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44-476: Zabaykalsky (masculine), Zabaykalskaya (feminine), or Zabaykalskoye (neuter) may refer to: Zabaykalsky Krai , a federal subject of Russia Zabaykalsky District , a district of Zabaykalsky Krai, Russia Zabaykalsky (rural locality) ( Zabaykalskaya , Zabaykalskoye ), name of several rural localities in Russia Zabaykalsky National Park ,

88-514: A clade with Sino-Tibetan, which he called Sino-Yeniseian . The Sino-Caucasian hypothesis has been expanded by others to " Dené–Caucasian " to include the Na-Dené languages of North America, Burushaski , Basque and, occasionally, Etruscan . A narrower binary Dené–Yeniseian family has recently been well received. The validity of the rest of the family, however, is viewed as doubtful or rejected by nearly all historical linguists . A link between

132-462: A national park in the Republic of Buryatia, Russia See also: Zabaykalsk , Transbaikal , and Petrovsk-Zabaykalsky (disambiguation) [REDACTED] Index of articles associated with the same name This set index article includes a list of related items that share the same name (or similar names). If an internal link incorrectly led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to

176-569: A 2012 survey, 25% of the population of Zabaykalsky Krai adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church , 6.25% to Buddhism , 6% declares to be generically unaffiliated Christian (excluding Protestant churches), 2% is an Orthodox Christian believer without belonging to any church or being member of other (non-Russian) Orthodox churches . In addition, 28% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 17% to be atheist , and 16.15% follows other religion or did not give an answer to

220-589: A back-migration from Beringia to central Siberia, and the Dené–Yeniseians a result of a radiation of populations out of the Bering land bridge. The spread of ancient Yeniseian languages may be associated with an ancestry component from the Baikal area (Cisbaikal_LNBA), maximized among hunter-gatherers of the local Glazkovo culture . Affinity for this ancestry has been observed among Na-Dene speakers. Cisbaikal_LNBA ancestry

264-520: A connection between Hattic , Hurro-Urartian and Karasuk, proposing some lexical correspondences. As noted by Tailleur and Werner, some of the earliest proposals of genetic relations of Yeniseian, by M.A. Castrén (1856), James Byrne (1892), and G.J. Ramstedt (1907), suggested that Yeniseian was a northern relative of the Sino–Tibetan languages. These ideas were followed much later by Kai Donner and Karl Bouda. A 2008 study found further evidence for

308-601: A link between Sino-Tibetan, Na-Dené, and Yeniseian to be plausible but did not support the hypothesis that Sino-Tibetan and Na-Dené were related to the Caucasian languages (Sino–Caucasian and Dené–Caucasian). A 2023 analysis by David Bradley using the standard techniques of comparative linguistics supports a distant genetic link between the Sino-Tibetan, Na-Dené, and Yeniseian language families. Bradley argues that any similarities Sino-Tibetan shares with other language families of

352-679: A new subject of the Russian Federation in the merger of Chita Oblast and Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug", adopted by the State Duma on 5 July 2007. and approved by the Federation Council on 11 July 2007. Large companies in the region include the Priargunskoe Mining and Chemical Association, Territorial Generating Company №14, Novo-Shirokinsky mine, Kharanorskaya State District Power Plant, Kharanorskiy coal mine. Ravil Geniatulin ,

396-442: A number of other respected linguists, such as Bernard Comrie , Johanna Nichols , Victor Golla , Michael Fortescue , Eric Hamp , and Bill Poser (Kari and Potter 2010:12). One significant exception is the critical review of the volume of collected papers by Lyle Campbell and a response by Vajda published in late 2011 that clearly indicate the proposal is not completely settled at the present time. Two other reviews and notices of

440-463: A possible relation between Yeniseian and Sino–Tibetan, citing several possible cognates . Gao Jingyi (2014) identified twelve Sinitic and Yeniseian shared etymologies that belonged to the basic vocabulary, and argued that these Sino-Yeniseian etymologies could not be loans from either language into the other. The Sino-Caucasian hypothesis of Sergei Starostin posits that the Yeniseian languages form

484-467: Is inferred to be rich in Ancient Paleo-Siberian ancestry, and also display affinity to Inner Northeast Asian (Yumin-like) groups. In Siberia, Edward Vajda observed that Yeniseian hydronyms in the circumpolar region (the recent area of distribution of Yeniseian languages) clearly overlay earlier systems, with the layering of morphemes onto Ugric, Samoyedic, Turkic, and Tungusic place names. It

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528-1019: Is presented below: Georg 2007 and Hölzl 2018 use a slightly different classification, placing Pumpokol in both branches: A more recent classification, introduced in Fortescue and Vajda 2022 and used in Vajda 2024, is presented below: It has been suggested that the Xiongnu and Hunnic languages were Southern Yeniseian. Only two languages of this family survived into the 20th century: Ket (also known as Imbat Ket ), with around 200 speakers, and Yugh (also known as Sym Ket ), now extinct. The other known members of this family—Arin, Assan, Pumpokol, and Kott—have been extinct for over 150 years. Other groups—the Baikot , Yarin ( Buklin ), Yastin , Ashkyshtym (Bachat Teleuts ), and Koibalkyshtym —are identifiable as Yeniseic speaking from tsarist fur-tax records compiled during

572-476: Is therefore proposed that the homeland, or dispersal point, of the Yeniseian languages lies in the boreal region between Lake Baikal, northern Mongolia, and the Upper Yenisei basin, referred to by Vajda as a territory "abandoned" by the original Yeniseian speakers. On the other hand, Václav Blažek (2019) argues that based on hydronomic evidence, Yeneisian languages were originally spoken on the northern slopes of

616-738: The Kan River . From toponyms it can be seen that Yeniseian populations probably lived in Buryatia , Zabaykalsky , and northern Mongolia . As an example, the toponym ši can be found in Zabaykalsky Krai , which is probably related to the Proto-Yeniseian word *sēs 'river' and likely derives from an undocumented Yeniseian language. Some toponyms that appear Yeniseian extend as far as Heilongjiang . Václav Blažek argues, based on hydronymic data, that Yeniseians were once spread out even farther into

660-863: The Russian Far East . Its administrative center is Chita . As of the 2010 Census , the population was 1,107,107. The krai was created on 1 March 2008, as a result of a merger of Chita Oblast and Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug after a referendum held on the issue on 11 March 2007. In 2018, the krai became part of the Far Eastern Federal District . The krai is located within the historical region of Transbaikalia (Dauria) and has extensive international borders with China ( Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang ) (998 km) and Mongolia ( Dornod Province , Khentii Province and Selenge Province ) (868 km); its internal borders are with Irkutsk Oblast and Amur Oblast , as well as with Buryatia and

704-514: The Sakha Republic . The Khentei-Daur Highlands are located at the southwestern end. The Ivan-Arakhley Lake System is a group of lakes lying west of Chita. The first traces of human presence in the area dates to 35 to 150 thousand years ago. Early evidence was found on the surface of ancient river gravels Gyrshelunki (tributary of the Khilok River) near the city of Chita , near Ust-Menza on

748-602: The Tianshan and Pamir Mountains before dispersing downstream via the Irtysh River . The modern populations of Yeniseians in central and northern Siberia are thus not indigenous and represent a more recent migration northward. This was noted by Russian explorers during the conquest of Siberia: the Ket are recorded to have been expanding northwards along the Yenisei, from the river Yeloguy to

792-541: The ergative languages of Eurasia. In 2008, Edward Vajda of Western Washington University presented evidence for a genealogical relation between the Yeniseian languages of Siberia and the Na–Dené languages of North America. At the time of publication (2010), Vajda's proposals had been favorably reviewed by several specialists of Na-Dené and Yeniseian languages—although at times with caution—including Michael Krauss , Jeff Leer , James Kari , and Heinrich Werner , as well as

836-510: The prefixing verb inflection, and highly complex morphophonology . The Yeniseian languages have been described as having up to four tones or no tones at all. The 'tones' are concomitant with glottalization , vowel length , and breathy voice , not unlike the situation reconstructed for Old Chinese before the development of true tones in Chinese. The Yeniseian languages have highly elaborate verbal morphology . The following table exemplifies

880-611: The 17th century, but nothing remains of their languages except a few proper names. Ket , the only extant Yeniseian language, is the northernmost known. Historical sources record a contemporaneous northern expansion of the Ket along the Yenisei during the Russian conquest of Siberia. Today, it is mainly spoken in Turukhansky District of Krasnoyarsk Krai in far northern Siberia, in villages such as Kellog and Sulomay  [ ru ] . Yugh, which only recently faced extinction,

924-601: The 2021 Census, Russians made up 89.2% of the population while Buryats were 7.4%. Other significant groups were Armenians (0.3%), Tatars (0.3%), Ukrainians (0.2%), Kyrgyz (0.2%) and Uzbeks (0.2%). 118,477 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group. Vital statistics for 2022: Total fertility rate (2022): 1.69 children per woman Life expectancy (2021): Total — 66.82 years (male — 62.28, female — 71.54) As of

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968-696: The Chikoy River. Based on toponyms, Zabaykalsky might have once been inhabited by a non documented, extinct Yeniseian language . Mongolic-related Slab Grave cultural monuments are found in Baikal territory. The territory of Zabaykalsky Krai has been governed by the Xiongnu Empire (209 BC-93 CE) and Mongolian Xianbei state (93-234), Rouran Khaganate (330–555), Mongol Empire (1206–1368) and Northern Yuan (1368–1691). Medieval Mongol tribes like Merkit , Tayichiud , Jalairs and Khamag Mongols inhabited in

1012-569: The East Asia area such as Hmong-Mien, Altaic (which is actually a sprachbund), Austroasiatic, Kra-Dai, Austronesian came through contact; but as there has been no recent contact between Sino-Tibetan, Na-Dené, and Yeniseian language families then any similarities these groups share must be residual. Bouda, in various publications in the 1930s through the 1950s, described a linguistic network that (besides Yeniseian and Sino-Tibetan) also included Caucasian , and Burushaski , some forms of which have gone by

1056-570: The Governor of Chita Oblast, was elected Governor of Zabaykalsky Krai on 5 February 2008, by the majority of the deputies of both Chita Oblast Duma and Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug Duma . He assumed the post on 1 March 2008. United Russia candidate Natalia Zhdanova was elected governor with 54% of the vote on 18 September 2016. Population: 1,004,125 ( 2021 Census ) ; 1,107,107 ( 2010 Census ) ; 1,155,346 ( 2002 Census ) ; 1,377,975 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . According to

1100-579: The Kureyka, from the 17th century onward. Based on these records, the modern Ket-speaking area appears to represent the very northernmost reaches of Yeniseian migration. The origin of this northward migration from the Mongolian steppe has been connected to the fall of the Xiongnu confederation . It appears from Chinese sources that a Yeniseian group might have been a major part of the heterogeneous Xiongnu tribal confederation, who have traditionally been considered

1144-511: The Na–Dené languages and Sino-Tibetan languages, known as Sino–Dené had also been proposed by Edward Sapir . Around 1920 Sapir became convinced that Na-Dené was more closely related to Sino-Tibetan than to other American families. Edward Vadja's Dené–Yeniseian proposal renewed interest among linguists such as Geoffrey Caveney (2014) to look into support for the Sino–Dené hypothesis. Caveney considered

1188-509: The Xiongnu spoke a Yeniseian language, the Yeniseian languages are thought to have contributed many ubiquitous loanwords to Turkic and Mongolic vocabulary, such as Khan , Tarqan , and the word for 'god', Tengri . This conclusion has primarily been drawn from the analysis of preserved Xiongnu texts in the form of Chinese characters . The classification of the Yeniseian languages has changed from time to time. A traditional classification

1232-488: The Yeniseian urheimat lies to the south of Lake Baikal . The Yeniseians have been connected to the Xiongnu confederation , whose ruling elite may have spoken a southern Yeniseian language similar to the now extinct Pumpokol language . The Jie , who ruled the Later Zhao state of northern China, are likewise believed to have spoken a Pumpokolic language based on linguistic and ethnogeographic data. For those who argue

1276-460: The ancestors of the Huns and other Northern Asian groups. However, these suggestions are difficult to substantiate due to the paucity of data. Alexander Vovin argues that at least parts of the Xiongnu, possibly its core or ruling class, spoke a Yeniseian language. Positing a higher degree of similarity of Xiongnu to Yeniseian as compared to Turkic, he also praised Stefan Georg 's demonstration of how

1320-399: The basic Yeniseian numerals as well as the various attempts at reconstructing the proto-forms: The following table exemplifies a few basic vocabulary items as well as the various attempts at reconstructing the proto-forms: Until 2008, few linguists had accepted connections between Yeniseian and any other language family, though distant connections have been proposed with most of

1364-401: The development of former affricates to stops , and the use of postpositions or grammatical enclitics as clausal subordinators . Yeniseic nominal enclitics closely approximate the case systems of geographically contiguous families. Despite these similarities, Yeniseian appears to stand out among the languages of Siberia in several typological respects, such as the presence of tone ,

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1408-498: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zabaykalsky&oldid=1009682485 " Category : Set index articles on populated places in Russia Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata All set index articles Zabaykalsky Krai Zabaykalsky Krai is a federal subject of Russia (a krai ), located in

1452-575: The krai. In the 17th century, some or all of Mongolic-speaking Daurs lived along the Shilka , upper Amur , and on the Bureya River . They thus gave their name to the region of Dauria , also called Transbaikal, now the area of Russia east of Lake Baikal . Today Buryat-Mongols remained in the territory of the krai. Preliminary work on the unification of the Chita Oblast and Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug

1496-454: The name of Sino-Caucasian. The works of R. Bleichsteiner and O.G. Tailleur, the late Sergei A. Starostin and Sergei L. Nikolayev have sought to confirm these connections. Others who have developed the hypothesis, often expanded to Dené–Caucasian, include J.D. Bengtson, V. Blažek, J.H. Greenberg (with M. Ruhlen ), and M. Ruhlen. George Starostin continues his father's work in Yeniseian, Sino-Caucasian and other fields. This theory

1540-676: The process demonstrating both a linguistic and geographic proximity between Yeniseian and Jie. The decline of the southern Yeniseian languages during and after the Russian conquest of Siberia has been attributed to language shifts of the Arin and Pumpokol to Khakas or Chulym Tatar , and the Kott and Assan to Khakas. The Yeniseian languages share many contact-induced similarities with the South Siberian Turkic languages , Samoyedic languages , and Evenki . These include long-distance nasal harmony ,

1584-557: The ruling elite of the Huns spoke a Yeniseian language and influenced other languages in the region. One sentence of the language of the Jie , a Xiongnu tribe who founded the Later Zhao state, appears consistent with being a Yeniseian language. Later studies suggest that Jie is closer to Pumpokol than to other Yeniseian languages such as Ket. This has been substantiated with geographical data by Vajda, who states that Yeniseian hydronyms found in northern Mongolia are exclusively Pumpokolic, in

1628-401: The survey. Yeniseian languages From hydronymic and genetic data, it is suggested that the Yeniseian languages were spoken in a much greater area in ancient times, including parts of northern China and Mongolia. It has been further proposed that the recorded distribution of Yeniseian languages from the 17th century onward represents a relatively recent northward migration, and that

1672-579: The volume appeared in 2011 by Keren Rice and Jared Diamond . The Karasuk hypothesis, linking Yeniseian to Burushaski , has been proposed by several scholars, notably by A.P. Dulson and V.N. Toporov. In 2001, George van Driem postulated that the Burusho people were part of the migration out of Central Asia, that resulted in the Indo-European conquest of the Indus Valley. Alexei Kassian has suggested

1716-485: The voters voted for the union versus – 8.89% (52,698 voters) who voted against it. 72.82% of the electorate participated. In the Aga Buryat Autonomous Region 94% (38,814 voters) voted for the union versus – 5.16% (2129 voters). 82.95% of the electorate voters participated. On 23 July 2007, Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a federal constitutional law "On Establishment in the Russian Federation of

1760-525: The west. He compares, for example, the word šet , found in more westerly river names, to Proto-Yeniseian * sēs 'river'. According to a 2016 study, Yeniseian people and their language originated likely somewhere near the Altai Mountains or near Lake Baikal . According to this study, the Yeniseians are linked to Paleo-Eskimo groups. The Yeniseians have also been hypothesised to be representative of

1804-600: The word Tengri (the Turkic and Mongolic word for 'sky' and later 'god') originated from Proto-Yeniseian tɨŋVr . It has been further suggested that the Yeniseian-speaking Xiongnu elite underwent a language shift to Oghur Turkic while migrating westward, eventually becoming the Huns . However, it has also been suggested that the core of the Hunnic language was a Yeniseian language. Vajda et al. 2013 proposed that

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1848-425: Was spoken from Yeniseysk to Vorogovo , Yartsevo , and the upper Ket River . The early modern distributions of Arin, Pumpokol, Kott, and Assan can be reconstructed. The Arin were north of Krasnoyarsk , whereas the more distantly related Pumpokol was spoken to the north and west of it, along the upper Ket. Kott and Assan, another pair of closely related languages, occupied the area south of Krasnoyarsk, and east to

1892-615: Was started at the level of regional authorities in April 2006. The governor of Chita Oblast Ravil Geniatulin, mayor of the Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug Bair Zhamsuyev, head of the regional parliament Anatoly Romanov, and Dashi Dugarov sent a letter to the President of Russia, Vladimir Putin, and on 17 November 2006, he supported the initiative. A referendum on unification took place on 11 March 2007. In Chita Oblast, "yes"

1936-506: Was the predominant answer to the following question: Do you agree that the Chita Oblast and Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug merged into a new entity of the Russian Federation - Zabaykalsky Krai, which included Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug will be an administrative-territorial unit with special status, defined by the charter of the province in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation? In Chita Oblast, 90.29% (535,045 voters) of

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