47-816: Zaika is an Indian restaurant in Kensington , London. From 2001 to 2004 it was awarded a Michelin star, making it along with the Tamarind in London the first Indian restaurants to be awarded stars. In 2012 it was taken over and joined the same group that also owned the Tamarind restaurant. Shortly after, Zaika was launched as an Italian restaurant but this was not successful and in 2013, reopened once again as an Indian restaurant. 51°30′08″N 0°11′15″W / 51.5021°N 0.1876°W / 51.5021; -0.1876 This UK-based restaurant or restaurant chain article
94-788: A Scottish Robert Lindsay mentions a Sylheti man called Saeed Ullah cooking a curry for Lindsay's family. This is possibly the oldest record of Indian cuisine in the United Kingdom . Staple foods of Indian cuisine include pearl millet ( bājra ), rice , whole-wheat flour ( aṭṭa ), and a variety of lentils , such as masoor (most often red lentils ), tuer ( pigeon peas ), urad (black gram), and moong ( mung beans ). Lentils may be used whole, dehusked—for example, dhuli moong or dhuli urad —or split. Split lentils, or dal , are used extensively. Some pulses , such as channa or cholae ( chickpeas ), rajma ( kidney beans ), and lobiya ( black-eyed peas ) are very common, especially in
141-436: A baked salted wheat-flour cake filled with sattu (baked chickpea flour) and some special spices, which is served with baigan bharta , made of roasted eggplant ( brinjal ) and tomatoes. Among meat dishes, meat saalan is a popular dish made of mutton or goat curry with cubed potatoes in garam masala . Zebu The zebu ( / ˈ z iː b ( j ) uː , ˈ z eɪ b uː / ; Bos indicus ), sometimes known in
188-574: A better meat quality than the zebu and better heat resistance than European cattle. The zebu breeds used were primarily Indo-Brazilian with some Nelore and Guzerat. Another Charolais cross-breed with Brahmans is called Australian Charbray and is recognised as a breed in some countries. From the 1960s onwards, Nelore which is an off breed of Ongole Cattle became the primary breed of cattle in Brazil because of its hardiness, heat-resistance, and because it thrives on poor-quality forage and breeds easily, with
235-762: A consequence of the Neolithic Revolution and the diffusion of agriculture. Wheat and barley were first grown around 7000 BCE, when agriculture spread from the Fertile Crescent to the Indus Valley. Sesame and humped cattle were domesticated in the local farming communities. Mehrgarh is one of the earliest sites with evidence of farming and herding in South Asia . By 3000 BCE, turmeric , cardamom , black pepper and mustard were harvested in India. From Around 2350 BCE
282-454: A distinct species again. The American Society of Mammalogists considers it part of the species Bos taurus in analogy to Sanga cattle ( Bos taurus africanus Kerr , 1792 ). The International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature has not yet published a ruling on the classification of domestic derivatives and no scientific body advocates the abolition of the biological species concept for domestic animals. Currently (2024s), it
329-414: A distinctive garam masala blend—individual chefs may also have their own. The spices chosen for a dish are freshly ground and then fried in hot oil or ghee to create a paste. The process is called bhuna , the name also being used for a type of curry . There are other spice blends which are popular in various regions. Panch phoron is a spice blend which is popular in eastern India. Goda masala
376-660: A result of variation in local culture, geographical location (proximity to sea, desert, or mountains), and economics. It also varies seasonally, depending on which fruits and vegetables are ripe. Seafood plays a major role in the cuisine of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands . Staples of the diet of the Indigenous Andamanese traditionally include roots, honey, fruits, meat, and fish, obtained by hunting and gathering. Some insects were also eaten as delicacies. Immigration from mainland of India, however, has resulted in variations in
423-611: A role in introducing certain foods to India. The Columbian discovery of the New World brought a number of new vegetables and fruits. A number of these such as potatoes , tomatoes , chillies , peanuts , and guava have become staples in many regions of India. Indian cuisine has shaped the history of international relations ; the spice trade between India and Europe was the primary catalyst for Europe's Age of Discovery . Spices were bought from India and traded around Europe and Asia. Indian cuisine has influenced other cuisines across
470-717: A variety of lentils ( dal ), whole-wheat flour ( aṭṭa ), rice, and pearl millet ( bājra ), which has been cultivated in the Indian subcontinent since 6200 BCE. Over time, segments of the population embraced vegetarianism during the Śramaṇa movement while an equitable climate permitted a variety of fruits, vegetables, and grains to be grown throughout the year. A food classification system that categorised any item as saatvic , raajsic , or taamsic developed in Yoga tradition. The Bhagavad Gita proscribes certain dietary practices (chapter 17, verses 8–10). Consumption of beef
517-516: Is taboo , due to cows being considered sacred in Hinduism. Beef is generally not eaten by Hindus in India except for Kerala , parts of southern Tamil Nadu and the north-east. While many ancient Indian recipes have been lost in history, one can look at ancient texts to see what was eaten in ancient and pre-historic India. During the Middle Ages , several Indian dynasties were predominant, including
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#1732876080201564-641: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Indian restaurant Indian cuisine consists of a variety of regional and traditional cuisines native to the Indian subcontinent . Given the diversity in soil, climate, culture, ethnic groups, and occupations, these cuisines vary substantially and use locally available spices , herbs , vegetables , and fruits . Indian food is also heavily influenced by religion, in particular Hinduism and Islam , cultural choices and traditions. Historical events such as invasions, trade relations, and colonialism have played
611-463: Is a popular beverage in Arunachal Pradesh and is consumed as a refreshing drink. Assamese cuisine is a mixture of different indigenous styles, with considerable regional variation and some external influences. Although it is known for its limited use of spices, Assamese cuisine has strong flavours from its use of endemic herbs, fruits, and vegetables served fresh, dried, or fermented . Rice
658-510: Is a sweet spice mix which is popular in Maharashtra . Some leaves commonly used for flavouring include bay leaves ( tejpat ), coriander leaves, fenugreek ( methi ) leaves, and mint leaves. The use of curry leaves and roots for flavouring is typical of Gujarati and South Indian cuisine . Sweet dishes are often seasoned with cardamom, saffron , nutmeg , and rose petal essences. Cuisine differs across India's diverse regions as
705-507: Is another popular cooking medium. Butter-based ghee , or deshi ghee , is used commonly. Many types of meat are used for Indian cooking, but chicken and mutton tend to be the most commonly consumed meats. Fish and beef consumption are prevalent in some parts of India, but they are not widely consumed except for coastal areas, as well as the north east. The most important and frequently used spices and flavourings in Indian cuisine are whole or powdered chilli pepper ( mirch , introduced by
752-457: Is based on the development of their bodies to withstand the strain of carrying the calf and lactation. Early reproduction can place too much stress on the body and possibly shorten lifespans. The gestation period averages 285 days, but varies depending on the age and nutrition of the mother. The sex of the calf may also affect the carrying time, as male calves are carried for a longer period than females. Location, breed, body weight, and season affect
799-589: Is not correct to describe Zebu animals as Bos taurus indicus , but rather as Bos indicus , because they are a different species from Bos taurus . The extinct wild auroch ( Bos primigenius ) population diverged into two distinct genetic strains: the humpless Bos taurus (taurine) and the humped Bos indicus (indicine or zebu). Zebu cattle were found to derive from the Indian form of aurochs and have first been domesticated between 7,000 and 6,000 YBP at Mehrgarh , present-day Pakistan , by people linked to or coming from Mesopotamia . Its wild ancestor,
846-540: Is popular. Fresh aquatic fish is one of its most distinctive features; Bengalis prepare fish in many ways, such as steaming , braising , or stewing in vegetables and sauces based on coconut milk or mustard . East Bengali food, which has a high presence in West Bengal and Bangladesh, is much spicier than the West Bengali cuisine, and tends to use high amounts of chilli, and is one of the spiciest cuisines in India and
893-571: Is rice, along with fish, meat, and leaf vegetables . Native tribes of Arunachal are meat eaters and use fish, eggs, beef, chicken, pork, and mutton to make their dishes. Many varieties of rice are used. Boiled rice cakes wrapped in leaves are a popular snack. Thukpa is a kind of noodle soup common among the Monpa tribe of the region. Lettuce is the most common vegetable, usually prepared by boiling with ginger, coriander, and green chillies. Apong or rice beer made from fermented rice or millet
940-521: Is the staple food item and a huge variety of endemic rice varieties, including several varieties of sticky rice are a part of the cuisine in Assam. Fish, generally freshwater varieties, are widely eaten. Other non-vegetarian items include chicken, duck, squab, snails, silkworms, insects, goat, pork, venison, turtle, monitor lizard, etc. The region's cuisine involves simple cooking processes, mostly barbecuing, steaming, or boiling. Spices are not fried before use in
987-499: The Gupta dynasty . Travel to India during this time introduced new cooking methods and products to the region, including tea . India was later invaded by tribes from Central Asian cultures, which led to the emergence of Mughlai cuisine , a mix of Indian and Central Asian cuisine . Hallmarks include seasonings such as saffron . The Portuguese and British during their rule introduced cooking techniques such as baking, and foods from
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#17328760802011034-434: The Indian subcontinent , leading to diversity of flavours and regional cuisines found in modern-day India. Later, trade with British and Portuguese influence added to the already diverse Indian cuisine. See also: Meluhha , Indus–Mesopotamia relations , and Indian maritime history After 9000 BCE, a first period of indirect contacts between Fertile Crescent and Indus Valley civilizations seems to have occurred as
1081-735: The International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) in Nairobi, Kenya and in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia discovered that cattle had been domesticated in Africa independently of domestication in the Near East. They concluded that the southern African cattle populations derive originally from East Africa rather than from a southbound migration of taurine cattle. The results are inconclusive as to whether domestication occurred first in Africa or
1128-747: The Near East was present in Egypt around 4,000 YBP . Its first appearance in the Subsahara is dated to after 700 AD and it was introduced to the Horn of Africa around 1000. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the zebu Y chromosome haplotype groups are found in three different lineages: Y3A, the most predominant and cosmopolitan lineage; Y3B, only observed in West Africa; and Y3C, predominant in south and northeast India. Zebu, as well as many Sanga cattle, have humps on
1175-495: The New World and Europe. The new-world vegetables popular in cuisine from the Indian subcontinent include maize , tomato , potato , sweet potatoes , peanuts , squash , and chilli . Most New World vegetables such as sweet potatoes, potatoes, Amaranth , peanuts and cassava based Sago are allowed on Hindu fasting days. Cauliflower was introduced by the British in 1822. In the late 18th/early 19th century, an autobiography of
1222-648: The miniature zebu are also kept as pets . In some regions, zebu have significant religious meaning . Both scientific names Bos taurus and Bos indicus were introduced by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, with the latter used to describe humped cattle in China . The zebu was classified as a distinct species by Juliet Clutton-Brock in 1999, but as a subspecies of the domestic cattle , Bos taurus indicus , by both Clutton-Brock and Colin Groves in 2004 and by Peter Grubb in 2005. In 2011, Groves and Grubb classified it as
1269-507: The 19th century, many Odia-speaking cooks were employed in Bengal , which led to the transfer of several food items between the two regions. Bengali cuisine is the only traditionally developed multi-course tradition from the Indian subcontinent that is analogous in structure to the modern service à la russe style of French cuisine, with food served course-wise rather than all at once. Bengali cuisine differs according to regional tastes, such as
1316-469: The Indian aurochs, became extinct during the Indus Valley civilisation likely due to habitat loss, caused by expanding pastoralism and interbreeding with domestic zebu. Its latest remains ever found were dated to 3,800 YBP, making it the first of the three aurochs subspecies to die out. Archaeological evidence including depictions on pottery and rocks suggests that humped cattle likely imported from
1363-607: The Indus Valley Civilization. The ancient Hindu text Mahabharata mentions rice and vegetable cooked together, and the word "pulao" or "pallao" is used to refer to the dish in ancient Sanskrit works, such as Yājñavalkya Smṛti . Ayurveda , ancient Indian system of wellness, deals with holistic approach to the wellness, and it includes food, dhyana (meditation) and yoga . Early diet in India mainly consisted of legumes , vegetables , fruits , grains , dairy products , and honey . Staple foods eaten today include
1410-661: The Near East. Sanga cattle breeds is considered to have originated from hybridization of zebu with taurine cattle leading to the Afrikaner , Red Fulani , Ankole , Boran and many other breeds. Some 75 breeds of zebu are known, split about evenly between African and Indian breeds. Other breeds of zebu are quite local, like the Hariana from Haryana , Punjab or the Rath from Alwar district , Rajasthan . Zebu, which are adapted to high temperatures , were imported into Brazil in
1457-584: The Portuguese from Mexico in the 16th century), black mustard seed ( sarso ), cardamom ( elaichi ), cumin ( jeera ), turmeric ( haldi ), asafoetida ( hing ), ginger ( adrak ), coriander ( dhania ), and garlic ( lasoon ). One popular spice mix is garam masala , a powder that typically includes seven dried spices in a particular ratio, including black cardamom , cinnamon ( dalchini ), clove ( laung), cumin (jeera), black peppercorns, coriander seeds and anise star . . Each culinary region has
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1504-529: The World. Shondesh and Rashogolla are popular dishes made of sweetened, finely ground fresh cheese. For the latter, West Bengal and neighboring Odisha both claim to be the origin of dessert. Each state also has a geographical indication for their regional variety of rasgulla . The cuisine is also found in the state of Tripura and the Barak Valley of Assam. Bihari cuisine may include litti chokha ,
1551-435: The calves rarely requiring human intervention to survive. Currently more than 80% of beef cattle in Brazil (approximately 167,000,000 animals) are either purebred or hybrid Ongole Cattle which is originated from Ongle region of Andhra Pradesh. Zebu are used as draught and riding animals , beef cattle , dairy cattle , as well as for byproducts such as hides, dung for fuel and manure , and horn for knife handles and
1598-516: The cuisine of Assam. A traditional meal in Assam begins with a khar , a class of dishes named after the main ingredient and ends with a tenga , a sour dish. Homebrewed rice beer or rice wine is served before a meal. The food is usually served in bell metal utensils. Paan , the practice of chewing betel nut , generally concludes a meal. Mughal cuisine is a universal influencer in the Bengali palate, and has introduced Persian and Islamic foods to
1645-612: The cuisine. The cuisine of Andhra Pradesh belongs to the two Telugu-speaking regions of Rayalaseema and Coastal Andhra and is part of Telugu cuisine . The food of Andhra Pradesh is known for its heavy use of spices, and the use of tamarind . Seafood is common in the coastal region of the state. Rice is the staple food (as is with all South Indian states) eaten with lentil preparations such as pappu (lentils) and pulusu (stew) and spicy vegetables or curries. In Andhra, leafy greens or vegetables such as bottle-gourd and eggplant are usually added to dal . Pickles are an essential part of
1692-465: The early 20th century. Their importation marked a change in cattle ranching in Brazil as they were considered "ecological" since they could graze on natural grasses and their meat was lean and without chemical residues. In the early 20th century in Brazil, Zebu were crossbred with Charolais cattle , a European taurine breed. The resulting breed, 63% Charolais and 37% zebu, is called the Canchim . It has
1739-455: The emphasis on the use of chilli pepper in the Chittagong district of Bangladesh However, across all its varieties, there is predominant use of mustard oil along with large amounts of spices. The cuisine is known for subtle flavours with an emphasis on fish , meat, vegetables, lentils, and rice. Bread is also a common dish in Bengali cuisine, particularly a deep-fried version called luchi
1786-733: The evidence for imports from the Indus to Ur in Mesopotamia have been found, as well as Clove heads which are thought to originate from the Moluccas in Maritime Southeast Asia were found in a 2nd millennium BC site in Terqa . Akkadian Empire records mention timber, carnelian and ivory as being imported from Meluhha by Meluhhan ships, Meluhha being generally considered as the Mesopotamian name for
1833-500: The island. Zebu are wrestled by young men in a competitive ritual of courtship called tolon'omby . Within the Indian state of Tamil Nadu , zebu are used for jallikattu . In 1999, researchers at Texas A&M University successfully cloned a zebu. Zebu are venerated in Hinduism of India. In the historical Vedic religion they were a symbol of plenty. In later times they gradually acquired their present status. According to
1880-526: The like. Zebu, mostly miniature zebu , are kept as pets . In India, the number of draft cattle in 1998 was estimated at 65.7 million head. Zebu cows commonly have low production of milk. They do not produce milk until maturation later in their lives and do not produce much. When zebus are crossed with taurine cattle, milk production generally increases. In Madagascar , zebu outnumber people, and there are an "astonishing" 6,813 Malagasy proverbs, common sayings, and expressions referring to zebu in parlance on
1927-437: The local cuisine; popular among those are mango-based pickles such as avakaya and maagaya , gongura (a pickle made from sorrel leaves), usirikaya (gooseberry or amla ), nimmakaya (lime), and tomato pickle. Perugu (yogurt) is a common addition to meals, as a way of tempering spiciness. Breakfast items include dosa , pesarattu (mung bean dosa ), vada , and idli . The staple food of Arunachal Pradesh
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1974-644: The northern regions. Channa and moong are also processed into flour ( besan ). Many Indian dishes are cooked in vegetable oil , but peanut oil is popular in northern and western India, mustard oil in eastern India, and coconut oil along the western coast, especially in Kerala and parts of southern Tamil Nadu. Gingelly (sesame) oil is common in the south since it imparts a fragrant, nutty aroma. In recent decades, sunflower , safflower , cottonseed , and soybean oils have become popular across India. Hydrogenated vegetable oil, known as Vanaspati ghee ,
2021-574: The overall health of the animal and in return may also affect the gestation period. The zebu is susceptible to nagana as it does not exhibit trypanotolerance . It is said to be resilient to parasites. Zebu are very common in much of Asia, including Pakistan, India, Nepal , Bangladesh and China. In Asia, taurine cattle are mainly found in the northern regions such as Japan , Korea , northern China and Mongolia . In China, taurine cattle are most common in northern breeds, zebu more common in southern breeds, with hybrids in between. Geneticists at
2068-607: The plural as indicine cattle , Camel cow or humped cattle , is a species or subspecies of domestic cattle originating in South Asia . Zebu, like many Sanga cattle breeds, differs from taurine cattle by a fatty hump on their shoulders, a large dewlap , and sometimes drooping ears. They are well adapted to withstanding high temperatures and are farmed throughout the tropics . Zebu are used as draught and riding animals , dairy cattle and beef cattle , as well as for byproducts such as hides and dung for fuel and manure . Some small breeds such as Nadudana also known as
2115-546: The region, as well as a number of more elaborate methods of preparing food, like marination using ghee. Fish, meat (chicken, goat meat), egg, rice, milk, and sugar all play crucial parts in Bengali cuisine. Bengali cuisine can be subdivided into four different types of dishes, charbya (চারব্য), or food that is chewed, such as rice or fish; choṣya , or food that is sucked, such as ambal and tak ; lehya (লেহ্য), or foods that are meant to be licked, like chuttney ; and peya (পেয়ে), which includes drinks, mainly milk. During
2162-620: The shoulders, large dewlaps and droopy ears. Compared to taurine cattle, the zebu is well adapted to the hot tropical savanna climate and steppe environments. These adaptations result in higher tolerance for drought, heat and sunlight exposure. Studies on the natural weaning of zebu cattle have shown that cows wean their calves over a 2-week period, but after that, continue to show strong affiliatory behavior with their offspring and preferentially choose them for grooming and as grazing partners for at least 4–5 years. Zebu are generally mature enough to give birth when they are 29 months old. This
2209-609: The world, especially those from Europe ( Britain in particular), the Middle East , Southern African , East Africa , Southeast Asia , North America , Mauritius , Fiji , Oceania , and the Caribbean . World Wildlife Fund (WWF)’s Living Planet Report released on 10 October 2024 emphasized India’s food consumption pattern as the most sustainable among the big economies ( G20 countries ). Indian cuisine reflects an 8,000-year history of various groups and cultures interacting with
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