagan relatives killed fighting Muhammad. Such accounts are given by the Islamicists T. Qutbuddin and R. Osman. According to some reports, Yazid also dishonored the severed head of Husayn with blows from a cane, although this last episode is sometimes attributed to Ibn Ziyad instead, in line with the Sunni tendency to exonerate

2964-550: The claim that al-Sajjad's mother was a Sasanian princess is specific to Shia sources. Shia accounts add that Yazdegerd’s daughter was brought to Medina as a captive during the reign of the second caliph , Umar ( r.  634–644 ). She was then allowed to choose her husband, Husayn, and died shortly after giving birth to her only son, Ali al-Sajjad. On 10 Muharram 61 AH (10 October 680), Husayn and his small caravan were intercepted and massacred in Karbala , present-day Iraq , by

3040-613: The companions of Muhammad and Ali ibn Abi Talib, such as Jabir ibn Abd Allah , Amir ibn Wathila al-Kinani , and Salama ibn Kahil . Among other notable companions of al-Sajjad were Abu Hamza al-Thumali, Aban ibn Taghlib , Abu Khalid al-Kabuli, Yahya ibn Umm Tawil, Sa'id ibn Jubayr , Sa'id ibn al-Musayyib, Muhammad and Hakim ibn Jubair ibn Mut'am, and Humran ibn Muhammad ibn Abd Allah al-Tayyar. Transmitters of hadith from al-Sajjad include Aban ibn Taghlib, Abu Hamza al-Thumali, Thabit ibn Hormuz Haddad, Amru ibn Thabit, and Salim ibn Abi Hafsa. Al-Sahifa al-Sajjadiyya ( lit.   '

3116-470: The conduct of his governor, and that he would have pardoned Husayn if he were alive. Such accounts are offered by the Islamicists L. Veccia Vaglieri , W. Madelung , and H. Halm . In contrast, M. Momen , another expert, believes that Yazid, fearing social unrest, released the captives as public opinion began to sway in their favor. Similar views are expressed by some other authors, including J. Esposito , R. Osman, K. Aghaie, D. Pinault, H. Munson, and

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3192-399: The effect that Husayn had designated al-Sajjad as his heir and successor. At the time, however, many Shias felt that, like Husayn, their imam should rise against the tyranny of the Umayyads. Given the quiescent attitude of al-Sajjad, these Shias rallied behind Mukhtar, who revolted in support of Ibn al-Hanafiyya. The latter thus initially diverted much support away from al-Sajjad, who led

3268-535: The forces of the Umayyad Caliph Yazid I ( r.  680–683 ), to whom Husayn had refused to pledge his allegiance. Ali al-Sajjad was also present there, in the Battle of Karbala, but was too ill to fight. After killing Husayn and his male relatives and supporters, the Umayyad troops looted his camp and some were intent on killing al-Sajjad but his life was ultimately spared. After the battle, al-Sajjad and

3344-417: The generosity of al-Sajjad in Shia sources. He bought and freed dozens of slaves in his lifetime, and secretly provided for destitute Medinans, who discovered, after his death, that al-Sajjad was the benefactor who regularly brought them food at night, while covering his face to preserve his anonymity. Among the stories about his forbearance and magnanimity, he is said to have sheltered Marwan's family during

3420-413: The grammarians from both schools. Kufan coins were among the numerous silver coins of various origins found in 1989 by the mouth of Dvina , right next to Arkhangelsk in the extreme north of Russia . The Kufan coins were the only non-European ones in the hoard, and testify to the very wide-ranging indirect trading links which Kufa had at one time. It is estimated the hoard was buried in the beginning of

3496-402: The grandson of the first Shia imam , Ali ibn Abi Talib , by the latter's marriage with Muhammad's daughter, Fatima . After his grandfather was assassinated in 661, al-Sajjad was raised by his uncle Hasan and his father, Husayn , the second and third Shia imams, respectively. Husayn also had two other sons named Ali, both of whom were killed in the Battle of Karbala in 680. The first one

3572-399: The imamate of his eldest son Muhammad , who is often known by the honorific al-Baqir ( lit.   ' the one who brings knowledge to light ' ). Indeed, popular Shia sources report that, before his death, al-Sajjad designated al-Baqir as his successor. Zayd , a much younger half-brother of Muhammad al-Baqir, also asserted a claim to leadership. Unlike the quiescent al-Baqir, Zayd

3648-549: The immense grief of Jacob during the absence of his son Joseph . After the Karbala massacre, Abd Allah , the son of Zubayr , who was a prominent companion of Muhammad , declared himself caliph in the Hejaz . He gradually gained popular support, to the extent that in 683 the Kufans forcibly replaced their Umayyad governor with a representative of Ibn Zubayr. Ali al-Sajjad remained neutral towards Ibn Zubayr, even leaving town during

3724-666: The murder of Uthman, factions developed. In an already emotionally charged atmosphere, Muawiyah's refusal to give allegiance to Ali as the Caliph without Ali avenging Uthman first eventually, led to war. While praying in the Great Mosque of Kufa , Ali was attacked by the Kharijite Abd-al-Rahman ibn Muljam . He was wounded by ibn Muljam's poison-coated sword while prostrating in the Fajr prayer. Muawiyah I appointed Ziyad ibn Abihi Al

3800-402: The one who is constantly prostrating in worship ' ) and al-Zaki ( lit.   ' the pure one ' ). He was also known as Dhu al-Thafenat, meaning ‘he who has calluses’ from frequent prostration in worship. Ali al-Sajjad was thin and resembled his grandfather, Ali ibn Abi Talib, both in appearance and demeanor. He spent much of his time in worship and learning, to the point that his face

3876-496: The other hand, perhaps Ibn al-Hanafiyya had secret designs for the caliphate, because he never pledged allegiance to Ibn Zubayr, who even imprisoned him until he was rescued by Mukhtar. Ibn al-Hanafiyya's followers among the Shia became known as the Kasaniyya , who continued to trace the imamate through his descendants. Some Kaysanites apparently joined al-Sajjad when Ibn al-Hanafiyya died in 700 or 701. Some others thought that he

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3952-402: The presence of Ibn al-Hanafiyya. Ali's teknonym ( kunya ) is reported variously as Abu al-Hasan, Abu al-Husayn, Abu Muhammad, Abu Bakr, and Abu Abd Allah. A reference to his devotion to worship, Ali's honorific title is Zayn al-Abidin ( lit.   ' ornament of worshipers ' ), by which he was already known during his lifetime. His other titles are al-Sajjad ( lit.   '

4028-538: The properties plundered by his soldiers. In contrast, Shia authorities contend that it was the captives' activism that compelled the caliph to eventually distance himself from the massacre. Similar views have been expressed by some contemporary authors. Ali al-Sajjad led a quiet and scholarly life after returning to Medina, confining himself to a small circle of followers and disciples. He kept aloof from politics and dedicated his time to prayer, which earned him his honorifics. For many years, al-Sajjad commemorated

4104-438: The rest were from concubines. Among his sons were Zayd and Abd Allah , and the eldest of them was Muhammad al-Baqir. Even though he was widely respected, al-Sajjad had few supporters until the collapse of the Zubayrid counter-caliphate in 692. Shia authors have listed 168 to 237 companions and narrators for al-Sajjad, some of whom believed in his infallibility ( ismah ). Some senior associates of al-Sajjad were among

4180-568: The return of Abu Musa , which Uthman approved seeking to please all. Kufa remained a source of instigations albeit from a minority. In 656 when the Egyptian instigators, in co-operation with those in Kufa, marched onto the Caliph Uthman in Medina , Abu Musa counselled the instigators to no avail. Upon Uthman's assassination by rebels, governor Abu Musa attempted to restore a non-violent atmosphere in Kufa. The Muslims in Medina and elsewhere supported

4256-538: The right of Ali ibn Abu Talib to the caliphate . In order to manage the military frontiers more efficiently, Ali shifted the capital from Medina to Kufa. The people of Syria and their governor, Muawiyah , who seized the Caliphate for himself and his family by using the confusion caused by the assassination of Caliph Uthman and being disturbed by the brutal assassination of the Caliph Uthman, demanded retribution. As Muawiyah mounted his campaign to hold Ali responsible for

4332-470: The ruler. However, Ziyad ibn Abihi was an equally keen strategist and politician, and was able to put down all challenges posed by the rebels against his rule. Throughout the Umayyad era, as was the case since the inception of the city by Umar ibn Khattab, there were those among Kufa's inhabitants who were rebellious to their rulers. Yazid I was declared as the Second Umayyad Caliph which led to

4408-408: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zayn_al-Abidin&oldid=1250173001 " Category : Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

4484-468: The scripture of al-Sajjad ' ) is the oldest collection of Islamic prayers. Shia tradition regards this book with great respect, ranking it behind only the Quran and Nahj al-balagha , which is attributed to Ali ibn Abi Talib. Fifty-four supplications form the core of the book, which also includes an addenda of fourteen supplications and another Fifteen Whispered Prayers . The book, attributed to al-Sajjad,

4560-400: The time, including al-Zuhri and Sa'id ibn al-Musayyib . These and some other hadith scholars have copied from al-Sajjad in Sunni sources. A poem praising al-Sajjad, attributed to the renowned poet al-Farazdaq , describes the ire of Hisham, prior to his caliphate, when crowds showed more respect to al-Sajjad than to Hisham during a hajj pilgrimage. There are also numerous stories about

4636-523: The unrest in Medina, and never pledging allegiance to Ibn Zubayr, but being left unmolested by him. Ali al-Sajjad was also not harmed by Yazid's forces, who later pillaged Medina after their victory at the Battle of al-Harra in 683. On this occasion, al-Sajjad, unlike others, was exempted from a renewed oath of allegiance to Yazid, perhaps because he had earlier sheltered the Umayyad Marwan ibn al-Hakam and his family. Some non-Shia sources describe

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4712-593: The wake of the Karbala massacre, the Tawwabins ( lit.   ' penitents ' ) in Kufa were the first to seek revenge. They revolted to atone for having deserted Husayn, meaning to deliver the caliphate to his son, al-Sajjad; but they were crushed in 684 by a much larger Umayyad army. There is no evidence that al-Sajjad was involved in this uprising. Shortly after Yazid's death in 683, Mukhtar al-Thaqafi appeared in Kufa, where he campaigned to avenge Husayn, while claiming to represent Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya , who

4788-430: The women were taken prisoner and marched to the nearby Kufa. They were badly treated along the way. Once in Kufa, they were paraded in shackles, and the women unveiled , around the city, along with the heads of the fallen. The captives were then presented to the Umayyad governor Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad , who boasted of killing Husayn and his relatives, calling it divine punishment. When al-Sajjad responded that Ibn Ziyad

4864-529: Was concealed by divine will and would eventually return to eradicate injustice on Earth. This was perhaps when the messianic concept of the Mahdi became mainstream in Shia Islam. Most Kaysanites, however, followed Ibn al-Hanafiyya's son, Abu Hashim . When the latter died, his imamate supposedly passed on to the Abbasids , that is, descendants of Muhammad’s uncle, Abbas . Kaysanites later proved instrumental in

4940-485: Was a freed slave girl ( umm walad ) from Sind . In contrast, Shia sources maintain that al-Sajjad’s mother a daughter of Yazdegerd III ( r.  632–651 ), the last Sasanian Emperor , who was overthrown during the Muslim conquest of Persia . Shia tradition thus refers to al-Sajjad as Ibn al-Khiyaratayn ( lit.   ' son of the best two ' ), a title that signifies his noble descent on both sides. However,

5016-492: Was a murderer, the governor ordered his execution but relented when al-Sajjad was protected by his aunt Zaynab , who asked to be killed first. Ibn Ziyad imprisoned the captives for a time and then sent them to the Umayyad capital, Damascus . As the captives were taken to Damascus, they were displayed from village to village along the way. A letter to Yazid, attributed to Muhammad's cousin Abd Allah ibn al-Abbas , chastises

5092-418: Was a son of Ali ibn Abi Talib, but not from the latter's marriage to Fatima. By some accounts, Mukhtar initially sought the support of al-Sajjad, who refused. Mukhtar's campaign in Kufa was nevertheless successful, and he seized control of the city in 686, whereupon he killed some of those thought to be responsible for the Karbala massacre, including Shimr, Ibn Sa'd, and Ibn Ziyad. Mukhtar may have even made

5168-475: Was an infant, identified in Shia literature as Ali al-Asghar ( lit.   ' Ali junior ' ). The second one was Ali al-Akbar ( lit.   ' Ali senior ' ), although some historical accounts suggest that al-Sajjad was instead the eldest son of Husayn. Al-Sajjad's mother is named variously in sources as Barra, Gazala, Solafa, Salama, Shahzanan, and Shahrbanu . According to some Sunni accounts, she

5244-480: Was bruised and his legs were swollen from lengthy prayers, according to his Shia biographer. He was also a leading authority on Islamic tradition ( hadith ) and law ( fiqh ), and was well known for his virtuous character and piety. For all these reasons, Muhammad's great-grandson was highly esteemed, even among non-Shia Muslims. This was particularly the case within the learned circles of Medina, such that among his associates and admirers were some top Sunni scholars of

5320-449: Was highly esteemed, even among proto- Sunnis , as a leading authority on Islamic tradition ( hadith ) and law ( fiqh ). He was also known for his piety and virtuous character. Being politically quiescent , al-Sajjad had few followers until late in his life, for many Shia Muslims were initially drawn to the anti-Umayyad movement of Mukhtar al-Thaqafi . Ali al-Sajjad died around 712, either from natural causes or having been poisoned by

5396-474: Was not harmed by the Umayyad commander al-Hajjaj , who defeated and killed Ibn Zubayr in 692. Ali al-Sajjad died in 94 or 95 AH (712–714 CE) and was buried next to his uncle Hasan in the al-Baqi cemetery in Medina. Shia Muslims annually commemorate this occasion on the eleventh of Safar . A shrine stood over his grave until its demolition in 1806; and then, after reconstruction, it was demolished again in 1925 or 1926, both demolitions being carried out by

5472-466: Was politically active. He revolted against the Umayyads in 740 but was soon killed. Perhaps to widen his support, Zayd accommodated some majority views that were not espoused by the early Shia. For instance, he did not condemn the first two caliphs, namely, Abu Bakr and Umar , who are denounced in Shia Islam as usurpers of Ali ibn Abi Talib's right to the caliphate. Such views, however, cost Zayd part of his support among Shias. Zayd's rebellion marks

5548-407: Was succeeded by al-Sajjad, whose imamate coincided with the caliphates of Yazid ( r.  680–683 ), Mu'awiya II ( r.  683–684 ), Marwan I ( r.  684–685 ), Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ( r.  685–705 ), and al-Walid I ( r.  705–715 ). As the only surviving son of Husayn, al-Sajjad was the natural candidate for the imamate. There are also some Shia traditions to

5624-466: Was the great-grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad , and the fourth imam in Shia Islam , succeeding his father, Husayn ibn Ali , his uncle, Hasan ibn Ali , and his grandfather, Ali ibn Abi Talib . Ali al-Sajjad was born around 658 CE . He survived the Battle of Karbala in 680, in which Husayn and his small caravan were massacred en route to Kufa by the people of Kufa who wanted to take revenge of

5700-535: Was therefore a center surpassed only by Medina (22), although Basra came close (17). Kufans could claim that the more prominent of Muhammad's Companions had called that city home: not only Ibn Abu Waqqas, Abu Musa , and Ali ; but also Abd Allah ibn Mas'ud , Salman the Persian , Ammar ibn Yasir , and Huzayfa ibn Yaman. Among its jurists prior to Abu Hanifa, Hallaq singles out Sa'id ibn Jubayr , Ibrahim al-Nakha‘i, and Hammad ibn Abi Sulayman; and considers Amir al-Sha‘bi

5776-1068: Was written at the request of a disciple. Available in two recensions, this book is concerned with social and religious responsibilities. It exhaustively describes the rights God bestows upon humans and the rights humans should give themselves and each other, as perceived in Islam. The book describes the social duties each human must observe, and that those are predicated on more fundamental duties, such as faith in God and obedience to Him. Abd Allah ibn Abbas Abu Hamza al-Thumali Abu Hatam al-A‘raji Abū Bakr ibn al-Barqi Abū Zar‘a al-Farazdaq al-Himyari Hammad ibn Zayd Ibn Shahab Ibn Zayd Jabir ibn Abdullah Mohammed ibn Muslim Mālik Sa'eed bin Jubair Salamah ibn Dinar Sa‘id ibn al-Musayyab Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz Yahya ibn Sa‘id Zayd ibn Aslam Kufa Along with Samarra , Karbala , Kadhimiya and Najaf , Kufa

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