Misplaced Pages

#186813

164-726: The city of Zacatlán is located at an altitude of 2000 meters above sea level in the Sierra Norte de Puebla region of the state, 130 kilometers from the state capital . Its main economic activities relate to agriculture and commerce. The city is next to the Ajajalpan River, a tributary of the Necaxa and whose waters eventually flow into the Gulf of Mexico via the Tecolutla . It is surrounded by hundreds of thousands of apple and other fruit trees, which fill

328-599: A Lady of the Lake , while either removing or altering many other episodes. Merlin's magical interventions in the Post-Vulgate versions of his story are relatively limited and markedly less spectacular, even compared to the magical feats of his own students, and his character becomes less moral. In addition, Merlin's prophecies also include sets of alternative possibilities (meaning future can be changed) instead of only certain outcomes. The Post-Vulgate Cycle has Merlin warn Arthur of how

492-493: A Neoclassical facade, with seventeen arches that contain the names of the communities that contributed to the building's construction. On the opposite side is the former Franciscan monastery founded in 1567, which was the center of evangelization efforts for the area. It is the oldest such construction in the state of Puebla and the church is the only one in Latin America which has been in continuous use since its founding. In

656-523: A kiosk which hosts live music on Sundays. However, it most famous feature is its flower clock, made by the workshops of León Olvera, founder of the Centenario Clock company. This clock has two faces, each of which is five meters in diameters. It is unique in that it is the only double faced flower clock whose hands are moved by a single mechanism. On one side of the plaza is the municipal palace or government building. This structure dates to 1876 and has

820-575: A wild man of the wood in the 6th century. He roamed the Caledonian Forest until he was cured of his madness by Kentigern, also known as Saint Mungo . Geoffrey had Myrddin in mind when he wrote his earliest surviving work, the Prophetiae Merlini ("Prophecies of Merlin", c. 1130), which he claimed were the actual words of the legendary poet (including some distinctively apocalyptic prophecies for Geoffrey's contemporary 12th century); however,

984-406: A wise old man with a long white beard, creating a modern wizard archetype reflected in many fantasy characters, such as J. R. R. Tolkien 's Gandalf or J. K. Rowling 's Dumbledore , who also use some of his other traits. While some modern authors write about Merlin positively through an explicitly Christian world-view, some New Age movements instead see Merlin as a druid who accesses all

1148-557: A "wild man" figure, evoking his prototype Myrddin Wyllt, as a civilized man of any age (including as a very young child), or even as a talking animal. His guises can be highly deformed and animalistic even when Merlin is presenting as a human or humanoid being. In the Perceval en prose (also known as the Didot Perceval and usually also attributed to Robert), where Merlin is the initiator of

1312-453: A Lady of the Lake, or the "chief Lady of the Lake" in the case of Malory's Nimue. In Perceforest , the ancestry of both Merlin and the Lady of the Lake is descended from the ancient fairy Morgane (unrelated to Arthur's sister), who cursed their bloodline when she wrongly believed that her daughter was raped by her daughter's human lover. Viviane's character in relation to Merlin is first found in

1476-406: A basketball tournament. A cheese filled bread is a local specialty, sold only in the city. The name Zacatlán comes from Nahuatl and mean “place of zacate grass.” The appendage “de las Manzanas” is Spanish for “of the apples,” which is derived from the area's abundance production of apples. The city is known by two other names Zacatlan de Marques Galindo and San Pedro Zacatlan. The first to settle

1640-420: A broken clock at his home. He was self-taught, even making the needed tools himself with only the materials and other items found on the farm. He began to build and sell clocks in 1909 and created his first monumental clock in 1918, when he was seventeen years old. This prompted the founding the first clock factory in Latin America, Centenario, which specialized in monumental clocks, located on Calle Nigromante near

1804-706: A cave, a tree, or hole either within or under a large rock (according to Le Morte d'Arthur , this happens somewhere in Benwick, the kingdom of Lancelot's father ), or an invisible tower made of magic with no physical walls. The scene is often placed in the enchanted forest of Brocéliande , a legendary location today identified with the real-life Paimpont forest in Brittany. A Breton tradition cited by Roger Sherman Loomis in Celtic Myth and Arthurian Romance (where he also asserts that it "seems almost certain that Morgan le Fay and

SECTION 10

#1733086295187

1968-1139: A champion for the idea of return to nature. Diverging from his traditional role in medieval romances, Merlin is also sometimes portrayed as a villain. As Peter H. Goodrich wrote in Merlin: A Casebook : Merlin's primary characteristics continue to be recalled, refined, and expanded today, continually encompassing new ideas and technologies as well as old ones. The ability of this complex figure to endure for more than fourteen centuries results not only from his manifold roles and their imaginative appeal, but also from significant, often irresolvable tensions or polarities [...] between beast and human (Wild Man), natural and supernatural (Wonder Child), physical and metaphysical (Poet), secular and sacred (Prophet), active and passive (Counselor), magic and science (Wizard), and male and female (Lover). Interwoven with these primary tensions are additional polarities that apply to all of Merlin's roles, such as those between madness and sanity, pagan and Christian, demonic and heavenly, mortality and immortality, and impotency and potency. Things named in honour of

2132-514: A convent named in honour of Saint Rose of Lima. This is where the story of the invention of mole poblano takes place. In 1869, it ceased being a convent and became a psychiatric hospital. In the 20th century the Ceramic Museum was founded in the building's kitchen, with the rest of the building occupied as tenements for about 1500 people. In 1973, the Museo de Arte Cultural Poblano was founded and in 2000

2296-695: A house of glass (Welsh: Tŷ Gwydr ) with the Thirteen Treasures of the Island of Britain (Welsh: Tri Thlws ar Ddeg Ynys Prydain ). One site of his tomb is said to be Marlborough Mound in Wiltshire , known in medieval times as Merlebergia (the Abbot of Cirencester wrote in 1215: "Merlin's tumulus gave you your name, Merlebergia" ). Another site associated with Merlin's burial, in his 'Merlin Silvestris' aspect,

2460-468: A large K-12 school on the site, also work in other pastoral, justice, peace, and environmental activities. The Church of Santo Domingo is located on 5 de Mayo Street. The main portal is of pure classic style finished in gray cantera stone. It consists of three levels with paired Doric-like columns. The façade of the old monastery is highly decorated in Baroque style, in front of which is a large atrium. Inside

2624-588: A lustful demon and an unmarried beautiful young lady and was never baptized. As the Arthurian myths were retold, Merlin's prophetic " seer " aspects were sometimes de-emphasized (or even seemingly vanish entirely, as in the fragmentary and more fantastical Livre d'Artus ) in favor of portraying him as a wizard and an advisor to the young Arthur, sometimes in the struggle between good and evil sides of his character, and living in deep forests connected with nature. Through his ability to change his shape, he may appear as

2788-442: A major producer of apples since 1600. Lately, this production has fallen due to the lack of advanced cultivation methods. The city is surrounded by an estimated 700,000 apple trees, 300,000 plum trees and 150,000 pear trees. Livestock mostly consists of cattle and sheep for wool, with some mules and domestic fowl. Various communities have fishing and fish farming especially Xoxanacatla and Tepeixco which produce trout and carp . There

2952-474: A major weakness that leads him to his relatively early doom: young beautiful women of femme fatale archetype. Contrary to many modern works in which they are archenemies, Merlin and Morgan are never opposed to each other in any medieval tradition, other than Morgan forcibly rejecting him in some texts. In fact, his love for Morgan is so great that he even lies to the king to save her in the Huth Merlin , which

3116-542: A million bottles of cider each year, using about 10,000 tons of apples. It also promotes other local projects such as jams, soft drinks, preserved fruit and other fruit wines. The Festival Cuaxochitl, which occurs in May, is dedicated to the area's indigenous ethnicities. The town hosted its first Feria de Activación Física Regional (Regional Physical Activity Fair) in 2011 as part of federal efforts to combat obesity. The event included classes in aerobics, exhibitions of tae kwan do and

3280-571: A monastery and cemetery here. In 1661, this complex came under the control of regular priests. In 1676, the area was reorganized as the Indian Republic of Zacatlán. The cultivation of apples was introduced in the early 17th century and has been a major economic factor since. In 1776, there was a conspiracy against Spanish rule in the area but this was discovered and the leaders condemned to death. The next efforts here for independence occurred in 1810 under Luis Servia and Andrés Aguilera, organized more

3444-509: A northern Welsh and southern Scottish story of the mad prophet Lailoken ( Laleocen ), probably the same as Myrddin son of Morfryn ( Myrddin map Morfryn ) mentioned in the Welsh Triads, and with Buile Shuibhne , an Irish tale of the wandering insane king Suibihne mac Colmáin (often Anglicised to Sweeney ). In Welsh poetry, Myrddin was a bard who was driven mad after witnessing the horrors of war and subsequently fled civilization to become

SECTION 20

#1733086295187

3608-539: A portion of the building. The murals are frescos, which are the only surviving non-religious examples from the 16th century in their original place in Mexico. The gray stone façade is completely smooth to let the main portal, of Renaissance style, stand out. The portal contains and upper and lower portion with a crest. The Teatro Principal de Puebla (Main Theater of Puebla) was inaugurated in 1761 by Miguel de Santamaría. In 1902,

3772-648: A relationship between the two figures does exist, however, it may rather be a reverse one in which the Merlin tradition inspired the later accounts of the saint's miracles and life. Geoffrey's composite Merlin is based mostly on the North Brythonic poet and seer Myrddin Wyllt , that is Myrddin the Wild (known as Merlinus Caledonensis or Merlin Sylvestris in later texts influenced by Geoffrey). Myrddin's legend has parallels with

3936-761: A righteous seer chastising people for their sins, as does the 13th-14th Italian story collection Il Novellino which draws heavily from it. An even more political Italian text was Joachim of Fiore 's Expositio Sybillae et Merlini , directed against Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor whom the author regarded as the Antichrist. The Orygynale Cronykil of Scotland , which sympathizes with Mordred as usual in Scottish chronicle tradition, particularly attributes Merlin's supernatural evil influence on Arthur to its very negative portrayal of his rule. The earliest Merlin text written in Germany

4100-462: A similar etymology: Morij:n , 'the maritime' or 'born of the sea'. There is no obvious connection between Merlin and the sea in the texts about him, but Claude Sterckx has suggested that Merlin's father in the Welsh texts, Morfryn, might have been a sea spirit. Philippe Walter connected it with the figure of the insular Celtic sea god Manannán . Folklorist Jean Markale proposed that the name of Merlin

4264-710: A vast cyclical series of Old French prose works also known as the Vulgate Cycle, in the form of the Estoire de Merlin ( Story of Merlin ), also known as the Vulgate Merlin or the Prose Merlin . There, while not identifying his mother, it is stated that Merlin was named after his grandfather on her side. The Vulgate's Prose Lancelot further relates that after growing up in the borderlands between 'Scotland' (i.e. Pictish lands) and 'Ireland' (i.e. Argyll ), Merlin "possessed all

4428-420: A zip line. Commerce, services and tourism employ 31.5% of the working population. Puebla, Puebla Puebla de Zaragoza ( Spanish pronunciation: [ˈpweβla] ; Nahuatl languages : Cuetlaxcoapan ; Mezquital Otomi : Nde'ma ), formally Heroica Puebla de Zaragoza , formerly Puebla de los Ángeles during colonial times, or known simply as Puebla , is the seat of Puebla Municipality . It

4592-503: Is a geyser, not a volcano. The word Cuexcomate comes from the Nahuatl "clay pot" or "place to keep" and has been used to store meals and dispose of dead bodies. The Amparo Museum is housed in two colonial-era buildings from the 17th and 18th centuries that were popularly known as El Hospitalito. One was the Hospital of San Juan de Letrán, which was converted into a college for women. The other

4756-600: Is a local version of danzón called Zacatlán de la Manzanas performed here, a work by local musician Pedro Escandon. The festival generally exhibits and sells over 100,000 crates of apples as well as hundreds of crates of plums and pears. The festival is dedicated to Our Lady of the Assumption . Another major apple-related event is the Cider Festival in November, which draws about 10,000 visitors each year. The town produces about

4920-424: Is a mansion from the 18th century. It was joined to the hospital and then became the "Deposito de Mujeres Casadas" (Refuge of Married Women) This was established in 1606 for women whose husbands were gone for long periods of time. However, the idea was not popular with women and in 1609, it became the asylum for "lost women," those obligated to be secluded for some reason. This facility was moved to another building and

5084-725: Is also some beekeeping as well. Loggable tree species are mostly harvested for the manufacture of furniture and construction materials. These activities employ 47.2% of the working population. Most industry is in small factories and workshops producing apple cider and other fruit wines, pottery, fireworks, coffee processing and breads. The best known factory is the Centenario Clock in the municipal seat. The making of fruit wines and dried fruits are an important supplement to agriculture. Fruit wine includes one called Fourteen Tortillas, made with herbs. Zacatlán processes about 10,000 tons of apples to make cider, with about eighty percent sold in December for

Zacatlán - Misplaced Pages Continue

5248-598: Is an area of pine forests traversed by the San Pedro River which has cut a small canyon which is up to 400 meters deep. The ravine has a number of features such as the Espinazo del Diablo (Devil's Spine), the Balcon de la Primavera (Spring Balcony) and on the west side the Balcon del Diablo (Devil's Balcony) which offers views of the large rock outcroppings which resemble human figures, called Los Frailes (The Friars). It also contains

5412-494: Is an area provided for vendors who visit and sell their wares on blankets spread on the ground. Cuexcomate is a geyser cone thirteen meters tall with a diameter of 23 meters. The geyser is inactive and located in the La Libertad neighborhood of the city of Puebla. There is a spiral staircase going down into the crater itself. Cuexcomate was mistakenly called the smallest volcano in the world due to its shape. However, this

5576-551: Is created as a demon spawn, but in Robert's account he is explicitly to become the Antichrist intended to reverse the effect of the Harrowing of Hell . The infernal plot is thwarted when a priest named Blaise  [ fr ] (the story's narrator and perhaps Merlin's divine twin in a hypothetical now-lost oral tradition ) is contacted by the child's mother; Blaise immediately baptizes

5740-466: Is dedicated to visual arts such as painting, sculpture, ceramics, metal etching , photography, video, and others and belongs to the Secretary of Culture of the state of Puebla. It is housed in the old La Violeta textile factory, which dates back to 1908, and was one only many factories in this area at that time. This building was renovated between 1995 and 1998 for this museum. The International Museum of

5904-548: Is derived from the Brythonic name of the legendary bard Myrddin that Geoffrey of Monmouth Latinised to Merlinus in his works. Medievalist Gaston Paris suggests that Geoffrey chose the form Merlinus rather than the expected *Merdinus to avoid a resemblance to the Anglo-Norman word merde (from Latin merda ) for feces. 'Merlin' may also be an adjective, in which case he should be called "The Merlin", from

6068-455: Is done in gray cantera stone in which are sculpted large jars and flowers. The main portal is of Churrigueresque style, flanked by large panels of tilework surrounded by Plateresque decoration. Inside is a Plateresque choir, Neoclassic altarpieces and the mummified body of the beatified, and soon to be canonized as a saint, Sebastian de Aparicio . The large friary complex houses an active group of Franciscan friars, who in addition to running

6232-633: Is located at the Valley of Puebla also known as the Valley of Cuetlaxcoapan, a large valley surrounded on four sides by the mountains and volcanoes of the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt . It is located 40 kilometres (25 miles) east of the Popocatépetl and Iztaccíhuatl volcanoes, giving residents views of their snow-topped peaks. Due to the proximity to the Popocatépetl, Puebla is sometimes exposed to

6396-587: Is located near the monastery, just off the main square. It is a basilica type church in Renaissance style with its main portal dating from 1564. The facade has a sculpture of Saint James the Greater flanked by angels which wear Totonaca style loincloths and boots. Its main doors are made of wood and the Virgin of Guadalupe chapel displays gold leaf work and a number of oil paintings, which were done by local artists. In

6560-412: Is named for the intricate mortar work that covers its façade. Alfeñique is a kind of sugar and almond candy. It was constructed by Antonio Santamaría de Incháurregui for Juan Ignacio Morales, who was a master ironsmith. The façades also contain ironwork balconies, cornices and a crown. The house was left to the state by Alejandro Ruiz Olavarrieta in 1896. It was first used to house the first public museum in

6724-555: Is noted for its production of ixtle items. Although the neighboring municipality of Chignahuapan is more famous for its glass Christmas ornaments, Zacatlán makes them as well. The main producer is the Martínez Luna family, which creates spheres in various shapes, sizes and colors. There are ten other workshops in the city. There are deposits of minerals such as manganese, iron calcite, phosphorus, zinc, quartz, feldspar, gold, silver, lead, copper and antimony. These activities employ 17.9% of

Zacatlán - Misplaced Pages Continue

6888-421: Is of French origin and means 'little blackbird', an allusion to the mocking and provocative personality usually attributed to him in medieval stories. The Welsh Myrddin could be also phonetically connected to the name Martin and some of the powers and other attributes of the 4th-century French Saint Martin of Tours (and his disciple Saint Hilaire) in hagiography and folklore are similar to these of Merlin. If

7052-550: Is perhaps the most frequently portrayed Arthurian character." According to Stephen Thomas Knight , Merlin embodies a conflict between knowledge and power: beginning as a symbol of wisdom in the first Welsh stories, he became an advisor to kings in the Middle Ages, and eventually a mentor and teacher to Arthur and others in the works around the world since the 19th century. Since the Romantic period, Merlin has been typically depicted as

7216-499: Is the capital and largest city of the state of Puebla , and the fourth largest city in Mexico , after Mexico City , Monterrey , and Guadalajara . A viceregal era planned city , it is located in the southern part of Central Mexico on the main route between Mexico City and Mexico's main Atlantic port, Veracruz —about 100 km (62 mi) east southeast of Mexico City and about 220 km (140 mi) west of Veracruz. The city

7380-538: Is the confluence of the Pausalyl Burn and River Tweed in Drumelzier , Scotland. The 15th-century Scotichronicon tells that Merlin himself underwent a triple-death , at the hands of some shepherds of the under-king Meldred : stoned and beaten by the shepherds, he falls over a cliff and is impaled on a stake, his head falls forward into the water, and he drowns. The fulfillment of another prophecy, ascribed to Thomas

7544-444: Is the only instance of him ever intentionally misleading Arthur. Instead, Merlin's eventual undoing comes from his lusting after another of his female students: the one often named Viviane, among various other names and spellings (including Malory's own Nyneve that his editor William Caxton changed to Nymue which in turn eventually became the now-popular Nimue). She is also called a fairy (French fee ) like Morgan and described as

7708-516: Is the same; the underground dragons, one white and one red, represent the Saxons and the Britons, and their final battle is a portent of things to come. At this point Geoffrey inserted a long section of Merlin's prophecies, taken from his earlier Prophetiae Merlini . Geoffrey also told two further tales of the character. In the first, Merlin creates Stonehenge as a burial place for Aurelius Ambrosius, bringing

7872-686: The Battle of Puebla on 5 May 1862. The chapel of the Loreto fort contains a former chapel, which is now the Museo de la No Intervención (Museum of Non-Intervention). This is to commemorate a non-aggression pact signed by Mexico and Central American and two South American countries in the 1960s. The Museo de Guerra del Fuerte (Fort War Museum) de Loreto y Guadalupe is located in this fort as well. This museum contains cannons, shotguns, swords, documents and other objects related to this battle. The Galería de Arte Contemporáneo y Diseño (Gallery of Contemporary Art and Design)

8036-601: The French intervention in Mexico on 5 May 1862 in the Battle of Puebla , defending Mexican forces under Ignacio Zaragoza defeated the French army under Count de Lorencez . The city's name was changed to Puebla de Zaragoza in 1862, by a decree issued by Benito Juárez and the holiday "5 de Mayo" ( Cinco de Mayo ) is a major annual event here. The city was attacked again by the French in 1863, who succeeded in taking it. French forces left in 1866 and reconstruction began in 1867. During

8200-518: The Holy Grail , the quest for which he later foretells. Merlin was originally part of a cycle of Robert's poems telling the story of the Grail over the centuries. The narrative of Merlin is largely based on Geoffrey's familiar tale of Vortigern's Tower, Uther's war against the Saxons, and Arthur's conception. New in this retelling is the episode of young Arthur (who had been secreted away by Merlin) drawing

8364-566: The Kingdom of England , the Anglo-Saxon enemies against whom Merlin aids first Uther and then Arthur tend to be replaced by the Saracens or simply just invading pagans. The 15th-century English poem Sir Gowther presents the titular redeemed half-demon as Merlin's half-brother. In Britain, Merlin remained as much as a prophet as a magician up to and including the 16th century, when political content in

SECTION 50

#1733086295187

8528-831: The Lancelot-Grail cycle, after having been inserted into the legend of Merlin by either de Boron or his continuator. There are many different versions of their story. Common themes in most of them include Merlin actually having the prior prophetic knowledge of her plot against him (one exception is the Spanish Post-Vulgate Baladro where his foresight ability is explicitly dampened by sexual desire ) but lacking either ability or will to counteract it in any way, along with her using one of his own spells to get rid of him. Usually (including in Le Morte d'Arthur ), having learned everything she could from him, Viviane will then also replace

8692-619: The Mexican American War , earning it the title of city that same year. At the end of the 19th century, the municipality supported the Plan de la Noria and Plan de Tuxtepec in favor of Porfirio Díaz . Venustiano Carranza passed through here during the Mexican Revolution . In the late 2000s, the monastery complex underwent extensive restoration. Prior to this, the complex was almost completely abandoned. The restoration work discovered

8856-660: The Mexican War of Independence and the report from the autopsy of Venustiano Carranza . The city's main annual festival is the Feria de la Manzana or Apple Fair, which has been held each August since 1941. This event attracts about 300,000 visitors over the course of a week, offering about 140 different activities. These include the crowning of an Apple Queen, clock exposition, food, other exhibits and concerts by symphony orchestras as well as popular artist such as Juan Gabriel , Alejandro Fernández , Aleks Syntek and Grupo Elefante . There

9020-628: The State of Tlaxcala . As municipal seat, the city of Puebla is the government for 482 other communities with a total area of 534.32km . However, 94% of the municipality's population of 1,485,941 lives in the city proper. Most of the municipality has been deforested, including the lower portions of the Malinche volcano and all the Sierra de Amozoc, due to logging and seasonal farming. The Sierra del Tentzon and higher elevations of Malinche volcano still conserve

9184-521: The Suite du Merlin , the mage both predicts and, wielding elemental magic, influences the course of battles, in addition to helping the young Arthur in other ways. Eventually, he arranges the reconciliation between Arthur and his rivals, and the surrender of the defeated Saxons and their departure from Britain. The extended prose rendering of Merlin was incorporated as a foundation of the Lancelot-Grail ,

9348-569: The Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pine-oak forests ecoregion – with forests of pine, holm oak and other tree species. In the pine forests, Montezuma Pine (Pinus montezumae) is generally predominant, with Hartweg's Pine (Pinus hartwegii) and Pinus teocote in dry areas with shallow soils. Pine-fir forests are composed almost entirely of Hartweg's Pine (Pinus hartwegii) and Sacred Fir (Abies religiosa) . Animal life consists mostly of small mammals such as rabbits and skunks, as well as birds such as owls, buzzards and wild waterfowl. Puebla

9512-643: The Zócalo , the main square, remains the cultural, political and religious center of the city. Many notable buildings surround the Zocalo including City Hall, the Casa de los Muñecos and the cathedral. Most of the streets in Puebla are named on a numbering system, which centers on the northwest corner of the Zocalo. El Parián is an arts and crafts market, within walking distance of the plaza. It consists mostly of permanent stalls but there

9676-548: The historic centre of Puebla was declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO . The City of Puebla submitted its candidacy to hold the headquarters of the Free Trade Area of the Americas , and briefly served as interim secretariat headquarters until negotiations were stopped in 2005. The municipality is located in the west-central region of the State of Puebla, bordering the municipalities of Santo Domingo Huehutlán , San Andrés Cholula , Teopantlán , Amozoc , Cuauthinchán , Tzicatlacoyan , Cuautlancingo , and Ocoyucan , and

9840-482: The sword from the stone , an event orchestrated by Merlin in the role of kingmaker. Earlier, Merlin also instructs Uther to establish the original order of the Round Table for fifty members, following his own act of creating the table itself. The text ends with the coronation of Arthur. The prose version of Robert's poem was then continued in the 13th-century Merlin Continuation , telling of King Arthur's early wars and Merlin's role in them. In this text, also known as

10004-431: The 15th century, when this valley was set aside for use for the so-called Flower wars among the populations of Itzocan , Tepeaca , Huejotzingo , Texmelucan and Tlaxcala , with those soldiers captured being used as sacrifice victims. The foundation of Puebla begins with a letter from the bishop of Tlaxcala in 1530, Julián Garcés, to the Spanish queen outlining the need for a Spanish settlement between Mexico City and

SECTION 60

#1733086295187

10168-448: The 1770s. The streets were paved with stone between 1786 and 1811. Commercial activity was dislodged from the main plaza completely by the early 19th century and placed in the San Francisco Parian market. Other plazas, such as the San Luis, San Antonio, El Carmen, La Concordia and Santa Inés were built. The main plaza underwent several transformations, adding statues and gardens. During the Mexican War of Independence , Puebla's main role

10332-430: The 20th century, growth of the city spurred the absorption of the municipalities of Ignacio Mariscal , San Felipe Hueyotlipan , Resurreccion , San Jeronimo Caleras , San Miguel Canoa and San Francisco Totimehuacán into the city. In 1950, by decree of the state congress, the city received the title of Heroica Puebla de Zaragoza. In 1977, the federal government declared the city a Zone of Historical Monuments. In 1987,

10496-434: The Ajajalpan. The rugged terrain means that the rivers form waterfalls such as the Tulimán. This waterfall is the tallest in the area, with an estimated height of between 250 and 300 meters. It is located in the Ejido Tulimán about forty minutes outside the municipal seat. Zacatlán has a cool, damp climate most of the year. The climate is temperate with average annual temperatures varying between 12C and 18C. Differences within

10660-424: The Baroque is a museum of Baroque art designed by Japanese architect Toyō Itō . It opened on February 4, 2016. The Museo de José Mariano Bello y Acedo was initially founded with the private collection of the Bello family, along with works donated by friends. It originally began as a private museum or pinacotheca. Upon José Mariano's death, the house and collection was bequeathed to the city. The Casa de Alfeñique

10824-493: The Baroque of New Spain. This symbolism is principally meant to aid with the evangelization process. The chapel contains three themes important to the Church, the mysteries of the rosary, the virtues associated with it and the Virgin of the Rosary herself. The cupola is in the shape of the crown of the Virgin Mary . The chapel is decorated with sculpted plaster that has been gilded done by local artists. There are also six paintings done by José Rodriguez Carnero as well as paintings by

10988-452: The French merle meaning blackbird. According to Martin Aurell, the Latin form Merlinus is a euphony of the Celtic form Myrddin to bring him closer to the blackbird (Latin merula ) into which he could metamorphose through his shamanic powers, as was notably the case for Merlin's Irish counterpart . Myrddin may be a combination of * mer (mad) and the Welsh dyn (man), to mean 'madman'. It may also mean '[of] many names' if it

11152-651: The Grail Quest and cannot die until the end of days, he eventually retires after Arthur's downfall by turning himself into a bird and entering the mysterious esplumoir , never to be seen again. Among other medieval works dealing with the Merlin legend is the 13th-century Le Roman de Silence . The Prophéties de Merlin (c. 1276) contains long prophecies of Merlin (mostly concerned with 11th to 13th-century Italian history and contemporary politics), some by his ghost after his death, interspersed with episodes relating Merlin's deeds and with assorted Arthurian adventures in which Merlin does not appear at all. It pictures Merlin as

11316-424: The Gulf of Mexico as part of the Tecolutla River basin and because of the rugged terrain is filled with small fast winding rivers. One of the main rivers here is the Ajajalpan, a main tributary for the Tecolutla. This rivers forms part of the municipality's border with Alhuacatlán. Other rivers include the Tulimán, Hueyapan, Cedazo Maquixtla, Tepexco, La Ferrería, Tlayaqia, Canautla and Atlixtala, which all empty into

11480-445: The Lady of the Isle of Avalon (Dama di Isola do Vallone). Others who have learned sorcery from Merlin include the Wise Damsel in the Italian Historia di Merlino , and the male wizard Mabon in the Post-Vulgate Merlin Continuation and the Prose Tristan . His various apprentices gain or expand their magical powers through Merlin, however his prophetic powers cannot be passed on. In the prose chivalric romance tradition, Merlin has

11644-460: The Lady of the Lake were originally the same person" in the legend) has Merlin trapped by his mistress inside a tree on the Île de Sein . Niniane, as the Lady of the Lake student of Merlin is known in the Livre d'Artus continuation of Merlin , is mentioned as having broken his heart before his later second relationship with Morgan, but here the text does not tell how exactly Merlin did vanish, other than relating his farewell meeting with Blaise. In

11808-724: The Manuel Ávila Camacho dam has been built. Other rivers that cross the area are the Alseseca and San Francisco. Under the Köppen climate classification ( Köppen : Cwb ), Puebla features a subtropical highland climate , due to its tropical location but high altitude of around 2,100 m (6,889.76 ft). In Mexico, the official designation is "subhumid temperate climate with summer rains". It rarely gets truly hot in Puebla, with an average of only three days seeing temperatures rise above 29 °C (84 °F). Night temperatures are cool at all times of

11972-681: The Medical-Surgical Academy of Puebla. In 1867, the facility became the Hospital General del Estado. In 1917, the hospital moved to new facilities in the city. Through most of the 20th century, the building was used for a wide-variety of purposes. In 1998, a project to restore the building for its use as Puebla Museum of Viceregal Art. In 2002, this museum was converted into the San Pedro Museum of Art, which exhibits works from various epochs. The Museum Workshop of Erasto Cortés Juárez

12136-604: The Mexican national anthem in the morning and evening and his distinct melodies for each quarter-hour. It is not electric but completely mechanical using counterweights. However, the factory's most famous piece is the flower clock in the Zacatlán main square. Today, the Centenario factory employs about fifty people and is open to visits by the public. In the upper part of the building, there is a clock museum inaugurated in 1993 and dedicated to

12300-556: The Post-Vulgate Suite (along with an earlier version of the Prose Merlin ) was the main source for the opening section of Thomas Malory 's English-language compilation work Le Morte d'Arthur which formed a now-iconic version of the legend. Compared to some of his French sources (such as the Vulgate Lancelot which described Merlin as "treacherous and disloyal by nature, like his [demon] father before him" ), Malory limited

12464-779: The Rhymer , came about when a spate of the Tweed and Pausayl occurred during the reign of the Scottish James VI and I on the English throne: "When Tweed and Pausayl meet at Merlin's grave, / Scotland and England one king shall have." Merlin and stories involving him have continued to be popular from the Renaissance to the present day, especially since the renewed interest in the legend of Arthur in modern times. As noted by Arthurian scholar Alan Lupack, "numerous novels, poems and plays center around Merlin. In American literature and popular culture, Merlin

12628-497: The San Pedro waterfall, which has a height of about twenty meters. It is possible to swim her. It is considered to have a high level of socioeconomic marginalization. There are 15,231 residential units in the municipality. Most have wooden walls and cement floors, with roofs of clay tile or block/brick. All but about a thousand are owned by their occupants. Basic services such are running water, electricity and sewerage are most common in

12792-655: The Second Continuation of Perceval, the Story of the Grail , a young daughter of Merlin himself, called the Lady of the High Peak of Mont Dolorous, appears to guide Perceval towards the Grail Castle. The earliest English verse romance concerning Merlin is Of Arthour and of Merlin of the late 13th century, which drew from the chronicles and the Vulgate Cycle. In English-language medieval texts that conflate Britain with

12956-670: The Tudors' Welsh supporters, including bards, interpreted the prophecy of King Arthur's return as having been fulfilled after their ascent to the throne of England that they sought to legitimize following the Wars of the Roses . Prophecies attributed to Merlin were also used by the 14th-century Welsh hero Owain Glyndŵr in his fight against the English rule. The vagueness of Merlin's prophecies enabled British monarchs and historians to continue using them even in

13120-455: The Vulgate Lancelot , which predates the later Vulgate Merlin , she (aged just 12 at the time) makes Merlin sleep forever in a pit in the forest of Darnantes, "and that is where he remained, for never again did anyone see or hear of him or have news to tell of him." In the Post-Vulgate Suite de Merlin , the young King Bagdemagus (one of the early Knights of the Round Table ) manages to find

13284-454: The Welsh Triads and in Vita Merlini , as well as in the poem "Ymddiddan Myrddin a Thaliesin" ("The Conversation between Myrddin and Taliesin") from The Black Book of Carmarthen , which was dated by Rachel Bromwich as "certainly" before 1100, that is predating Vita Merlini by at least half century while telling a different version of the same story. According to Villemarqué, the origin of

13448-512: The Welsh name Myrddin ( Welsh pronunciation: [ˈmərðin] ) was derived from the toponym Caerfyrddin , the Welsh name for the town known in English as Carmarthen . This contrasts with the popular folk etymology that the town was named after the bard. The name Carmarthen is derived from the town's previous Roman name Moridunum , in turn, derived from the Celtic Brittonic moridunon , 'sea fort[ress]'. Eric P. Hamp proposed

13612-421: The air with their scent during blossom season. The historic center of the town is marked by large houses and other buildings, some over a hundred years old, with pitched roofs covered in red clay tile, as well as stone paved streets. This and other features of the area and the surrounding area made the city the 39th Pueblo Mágico in Mexico. The city centers on its main square, which like many others in Mexico has

13776-533: The altar depicting the life of the Virgin. The Casa del Deán is the oldest noble house in the city of Puebla, constructed by Tomás de la Plaza Goes, who was the deacon of the Cathedral of Puebla. It was finished in 1580. The building remained practically intact until 1953, when it was going to be demolished to construct a movie theater. Protests to save the building, due to its murals and façade, succeeded in preserving only

13940-633: The area was the Zacateca tribe located in what are now Otlatlán and Tenamitec around 583. In 1115, Chichimecas related to Xólotl , founder of Texcoco , came to dominate the area. Later the area would come under the control of the Aztec Empire . In the 12th century, Olmeca, Xicalancas, also Nahuatl speakers, came into the area from Tlaxcala, but were later displaced by the Toltecs after the fall of Tula . After this, there were other migrations of Nahuatl speakers in

14104-519: The area. After the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire , Spanish soldiers took possession of the land and its people under the encomienda system. The first Spanish lord of the Zacatlán area was Hernán López de Avila. In 1522, the indigenous inhabitants were moved to what is now Tenamitec, then to San Pedro Atmatla in 1524. In 1562, they were moved again to found what is now Zacatlán. The Franciscans built

14268-510: The ash and dust that emanate from the volcano during its active periods, the most recent occurring on 19 May 2023. La Malinche dormant volcano is located to the north of the city, and the Pico de Orizaba to the east. Hydrologically, the city is part of the Atoyac river basin; the river runs through northern, eastern and southern portions of the municipality, and connects to the Lake of Valsequillo, where

14432-544: The birth of Arthur through magic and intrigue. Later stories have Merlin as an advisor and mentor to the young king until he disappears from the tale, leaving behind a series of prophecies foretelling events to come. A popular version from the French prose cycles tells of Merlin being bewitched and forever sealed up or killed by his student, the Lady of the Lake after he fell in love with her. Other texts variously describe his retirement, at times supernatural, or death. The name Merlin

14596-615: The birth of his other son will bring great misfortune and ruin to his kingdom, which then becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy . Eventually, long after Merlin is gone, his advice to dispose of the baby Mordred through an event evoking the Biblical Massacre of the Innocents leads to the deaths of many, among them Arthur. Both Merlin and its continuations have been adapted in verse and prose, translated into several languages, and further modified to various degrees by other authors. Notably,

14760-420: The boy at birth, thus freeing him from the power of Satan and his intended destiny. The demonic legacy invests Merlin (already able to speak fluently even as a newborn) with a preternatural knowledge of the past and present, which is supplemented by God, who gives the boy prophetic knowledge of the future. The text lays great emphasis on Merlin's power to shapeshift , his joking personality, and his connection to

14924-533: The brothers out in search of the place. Five leagues from the monastery he declared they had found the place shown in the dream. This legend is the source of Puebla's original name, Puebla de los Ángeles, and its current nickname Angelópolis (literally, City of Angels ). The city's coat of arms refers to a city (the castle with 5 towers) which is protected by angels; the letters K. V. refer to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor ( Latin : Karolus V ), also referred to as Charles I of Spain; below are 7 rivers which cross

15088-499: The building became part of the women's college founded next door, then a convent. The museum has fourteen exhibition halls with pottery, steles and sculptures from the Zapotec , Huasteca , Maya , Olmec and Aztec cultures as well as fine furniture and religious objects from the colonial period and examples of contemporary art. These represent the three epochs of Mexican history, pre-Columbian, colonial-era and post- Independence . Seven of

15252-405: The cardinal directions The complex consists of fourteen chapels in various styles with numerous artistic works such as the main cupola and the main altar, both decorated by Cristóbal de Villalpando . The façade is classified as late Baroque in transition to Neoclassical , with Doric and Corinthian columns. Its bell towers stand at just under 70 meters high, the tallest in Mexico. The seating in

15416-425: The catalogue. The historic centre is filled with churches, monasteries, mansions and the like, mostly done in gray cantera stone, red brick and decorated with multicolored tiles. Puebla is also considered to be the "cradle of Mexican Baroque" both in architecture and in the decorative arts, and one of the five most important colonial cities in Mexico. In spite of the many shopping malls that exist in Puebla today,

15580-556: The ceiling consists of two large vaults and contains gilded altarpieces in Baroque, Salmonic and Churrigueresque styles. The Chapel of the Rosary is located in the Church of Santo Domingo. The chapel was built between 1650 and 1690 and was the first to be dedicated to the Our Lady of the Rosary . The chapel is filled with symbolism, as it is filled with images and elements which are representative of

15744-601: The center, north, east and extreme west. Piedras Encimadas Valley is located in San Miguel Tenango. It is private land that extends over 300 hectares owned by a group of thirty partners. Legend states that the rocks were giants who were punished by a pre Hispanic god by being turned to stone. Other stories about the rocks say that the area was once under the sea or that extra terrestrials made them. The rocks are over 65 million years old formed by volcanic activity. Since that time, wind, rain and chemical reactions have eroded

15908-688: The character became immediately popular, especially in Wales . Later chronicle and romance writers in France and elsewhere expanded the account to produce a more full, multifaceted character, creating one of the most important figures in the imagination and literature of the Middle Ages. Merlin's traditional biography casts him as an often-mad cambion , born of a mortal woman and an incubus , from whom he inherits his supernatural powers and abilities. His most notable abilities commonly include prophecy and shapeshifting . Merlin matures to an ascendant sagehood and engineers

16072-414: The choir is made of parquetry of fine woods, onyx and ivory of Moorish design. The two organs were donated by Charles V . In the crypt under the cathedral, numerous statues of saints and angels made of onyx can be seen. The Church and Friary of San Francisco is on Blvd Heroes del 5 de Mayo. Its elevated four-level tower stands out with its mouldings and Ionic and Doric pilasters. The main façade

16236-413: The city is of classic Spanish design, centered on a main plaza, today called the Zócalo . This main plaza originally was rectangular, but later made square because the earlier version was considered to be ugly. Another major feature of the city were the weekly markets ( tianguis ), in which indigenous sellers would come with their wares and foodstuffs to sell to the population. By the mid-16th century, water

16400-535: The city of Puebla. The collection contains more than 1,500 pieces of a historical nature. The Museo de Arte (Museum of Art) originally was constructed to be the Temple of San Pedro, founded in 1541 to be a church and a hospital. Eventually it was established as the Hospital of San Pedro y San Pablo under the direction of the Cathedral of Tlaxcala. It was functioning as a hospital by 1544, but it incurred major expenditures, forcing it to limit service to men only. The arches of

16564-573: The city was named a World Heritage Site in 1987. The city is also famous for mole poblano , chiles en nogada and Talavera pottery . However, most of its economy is based on industry. Being both the fourth largest city in Mexico and the fourth largest Metropolitan area in Mexico , it has a current population of 3,344,000 people, and the city serves as one of the main hubs for eastern-central Mexico. Students from surrounding states attend its prestigious universities, such as BUAP , UDLAP , Ibero , among others. The city also excels in industry, having

16728-480: The city. The city was founded in 1531 within the Valley of Cuetlaxcoapan as a Spanish city, not on the foundation of an existing indigenous city-state. The official date of foundation is 16 April 1531, however, this first attempt at settlement failed due to constant flooding of the site right next to the river. Several rivers flow through the Valley of Puebla, the San Francisco, Atoyac and the Alseseca. This valley

16892-531: The courtyard of the monastery, there is a fountain called the Fuente de las Sirenas (Fountain of the Mermaids). After years of abandonment, the complex underwent extensive restoration in the 2000s. This work discovered colonial era murals on the interior walls. This mural work contains images of deer, bees and jaguars, houses with thatched roofs and daily scenes with Spanish and indigenous people. The San Pedro parish church

17056-514: The cupola, there are portraits of the Four Evangelists . Zacatlán has a reputation for tinkerers, including Abraham Trejo, who created his own car and Gabriel Melecio, who invented a machine to toast coffee beans. However, the best known of these is Alberto Olvera Hernandez, who founded the Centenario Clock company. Olvera Hernandez grew up on a farm outside of Zacatlán called Coyotepec. He became interested in clocks and watches after taking apart

17220-658: The deadly magic traps around it, while the Lady of the Lake comes to taunt Merlin, asking if he has rotted yet. One notably alternate version that has a happier ending for Merlin is the Premiers Faits section of the Livre du Graal , where Niniane peacefully confines him in Brocéliande with walls of air, visible only as a mist to others but as a beautiful yet unbreakable crystal tower to him (only Merlin's disembodied voice can escape his prison one last time when he speaks to Gawain on

17384-514: The early 1600s. Puebla's favorable climate and strategic location helped the city to prosper, quickly becoming the second most important city in New Spain . Juan Gutiérrez de Padilla , the preeminent 17th-century composer in the New World, spent most of his life at the cathedral, from about 1620 to 1664. The city council of Puebla, being made up of only Spaniards, had a certain amount of autonomy in

17548-460: The early 9th-century Historia Brittonum attributed to Nennius . In this source, Ambrosius was discovered when the King of the Britons , Vortigern, attempted to erect a tower at Dinas Emrys (City of Emrys). More than once, the tower collapsed before completion. Vortigen's wise men advised him that the only solution was to sprinkle the foundation with the blood of a child born without a father. Ambrosius

17712-635: The early modern period. Notably, the King of Scotland and later also of England and Ireland, James VI and I , claimed his 1603 unification of Britain into the United Kingdom had been foretold by Merlin. Merlin's apprentice in chivalric romances is often Arthur's half-sister, Morgan le Fay , who is sometimes depicted as Merlin's lover and sometimes as just his unrequited love interest. In the Prophéties de Merlin , he also tutors Sebile , two other witch queens, and

17876-459: The eastern coast with the Gulf of Mexico . The municipality proper is in one of these larger flat areas about fourteen km long and nine km wide with an average altitude of 2,500 meters above sea level with variations between 1,360 and 2,600. Main elevations include Moxhuite, Kiosco, Matlahuacala, Los Cazares, Tecoxcalman, Peña Blanca, Xahuatl, Tampol Tenampulco, Titicanale, Chignahuimazatla, Texis Proterito, Pelón and Zempoala. The area drains towards

18040-430: The eliminated Merlin within the story, taking up his role as Arthur's adviser and court mage. However, Merlin's fate of either demise or eternal imprisonment, along with his destroyer or captor's motivation (from her fear of Merlin and protecting her own virginity, to her jealousy of his relationship with Morgan), is recounted differently in variants of this motif. The exact form of his prison or grave can be also variably

18204-403: The end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, Puebla remained important culturally and economically. It had a thriving textile industry at this time. Immigration from Europe was encouraged and people from Spain, Italy, Germany, France and Lebanon came to live in the city. In what became a precursor to the Mexican Revolution , siblings Carmen, Máximo y Aquiles Serdán were behind one of

18368-407: The extent of the negative association of Merlin and his powers. He is relatively rarely condemned as demonic by other characters such as King Lot , instead he is presented as an ambiguous trickster. Conversely, Merlin seems to be inherently evil in the so-called non-cyclic Lancelot , where he was born as the "fatherless child" from not a supernatural rape of a virgin but a consensual union between

18532-525: The first conspiracies against the Porfirio Diaz government. Their plans were discovered and their house, located on 6 Oriente street was surrounded by federal troops. A gun battle ensued, killing both Serdán brothers on 18 November 1910. During the Mexican Revolution, the city was taken by forces under General Pablo Gonzalez Garza , then later was under Zapatista control. From 1931 until the end of

18696-522: The following year by José Francisco Osorno. This leader had a number of local victories and controlled much of the Zacatlán area. During the Mexican War of Independence, the town manufactured arms and coins for the cause. After Independence in 1825, the area was part of the Department of Puebla with authority over Huauchinango and Tetela. It was the seat of government for the state of Puebla in 1847 during

18860-443: The founder. It contains original and reproduction timepieces over history in the world. They include timepieces using water, the sun, sand and candles. One is a figure of Merlin , whose arms indicate the time but only for 12 hours during the day. At the end of the day, his arms lower to “rest.” The cultural center has a Regional Museum, which displays pre Hispanic artifacts which come from a local ceremonial center as well as arms from

19024-595: The halls are dedicated to pre-Columbian pieces. The Biblioteca Palafoxiana (Palafoxiana Library) was established in 1646 by Juan de Palafox y Mendoza for the Seminary of Puebla. He donated his own collection of 5,000 books to the College of San Juan to start the collection. It was the first public library in the Americas. The main room is in Baroque style and was constructed in 1773 by Bishop Francisco Fabian y Fuero who also named

19188-493: The historic king Gwenddoleu ap Ceidio ). He eventually retires to observing stars from his house with seventy windows in the remote woods of Rhydderch . There, he is often visited by Taliesin and by his own sister Ganieda (a Latinized name of Myrddin's sister Gwenddydd ), who has become queen of the Cumbrians and is also endowed with prophetic powers. Compared to Geoffrey's Historia , his Vita seems to have little influence on

19352-408: The holidays. Most of it is sold in central and southern Mexico. The making of cider here is dominated by four companies which employs forty families directly but has an indirect economic benefit to 200 families involved in apple growing, and commercialization of the product. Handcrafts include the making of sarapes , overcoats, quexquémetls, wood utensils and pottery. The community of San Miguel Tenango

19516-499: The inference being that those characteristics were not invented by the early chroniclers but belonged to a real person. If so, the hypothetical proto-Merlin would have lived about a century after the hypothetical historical Arthur. A late version of the Annales Cambriae (dubbed the "B-text", written at the end of the 13th century) and influenced by Geoffrey, records that in the year 573 after "the battle of Arfderydd , between

19680-430: The institution after Palafox. Today the library contains over 42,000 books, 5,000 manuscripts and other items, which date from 1473 to 1910. The Library was named a Historic Monument of Mexico (Monumento Histórico de México) and UNESCO has made it a world heritage site. The Centro Cultural Santa Rosa is housed in a building that dates from the 17th century which originally was housing for Dominican nuns. Later, it became

19844-452: The knight's quest to find him), where they then spend almost every night together as lovers. Besides evoking the final scenes from Vita Merlini , this particular variant of their story also mirrors episodes found in some other texts, wherein Merlin either is an object of one-sided desire by a different amorous sorceress who too (unsuccessfully) plots to trap him or it is Merlin himself who traps an unwilling lover with his magic. Unrelated to

20008-428: The later portrayals of Merlin. Mark Chorvinsky hypothesized that Merlin is based on a historical person, probably a 5th and/or 6th-century druid living in southern Scotland. Nikolai Tolstoy makes a similar argument based on the fact that early references to Merlin describe him as possessing characteristics which modern scholarship would recognize as druidical (but that sources of the time would not have recognized),

20172-608: The legend of Merlin lies with the Roman story of Marsus, a son of Circe , which eventually influenced the Breton and Welsh tales of a supernaturally-born bard or enchanter named Marzin or Marddin. Around the turn of the 13th century, Robert de Boron retold and expanded on this material in Merlin , an Old French epic poem inspired by Wace 's Roman de Brut , an Anglo-Norman creative adaptation of Geoffrey's Historia . The work presents itself as

20336-493: The legend of the Lady of the Lake, other purported sites of Merlin's burial include a cave deep inside Merlin's Hill ( Welsh : Bryn Myrddin ), outside Carmarthen. Carmarthen is also associated with Merlin more generally, including through the 13th-century manuscript known as the Black Book and the local lore of Merlin's Oak . In North Welsh tradition, Merlin retires to Bardsey Island (Welsh: Ynys Enlli ), where he lives in

20500-578: The legendary figure have included asteroid 2598 Merlin , the British company Merlin Entertainments , the handheld console Merlin , the literary magazine Merlin , the metal band Merlin , and more than a dozen different British warships each called HMS Merlin . He was one of eight British magical figures who were commemorated on a series of UK postage stamps issued by the Royal Mail in 2011, and one of

20664-474: The main courtyard were completed in 1640, as well as it fountain and nursing units. In the first half of the 18th century, the hospital ceased to be under the direct control of the cathedral, passing to the monks of the order of San Juan de Dios. In the latter half of the century, it began to house soldiers in order to improve its finances. The hospital underwent major reforms in the early 19th century to improve medical care, and began to receive medical students from

20828-463: The marriage to Guinevere . A further reworking and an alternative continuation of the Prose Merlin were included within the subsequent Post-Vulgate Cycle as the Post-Vulgate Suite du Merlin or the Huth Merlin , the so-called "romantic" rewrite (as opposed to the so-called "historical" original of the Vulgate). It added some content such as Merlin providing Arthur with the sword Excalibur through

20992-449: The municipal seat, with a number of communities lacking sewerage, public lighting and garbage collection. The economy of the rural areas depends on agriculture and migration to other places to work. Most of the municipality is dedicated to agriculture primarily the production of beans, corn, fava beans , wheat, apples, plums, peaches, pears and walnuts. Other important crops include potatoes, garlic, barley and animal feed. The area has been

21156-415: The murals. The city invested 20 million pesos in the 2000s to receive the designation of Pueblo Mágico in 2011. The municipality is found in the southwest of the Sierra Norte de Puebla in a transition zone. The landscape consists of more or less individual mountains interspersed with large and small flat areas. There are caves interspersed in these mountain areas. Most of these flat areas are tilted towards

21320-629: The mysteries of the world. For instance, Merlin appears in the teachings of the Montana-based New Age religious-survivalist group Church Universal and Triumphant as one of their " ascended masters ". Francophone artistic productions since the end of the 20th century have tended to avoid the Christian aspects of the character in favor of the pagan aspects and the tradition sylvestre (attributing positive values to one's links to forest and wild animals), thus "dechristianizing" Merlin to present him as

21484-510: The name was changed to the current one. The facility offers exhibitions, shows and art classes. The Museo de la Revolución (Museum of the Revolution) was the home of Aquiles Serdán in the very early 20th century. He was politically active in the anti-reelection (of President Porfirio Diaz ) movement of the time and was accused of distributing propaganda against Díaz. Police assaulted the building and Serdán and his family fought back, until Aquiles

21648-560: The original 6th-century Myrddin, set long after his time frame for the life of Merlin Ambrosius. Nevertheless, Geoffrey asserts that the characters and events of Vita Merlini are the same as told in the Historia Regum Britanniae . Here, Merlin survives the reign of Arthur, whose fall he is told about by Taliesin . Merlin spends a part of his life as a madman in the woods and marries a woman named Guendoloena (a character inspired by

21812-427: The politics of the city and the land under its jurisdiction. This council annexed the towns of Amozoc , Totimehuacán, and Cuautinchán to its territory in 1755. By 1786, Puebla's lands reached from what is now Veracruz to Guerrero states. The city continued to grow and be more regulated during the 17th and 18th centuries. A new city hall was built in 1714 and the tianguis in the main plaza was replaced by wood stalls by

21976-428: The port of Veracruz. According to legend, the bishop had a dream about where to build the city. In this dream, he saw a valley with woods and meadows crossed by a clear river and dotted with fresh-water springs on fertile land. While he was contemplating this scenery, he supposedly saw a group of angels descend from heaven and trace out the city. Convinced he had seen a divine vision, he celebrated Mass , and took some of

22140-412: The rock to leave the current formation, some of which are up to twenty meters tall. Most of the rock structures can be reached on foot. A number of the formations resemble humans, columns, portals, castles, monsters and animals. Piedras Encimadas offers camping, extreme sports and horseback riding. The Los Jilgueros Ravine is located near the community of Atmatla, about three km from the municipal seat. It

22304-459: The rock under which Merlin is entombed alive by Niviene, as she is named there. He communicates with Merlin, but is unable to lift the stone; what follows next is supposedly narrated in the mysterious text Conte del Brait ( Tale of the Cry ). In Prophéties de Merlin , his tomb is unsuccessfully searched for by various parties, including Morgan and her enchantresses, but the tomb cannot be accessed due to

22468-576: The son of a Roman consul , Geoffrey's Merlin is fathered by an incubus demon through a nun, daughter of the King of Dyfed ( Demetae , today's South West Wales ). Usually, the name of Merlin's mother is not stated, but it is given as Adhan in the oldest version of the Prose Brut , the text also naming his grandfather as King Conaan . Merlin is born all hairy and already able to speak like an adult, as well as possessing supernatural knowledge that he uses to save his mother. The story of Vortigern's tower

22632-477: The sons of Eliffer and Gwenddolau son of Ceidio; in which battle Gwenddolau fell; Myrddin went mad." The earliest version of the same entry in Annales Cambriae (in the "A-text", written c. 1100), as well as a later copy (the "C-text", written towards the end of the 13th century) do not mention Myrddin. Myrddin furthermore shares similarities with the shamanic bard figure of Taliesin, alongside whom he appears in

22796-520: The stones from Ireland. In the second, Merlin's magic enables the new British king, Uther Pendragon, to enter into Tintagel Castle in disguise and to father Arthur with his enemy's wife, Igerna ( Igraine ). These episodes appear in many later adaptations of Geoffrey's account. As Lewis Thorpe notes, Merlin subsequently disappears from the narrative. He does not tutor or advise Arthur as in later versions. Geoffrey dealt with Merlin again in his third work, Vita Merlini (1150). He based it on stories of

22960-450: The story of Merlin's life as told by Merlin himself to be written down by the "real" author while the actual author claimed merely to translate the story into French. Only a few lines of what is believed to be the original text have survived, but a more popular prose version had a great influence on the emerging genre of Arthurian-themed chivalric romance . As in Geoffrey's Historia , Merlin

23124-629: The style of Agrippa d'Aubigné continued to be written using Merlin's name to guarantee their authenticity. During the 15th century, Welsh works predicting the Celtic revenge and victory over the Saxons were recast as Merlin's (Myrddin's) prophecies and used along with Geoffrey by the propaganda of the Welsh-descended Henry VII of England (who fought under the red dragon banner) of the House of Tudor , which traced its lineage directly to Arthur. Later,

23288-520: The territory relate to rainfall with the driest areas are in the south and the wettest in the north. However, there is rain year round, with fog present on most mornings and night, with very thick fog common. The municipality has large extensions of conifer forest, mostly pine trees although there are areas with a pine- oak mix and some with semi tropical vegetation. Tree species in the area include white and various other pines, strawberry trees and oyamel fir . The largest extensions of forest are found in

23452-550: The theater burned down, and was rebuilt in 1940, and again in 1998. The theater hosts cultural events and art shows featuring regional, national and international artists. Merlin Merlin ( Welsh : Myrddin , Cornish : Merdhyn , Breton : Merzhin ) is a mythical figure prominently featured in the legend of King Arthur and best known as a magician , with several other main roles. The familiar depiction of Merlin, based on an amalgamation of historical and legendary figures,

23616-515: The town center. Its monumental clocks have been installed in buildings, parks, plazas and commercial centers in Mexico and other countries. One of the first clocks produced by Olvera Hernández is over eighty years old and still functions in a church bell tower in Chignahuapan. There are examples of Centenario clocks in most parts of Mexico today. One of these clocks is in Tulantepec, Hidalgo , and plays

23780-642: The west bank of the San Francisco River to a higher site. A few families remained behind and renamed the original settlement Alto de San Francisco. The Spanish Crown supported the founding of Puebla as a city without encomiendas , as this system was being abused and a number of Spaniards were finding themselves landless. Puebla received its coat-of-arms in 1538, and the titles "Noble y Leal" (Noble and Loyal) in 1558, "Muy Noble y Leal Ciudad" (Very Noble and Loyal City) in 1561 and "Muy Noble y Muy Leal Ciudad" (Very Noble and Very Loyal City) in 1576. The layout of

23944-487: The wisdom that can come from demons, which is why he was so feared by the Bretons and so revered that everyone called him a holy prophet and the ordinary people all called him their god." In the Vulgate Cycle's version of Merlin , his acts include arranging the consummation of Arthur's desire for "the most beautiful maiden ever born," Lady Lisanor of Cardigan, resulting in the birth of Arthur's illegitimate son Lohot from before

24108-651: The work reveals little about Merlin's background. Geoffrey was further inspired by Emrys ( Old Welsh : Embreis ), a character based in part on the 5th-century historical figure of the Romano-British war leader Ambrosius Aurelianus (Welsh name Emrys Wledig , also known as Myrddin Emrys ). When Geoffrey included Merlin in his next work, Historia Regum Britanniae (c. 1136), he supplemented his characterisation of Merlin by attributing stories of Ambrosius to Merlin. These stories were taken from one of Geoffrey's primary sources,

24272-609: The working population. There are two weekly tianguis markets one traditional fixed market and 724 commercial establishments. Most commerce and services in the municipality relate to meeting local needs but there is a small tourism industry, mostly concentrated in the municipal seat along with the Valley of the Piedras Encimadas. Tourism outside of the municipal seat is related to ecotourism. Piedras Encimadas offers camping, extreme sports and horseback riding. The Tulimán waterfall area recreational facilities such as cabins, palapas and

24436-568: The world's largest Volkswagen factory outside Germany, located in the Municipality of Cuautlancingo and an Audi plant in San José Chiapa . As a result, many suppliers to Volkswagen and Audi assembly plants have opened factories in the metropolitan area of Puebla. Some historians consider that the area where the city is located nowadays was not inhabited in the Pre-Columbian era , except in

24600-438: The year. Puebla experiences dry, temperate winter months (mid-October through February), warm springs (March to mid-May), and a monsoon season from mid-May to mid-October. The historical and cultural value of Puebla's architecture is a major reason the city was chosen as a UNESCO World Heritage Site . Various styles and techniques such as Baroque, Renaissance and Classic are represented here in over 5,000 buildings included in

24764-584: Was Caesarius of Heisterbach 's Latin Dialogus Miraculorum (1220). Ulrich Füetrer 's 15th-century Buch der Abenteuer , in the section based on Albrecht von Scharfenberg 's lost Merlin , presents Merlin as Uter's father, effectively making Merlin's grandson Arthur a part-devil too. Bauduin (Baudouin) Butor's 1294 romance known as either Les Fils du Roi Constant or Pandragus et Libanor names Merlin's usually unspecified mother as Optima, daughter of King Melias of Demetia (Dyfed), while Paolino Pieri's 14th-century Italian La Storia di Merlino calls her Marinaia. In

24928-474: Was also called "Merlin", hence Ambrosius Merlinus. Geoffrey's account of Merlin's early life is based on the story from the Historia Brittonum . At the same time, however, Geoffrey also turned Ambrosius Aurelianus into the separate character of Uther Pendragon 's brother Aurelius Ambrosius. Geoffrey added his own embellishments to the tale, which he set in Carmarthen, Wales (Welsh: Caerfyrddin). While Nennius' "fatherless" Ambrosius eventually reveals himself to be

25092-434: Was begun in 1575 under orders of Philip II of Spain by architects Francisco Becerra and Juan de Cigorondo. The building was consecrated in 1649 even though only half of the walls and much of the roof were missing and the towers not yet built. The north tower was added in 1678 and the south tower in 1768.The shape of the cathedral is a Latin cross and contains five naves . The main altar is octagonal, with four others oriented to

25256-406: Was bordered by the indigenous city-states turned colonial towns of Cholula , Tlaxcala , Huejotzingo and Tepeaca , all of which had large indigenous populations. After the city's foundation, this valley became the main route between Mexico City and Veracruz, the port on the Caribbean coast and the connection to Spain. Puebla was an important city and region in the history of New Spain , since it

25420-418: Was broken by the force of General Joseph Lane that fought its way from Veracruz into the city after defeating Santa Ana in the Battle of Huamantla on 9 October 1847. Puebla was then the base for General Lane's campaign against General Rea and the other guerrillas that harassed the U. S. Army line of communications. These forces left in July 1848 after the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was ratified. During

25584-421: Was brought in to the main plaza to a newly installed fountain. By the end of the century, the city occupied 120 blocks, much of which was under construction, with the new Cathedral begun in 1575. During the Union of Spain and Portugal (1580–1640), the city developed a sizeable Portuguese community. Trade ties with Portugal and a growing economy made the city an entrepôt for the transatlantic slave trade during

25748-438: Was derived from the Welsh myrdd , myriad. In his Myrdhinn, ou l'Enchanteur Merlin (1862), La Villemarqué derived Marz[h]in , which he considered the original form of Merlin's name, from the Breton word marz (wonder) to mean 'wonder man'. Clas Myrddin or Merlin's Enclosure is an early name for Great Britain as stated in the third series of Welsh Triads . Celticist Alfred Owen Hughes Jarman suggested that

25912-450: Was founded in 1531 in an area called Cuetlaxcoapan, which means "where serpents change their skin", between two of the main indigenous settlements at the time, Tlaxcala and Cholula . This valley was not populated in the 16th century, as in the pre-Hispanic period this area was primarily used for the " flower wars " between a number of populations. Due to its history and architectural styles ranging from Renaissance to Mexican Baroque ,

26076-418: Was in the center region of Spanish settlement, midway between the main port and the capital, had a large indigenous population, and drew many Spanish settlers. It supplied the capital with commercially grown agricultural products and became a center of local textile production. It was well connected to Mexico's North, particularly the silver-mining region around Zacatecas. Most of the population moved away from

26240-416: Was introduced by the 12th-century British pseudo-historical author Geoffrey of Monmouth and then built on by the French poet Robert de Boron and prose successors in the 13th century. Geoffrey seems to have combined earlier Welsh tales of Myrddin and Ambrosius , two legendary Briton prophets with no connection to Arthur, to form the composite figure that he called Merlinus Ambrosius . His rendering of

26404-429: Was killed. President Francisco I. Madero stayed at the home in honor of Serdán. Shortly thereafter, the family moved to Mexico City and the building became tenements and stores. Decades later, the federal government acquired the building from the family to convert it into the museum that is here today. Fort Loreto and Fort Guadalupe are located in the Centro Civico 5 de Mayo part of the city. Both were instrumental to

26568-484: Was rumoured to be such a child. When he was brought before the king, Ambrosius revealed that below the foundation of the tower was a lake containing two dragons battling into each other, representing the struggle between the invading Saxons (the white dragon) and the native Celtic Britons (the red dragon). Geoffrey retold the story in his Historia Regum Britanniæ , adding new episodes that tie Merlin with King Arthur and his predecessors. Geoffrey stated that this Ambrosius

26732-424: Was the home of one of the major figures in fine and graphic arts in Puebla in the 20th century. The museum was founded in 2000 and contains more than 400 pieces of both his work and personal effects. The museum also hosts temporary exhibits, workshops and seminars. Puebla Cathedral , located on 16 de Septiembre and 5 Oriente, took 300 years to complete, in part due to interruptions in its construction. The cathedral

26896-464: Was the printing and distribution of the plan for independence. In 1827, after Independence, all Spaniards ( peninsulares ) were expelled from the city's lands. In 1847, the city was taken by U.S. forces under General Winfield Scott , without a shot fired. The American garrison was besieged in the city from 14 September – 12 October 1847 by the irregular forces of General Joaquín Rea and later reinforced by Antonio López de Santa Anna . The siege

#186813