In law , coming into force or entry into force (also called commencement ) is the process by which legislation , regulations , treaties and other legal instruments come to have legal force and effect. The term is closely related to the date of this transition. The point at which such instrument comes into effect may be set out in the instrument itself, or after the lapse of a certain period, or upon the happening of a certain event, such as a proclamation or an objective event, such as the birth, marriage, reaching a particular age or death of a certain person . On rare occasions, the effective date of a law may be backdated to a date before the enactment.
25-668: Zürn is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include: Erich Zürn (1906–1965), German U-boat engineer during World War II Georg Zürn (1834–1884), mayor of Würzburg, Germany Hans Zürn the Elder , 16th-17th century German sculptor Unica Zürn (1916–1970), German author and painter Walter Zürn (born 1937), German physicist and seismologist See also [ edit ] Morgan Zurn , American lawyer and judge Zurn Peak , mountain in Antarctica named after Walter Zürn Zurn,
50-468: A bill becomes an act without further ado. However, more usually, the process whereby a bill becomes an Act is well prescribed in general constitutional or administrative legislation . This process varies from country to country, and from political system to political system. Typically, the process by which a bill becomes an Act includes signature or some other token of assent by the head of state and publication in an official gazette . In some systems,
75-548: A brand of toilet, now a subsidiary of Jacuzzi [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with the surname Zürn . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zürn&oldid=1221142987 " Categories : Surnames German-language surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description
100-483: A senior commander for skilled leadership of his troops in battle to a low-ranking soldier for a single act of extreme gallantry. A total of 7,321 awards were made between its first presentation on 30 September 1939 and its last bestowal on 17 June 1945. This number is based on the analysis and acceptance of the order commission of the Association of Knight's Cross Recipients (AKCR). Presentations were made to members of
125-456: Is common practice to stipulate this number as a requirement in the body of the treaty itself, it can also be set out in a superior law or legal framework, such as a constitution or the standing orders of the legislature in which it originated. "Coming into force" generally includes publication in an official gazette so that people know the law or treaty exists. After their adoption, treaties as well as their amendments may have to follow
150-453: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Erich Z%C3%BCrn The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross ( German : Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes ) and its variants were the highest awards in the military and paramilitary forces of Nazi Germany during World War II . The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross was awarded for a wide range of reasons and across all ranks, from
175-428: Is not expressed to come into force or operation on a particular day shall come into operation immediately on the expiration of the day before the date of the passing thereof, or, where the enactment is a statutory instrument, of the making thereof. (2) Where an enactment is expressed to come into force or operation on a particular day (whether such day is before or after the date of the passing of such enactment, or where
200-721: Is not necessarily the case that a statute which comes into force remains in force until it is repealed; it may be explicitly brought out of force, and perhaps later brought back into force. For example, in Ireland, Section V of the Offences against the State Act 1939 (which provides for the Special Criminal Court ) goes in and out of force by government proclamation: it was brought into force on 24 August 1939, out of force on 2 October 1962, and back into force on 26 May 1972. Section 4 of
225-622: The Interpretation Act 1978 provides: An Act or provision of an Act comes into force— This replaces the corresponding provision in the Acts of Parliament (Commencement) Act 1793 . Schedule 1 of that Act contains the following definition: "Commencement", in relation to an Act or enactment, means the time when the Act or enactment comes into force. Sections 14(1) and (2) of the Interpretation Act (Northern Ireland) 1954 read: (1) Every enactment which
250-453: The * (asterisk) indicates that the Knight's Cross was awarded posthumously . This along with the ? (question mark) indicates that author Veit Scherzer has expressed doubt regarding the veracity or formal correctness of the listing. Coming into force To come into force, a treaty or Act first needs to receive the required number of votes or ratifications. Although it
275-502: The Armed Forces) kept separate Knight's Cross lists for the Heer ( Army ), Kriegsmarine ( Navy ), Luftwaffe ( Air Force ) and Waffen-SS . Within each of these lists a unique sequential number was assigned to each recipient. The same numbering paradigm was applied to the higher grades of the Knight's Cross, one list per grade. Of the 104 awards made to servicemen whose last name starts in
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#1733085781303300-482: The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 . Fellgiebel was the former chairman and head of the order commission of the AKCR. In 1996, the second edition of this book was published with an addendum delisting 11 of these original recipients. Author Veit Scherzer has cast doubt on a further 193 of these listings. The majority of the disputed recipients had received the award in 1945, when the deteriorating situation of Germany in
325-525: The Luftwaffe, and four to the Waffen-SS. The sequential numbers greater than 843 for the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves are unofficial and were assigned by the Association of Knight's Cross Recipients (AKCR) and are therefore denoted in parentheses. This along with the + (plus) indicates that a higher grade of Knight's Cross was awarded as well. This along with
350-523: The beginning of the day after the day on which the Bill for the Act receives Royal Assent. 3 Commencement of Acts of the Scottish Parliament and Scottish instruments: time (1) Subsection (2) applies where an Act of the Scottish Parliament or a Scottish instrument provides for the Act or instrument to come into force on a particular day. (2) The Act or instrument comes into force at the beginning of
375-557: The enactment Reichsgesetzblatt I S. 849 of 3 June 1940. In 1941, two higher grades of the Knight's Cross were instituted. The enactment Reichsgesetzblatt I S. 613 of 28 September 1941 introduced the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords ( Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub und Schwertern ) and the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves, Swords and Diamonds ( Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub, Schwertern und Brillanten ). At
400-408: The enactment is a statutory instrument, of the making thereof, and whether such day is named in the enactment or is to be appointed or fixed or ascertained in any other manner) the enactment shall be construed as coming into force immediately on the expiration of the day before that particular day. In an enactment the expression "commencement", when used with reference to any statutory provision, means
425-420: The enactment mandated that the award of a higher class be preceded by the award of all preceding classes. As the war progressed, some of the recipients of the Knight's Cross distinguished themselves further and a higher grade, the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves ( Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub ), was instituted. The Oak Leaves, as they were commonly referred to, were based on
450-403: The end of 1944 the final grade, the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Golden Oak Leaves, Swords, and Diamonds ( Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit goldenem Eichenlaub, Schwertern und Brillanten ), based on the enactment Reichsgesetzblatt 1945 I S. 11 of 29 December 1944, became the final variant of the Knight's Cross authorized. The Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (Supreme Command of
475-455: The final days of World War II in Europe left a number of nominations incomplete and pending in various stages of the approval process. Listed here are the 104 Knight's Cross recipients whose last name starts in the range of "X" to "Z". Veit Scherzer has challenged the validity of 2 of these listings. The recipients are ordered alphabetically by last name. The rank listed is the recipient's rank at
500-531: The head of state or some other official is required to definitely signify his approval, as for example in the granting of royal assent in the Commonwealth realms . In others, a bill automatically becomes an Act unless vetoed , as for example in the United States . But these steps do not, in themselves, make an act legally binding on the population. An act is typically brought into force in one of three ways: It
525-553: The official legal procedures of the organisation, such as the United Nations, that sponsored it, including signature , ratification , and entry into force. The process of enactment, by which a bill becomes an Act , is separate from commencement. Even if a bill passes through all necessary stages to become an Act, it may not automatically come into force. Moreover, an Act may be repealed having never come into force. A country's law could determine that on being passed by lawmakers
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#1733085781303550-486: The range of "X" to "Z", only Wolf-Dietrich Ritter und Edler von Xylander ' s last name starts with "X". Of these 104 recipients, eleven were later awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and one the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords; seven presentations were made posthumously . Heer members received seventy-four of the medals, three went to the Kriegsmarine, twenty-three to
575-777: The three military branches of the Wehrmacht —the Heer ( Army ), Kriegsmarine ( Navy ) and Luftwaffe ( Air Force )—as well as the Waffen-SS , the Reichsarbeitsdienst (RAD—Reich Labour Service) and the Volkssturm (German national militia ). There were also 43 recipients in the military forces of allies of the Third Reich . These recipients are listed in the 1986 edition of Walther-Peer Fellgiebel 's book, Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — The Bearers of
600-503: The time at which that provision comes into operation. Sections 2 and 3 of the Interpretation and Legislative Reform (Scotland) Act 2010 , which applies to Acts of the Scottish Parliament and Scottish Statutory Instruments, provide- 2 Commencement of Acts of the Scottish Parliament (1) Subsection (2) applies where no provision is made for the coming into force of an Act of the Scottish Parliament. (2) The Act comes into force at
625-504: The time the Knight's Cross was awarded. The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross and its higher grades were based on four separate enactments . The first enactment, Reichsgesetzblatt I S. 1573 of 1 September 1939 instituted the Iron Cross ( Eisernes Kreuz ), the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross and the Grand Cross of the Iron Cross ( Großkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes ). Article 2 of
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