Van Yüzüncü Yıl University ( Turkish : Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi ) is a university in Van, Turkey . The name was "Yüzüncü Yıl University" until June 15, 2017.
114-567: Yüzüncü Yıl University was founded on July 20, 1982, by the Decree Law No 41. However, the attempts to create a university in the east region of Turkey had started much earlier. Atatürk , the president of republic of that period, sent Mustafa Necati , of The Ministry of Education , to examine on-site the situation in Van in 1927. Mustafa Necati found in favour of the foundation of a university in Van. Ferit Nur,
228-704: A congress in Sivas . Those who opposed the Allies in various provinces in Turkey issued a declaration named Misak-ı Millî ("National Pact"). Atatürk was appointed as the head of the executive committee of the Congress, which gave him the legitimacy he needed for his future politics. The last election to the Ottoman parliament held in December 1919 gave a sweeping majority to candidates of
342-561: A Muslim part of a vast Empire into a modern, democratic, and secular nation-state. This had a positive influence on human capital because from then on, what mattered at school was science and education; Islam was concentrated in mosques and religious places. Atatürk's driving goal was the complete independence of the country. He clarified his position: ...by complete independence, we mean of course complete economic, financial, juridical, military, cultural independence and freedom in all matters. Being deprived of independence in any of these
456-514: A Turkish surname. The Turkish Parliament granted him the surname Atatürk in 1934, which means "Father of the Turks", in recognition of the role he played in building the modern Turkish Republic. He died on 10 November 1938 at Dolmabahçe Palace in Istanbul , at the age of 57; he was succeeded as president by his long-time prime minister İsmet İnönü , and was honored with a state funeral . In 1981,
570-499: A confidant that Enver Pasha was a dangerous figure who might lead the country to ruin. The primary concern towards Atatürk was the Turkish government's involvement with and reaction to the burning of Smyrna in 1922, which saw Muslim Turkish mobs and paramilitaries openly engaged in mass murder of Greeks and Armenians and destroy the city's Greek and Armenian quarters, killing an estimated 100,000 people. Whether these atrocities, including
684-662: A counter-revolution (see 31 March Incident ). Atatürk was instrumental in suppressing the revolt. In 1910, he was called to the Ottoman provinces in Albania . At that time Isa Boletini was leading Albanian uprisings in Kosovo , and there were revolts in Albania as well. In 1910, Atatürk met with Eqrem Vlora , the Albanian lord, politician, writer, and one of the delegates of the Albanian Declaration of Independence . Later, in
798-621: A counteroffensive. Two of his divisions captured Bitlis and Muş , upsetting the calculations of the Russian Command. Following this victory, the CUP government in Constantinople proposed to establish a new army in Hejaz ( Hicaz Kuvve-i Seferiyesi ) and appoint Atatürk to its command, but he refused the proposal and this army was never established. Instead, on 7 March 1917, Atatürk was promoted from
912-473: A few years later, in 1934, full universal suffrage. His government carried out a policy of Turkification , trying to create a homogeneous, unified and above all secular nation under the Turkish banner. Under Atatürk, the minorities in Turkey were ordered to speak Turkish in public, but were allowed to maintain their own languages in private and within their own communities; non-Turkish toponyms were replaced and non-Turkish families were ordered to adopt
1026-614: A lawyer, he founded the Democratic Labour Party in 1955 after defecting from the Barbados Labour Party . He served as the third and final premier of Barbados (serving from 1961 to 1966) and lead Barbados to independence from the British Empire in 1966. He became the country's first prime minister and served two terms (1966–1976 and 1986–1987) and died in office from illness in 1987. George Cadle Price (1919–2011)
1140-538: A loose separation of powers between the legislative and the executive organs of the state, whereas the separation of these two within the judiciary system was a strict one. Atatürk, then the President, occupied a dominant position in this political system. Founding father The following is a list of national founders of sovereign states who were credited with establishing a state. National founders are typically those who played an influential role in setting up
1254-583: A merchant Mustafa Elvan (Cantekin) called Vatan ve Hürriyet ("Motherland and Liberty"). On 20 June 1907, he was promoted to the rank of Senior Captain ( Kolağası ) and on 13 October 1907, was assigned to the headquarters of the Third Army in Manastır . He joined the Committee of Union and Progress , with membership number 322, although in later years he became known for his opposition to, and frequent criticism of,
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#17328905415771368-658: A national election to establish a new Turkish Parliament seated in Angora. – the " Grand National Assembly " (GNA). On 23 April 1920, the GNA opened with Atatürk as the speaker ; this act effectively created the situation of diarchy in the country. In May 1920, the power struggle between the two governments led to a death sentence in absentia for Atatürk by the Turkish courts-martial . Halide Edib (Adıvar) and Ali Fuat (Cebesoy) were also sentenced to death alongside Atatürk. On 10 August 1920,
1482-585: A period of time, he worked at the headquarters of the Ministry of War ( Harbiye Nezareti ) in Constantinople and continued his activities in this city until 16 May 1919. Along the established lines of the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire , the Allies (British, Italian, French and Greek forces) occupied Anatolia . The occupation of Constantinople, followed by the occupation of İzmir (the two largest Ottoman cities at
1596-500: A religious school, something he did reluctantly and only briefly. Later, he attended the Şemsi Efendi School (a private school with a more secular curriculum) at the direction of his father. When he was seven years old, his father died. His mother wanted him to learn a trade, but without consulting them, Atatürk took the entrance exam for the Salonica Military School ( Selanik Askeri Rüştiyesi ) in 1893. In 1896, he enrolled in
1710-440: A separate university. With this aim, the committee established in 1981 went to Ankara and good news about the foundation of a university in Van was reported to the members of the association who were approved by Kenan Evren , the head of the state. The university owes a debt of gratitude to everyone who contributes efforts such as making moral and material contribution to the foundation and the development of it, lecturing etc. With
1824-717: A sister named Makbule (Atadan) survived childhood; she died in 1956. Claims and theories about Atatürk's ancestry are strikingly varied and contrasting. According to Andrew Mango, his family was Muslim, Turkish-speaking and precariously middle-class. His father Ali Rıza is thought to have been of Albanian origin by some authors; however, according to Falih Rıfkı Atay , Vamık D. Volkan , Norman Itzkowitz , Müjgân Cunbur, Numan Kartal and Hasan İzzettin Dinamo, Ali Rıza's ancestors were Turks , ultimately descending from Söke in Aydın Province of Anatolia . His mother Zübeyde
1938-520: A statue was erected in Freetown to honour him. The founder of modern Senegal is Léopold Sédar Senghor . He served as first President from 1960 to 1980. James Mancham served as first President of Seychelles from 1976 to 1977. He was one of the last White African presidents in the history of Africa. He considered himself the self-proclaimed "Founding Father"; however this title is often attributed to his socialist successor France-Albert René , who led
2052-733: A strength of 150,000 men; it was opposed by 20,000 Bedouins and 8,000 Turks. A short time before Italy declared war, many of the Ottoman troops in Libya were sent to the Ottoman province of Yemen Vilayet to put down the rebellion there, so the Ottoman government was caught with inadequate resources to counter the Italians in Libya. Britain, which controlled the Ottoman provinces of Egypt and Sudan , did not allow additional Ottoman troops to reach Libya through Egypt. Ottoman soldiers like Atatürk went to Libya either dressed as Arabs (risking imprisonment if noticed by
2166-707: A stronger defensive line to the north, in Ottoman Syria (in parts of the Beirut Vilayet , Damascus Vilayet , and Aleppo Vilayet ), with Turks instead of Germans in command. Following the rejection of his report, Atatürk resigned from the Seventh Army and returned to Constantinople. There, he was assigned with the task of accompanying the crown prince (and future sultan) Mehmed Vahideddin during his train trip to Austria-Hungary and Germany. While in Germany, Atatürk visited
2280-529: A telegram to the Minister of Foreign Affairs Yusuf Kemal that described the official version of events in the city. In the telegram, he alleged the Greek and Armenian minorities had "pre-arranged plans" to "destroy İzmir". There are allegations Atatürk chose to do little about the Greek and Armenian victims of the fires caused by Muslim rioters in order to rebuild the city as Turkish-dominated İzmir . Although Atatürk
2394-597: Is claimed to be first the first Emperor of Ethiopia during the 10th century B.C (975–950 B.C). Yekuno Amlak founded the Solomonic dynasty and was the first emperor of the Ethiopian Empire from 1270 to 1285 A.D. Menelik II is the founder of modern Ethiopian state. Kwame Nkrumah (1909–1972) led the nation to its independence from the United Kingdom in 1957. Ahmed Sékou Touré (var. Ahmed Seku Turay) (1922–1984)
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#17328905415772508-605: Is considered the Cuban Founding Father. In 1868 he freed his slaves and declared the independence of Cuba, which began the Ten Years' War (1868–1878). José Martí is a Cuban national hero. Modern day Cuba was shaped by Fidel Castro with help from Che Guevara during the Cuban Revolution . Matías Ramón Mella (1816–1864), Juan Pablo Duarte (1813–1876) and Francisco del Rosario Sánchez (1817–1861) are considered
2622-577: Is considered the maximum leader of the independence movement because of his intellectual mentorship and political prominence, and Pedro I of Brazil (1798–1834), son of the King João VI of Portugal , the symbol of the "center of force and union", according to the Bonifácio strategy. The name " Fathers of Confederation " is given to those who attended the Charlottetown and Quebec Conferences in 1864, and
2736-661: Is considered to be the Father of the Nation of Belize. He served as head of government of British Honduras, later Belize from 1961 to 1984. Independence from United Kingdom was achieved in 1981. Simón Bolívar (1783–1830) and Antonio José de Sucre (1795–1830) are considered to be the founders of Bolivia . Pedro Álvares Cabral (1467/68–1520) commander of the first Portuguese fleet to arrive in South America. José Bonifácio de Andrada (1763–1838), known as "Patriarch of Independence",
2850-403: Is equivalent to the nation and country being deprived of all its independence. He led wide-ranging reforms in social, cultural, and economic aspects, establishing the new Republic's backbone of legislative, judicial, and economic structures. Though he was later idealized by some as an originator of sweeping reforms, many of his reformist ideas were already common in Ottoman intellectual circles at
2964-587: Is known as the " Father of the Homeland " ( Spanish : Padre de la Patria ) and the date of his death (or "Passage to Immortality"; " Pasaje a la Inmortalidad in Spanish) is commemorated as a national holiday. One of the main libertadores of the Spanish American wars of independence , San Martín played a crucial role in the expulsion of royalist forces not only from Argentina but also from Chile and Peru, where he
3078-515: Is often regarded as the "Father of the Nation." Habib Bourguiba , considered the founder of modern Tunisia , led Tunisia to independence from France in 1956 as prime minister, then abolished its monarchy and served as the country's first President from 1957 to 1987; during his leadership, he modernized Tunisia, built schools and hospitals, and gave Tunisian women better human rights than other countries, and these rights still continue to be exercised by Tunisian women to this day. Milton Obote
3192-501: Is thought to have been of Turkish origin, and according to Şevket Süreyya Aydemir , she was of Turkic Yörük ancestry. According to some various claims, she descended from Albanians , Macedonian Torbeši , or Muslim Bulgarians . Due to the large Jewish community of Salonica in the Ottoman period, many of his Islamist opponents who were disturbed by his reforms claimed that Atatürk had Jewish Dönme ancestors. In his early years, his mother encouraged Atatürk to attend
3306-597: Is thus also celebrated as a national hero. One of his most celebrated feats is the 1817 Crossing of the Andes , when he crossed the mountain range from present-day Argentina to present-day Chile, in a surprise attack on royalist forces. Manuel Belgrano , another important leader of the War of Independence and creator of the flag of Argentina , is also widely regarded as a national hero. María Remedios del Valle , an Afro-Argentine camp follower turned soldier who participated in
3420-590: The American Colonization Society . In 1839, Roberts became Liberia's lieutenant governor and afterwards, its governor (1841–1848). He is known as the father of Liberia and officially declared Liberia's independence in 1847. The descendants of Roberts and the African American settlers are the Americo-Liberian people . King Idris Al-sanusi , also known as Idris I of Libya , (1889–1983) was
3534-819: The Caliphate army propped up by the Allied occupation forces and had the immediate task of fighting the Armenian forces in the Eastern Front and the Greek forces advancing eastward from Smyrna (today known as İzmir ) that they had occupied in May 1919, on the Western Front . The GNA military successes against the Democratic Republic of Armenia in the autumn of 1920 and later against
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3648-863: The Fifth Army during the Battle of Gallipoli . He became the front-line commander after correctly anticipating where the Allies would attack, and held his position until they retreated. Following the Battle of Gallipoli, Atatürk served in Edirne until 14 January 1916. He was then assigned to the command of the XVI Corps of the Second Army and sent to the Caucasus Campaign after the massive Russian offensive had reached key Anatolian cities. On 7 August, he rallied his troops and mounted
3762-579: The Gallipoli peninsula and, during the First Balkan War , he took part in the amphibious landing at Bulair on the coast of Thrace under Binbaşı Fethi Bey , but this offensive was repulsed during the Battle of Bulair by Georgi Todorov 's 7th Rila Infantry Division under the command of Stiliyan Kovachev 's Bulgarian Fourth Army . In June 1913, during the Second Balkan War , he took part in
3876-665: The Istanbul University , completing the Ankara University and the founding the East University near the Lake Van within the principals determined with the investigations have been proceeding speedily and importantly." in the opening speech of BMM, on the first days of November in 1938. The committee of 15 people, including Prof. Dr. Afet İnan , was formed by The Ministry of Education on June 11, 1951 and attempted to determine
3990-814: The Kingdom of Italy in the Treaty of Lausanne (1912) signed ten days later, on 18 October 1912. Since 1923, historians have preferred to name this treaty as the "Treaty of Ouchy", after the Château d'Ouchy in Lausanne where it was signed, to distinguish it from the later Treaty of Lausanne (1923) signed between the Allies of World War I and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey in Ankara (at that time known as Angora). On 1 December 1912, Atatürk arrived at his new headquarters on
4104-823: The London Conference of 1866 , to establish the Canadian Confederation . There were 36 original Fathers of Confederation. Queen Victoria , who supported and encouraged this process, is known as the Mother of Confederation. She was the first Monarch under the 1867 Constitution and personally chose Ottawa as Canada's capital city. The political leaders who brought the other provinces into Confederation after 1867 are also referred to as "Fathers of Confederation". Errol Barrow (Barbados: 1920–1987); Forbes Burnham (Guyana: 1923–1985); Michael Manley (Jamaica: 1924–1997); and Eric Williams (Trinidad and Tobago: 1911–1981) were
4218-653: The Monastir Military High School (in modern Bitola , North Macedonia ) where he excelled at mathematics. On 14 March 1899, he enrolled at the Ottoman Military Academy in the neighbourhood of Pangaltı within the Şişli district of the Ottoman capital city Constantinople (modern Istanbul ) and graduated in 1902. He later graduated from the Ottoman Military College in Constantinople on 11 January 1905. Shortly after graduation, he
4332-559: The Surname Law of 1934 ( c. 1881 – 10 November 1938), was a Turkish field marshal , revolutionary statesman, author, and the founding father of the Republic of Turkey , serving as its first president from 1923 until his death in 1938. He undertook sweeping progressive reforms , which modernized Turkey into a secular , industrializing nation. Ideologically a secularist and nationalist , his policies and socio-political theories became known as Kemalism (Atatürkism). Atatürk came to prominence for his role in securing
4446-479: The Turkish postal service . Once a provincial town deep in Anatolia, the city was thus turned into the center of the independence movement. Atatürk wanted a "direct government by the Assembly" and visualized a representative democracy , parliamentary sovereignty , where the National Parliament would be the ultimate source of power. In the following years, he altered his stance somewhat; the country needed an immense amount of reconstruction, and "direct government by
4560-507: The first constitution of Colombia . Antonio Nariño ("Precursor of the Independence") and Camilo Torres were the most relevant statesmen of the First Republic. Juan Mora Fernández , first Head of State of Costa Rica . José María Castro Madriz , First President of the Republic and proclaimed "Founder of the Republic" by Congress Juan Rafael Mora Porras , President during Costa Rica's campaign against William Walker , proclaimed "Hero and Liberator" by Congress. Carlos Manuel de Céspedes
4674-413: The "Association for Defence of Rights for Anatolia and Roumelia" ( Anadolu ve Rumeli Müdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti ), headed by Atatürk, who himself remained in Angora, now known as Ankara . The fourth (and last) term of the parliament opened in Constantinople on 12 January 1920. It was dissolved by British forces on 18 March 1920, shortly after it adopted the Misak-ı Millî ("National Pact"). Atatürk called for
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4788-494: The "Founding Father." Patrice Lumumba , Joseph Kasa-Vubu , Albert Kalonji , Jean Bolikango , Cléophas Kamitatu , and Paul Bolya are all considered "Fathers of Independence" in the Congo . The prevailing historical view is that Muhammad Ali (1769–1849) is the Father of Modern Egypt, being the first ruler since the Ottoman conquest in 1517 to permanently divest the Porte of its power in Egypt. While failing to achieve formal independence for Egypt during his lifetime, he
4902-571: The 14 Faculties, 4 Institutes, 11 Graduate Schools and 19 Application and Research Centers, the university carries on the education activities in the campus which is established at the side of Lake Van and which is 15 km away from the city centre. Faculties Institutes 38°34′11″N 43°17′15″E / 38.5698°N 43.2875°E / 38.5698; 43.2875 Atat%C3%BCrk Reforms Kemalism Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , also known as Mustafa Kemal Pasha until 1921, and Ghazi Mustafa Kemal from 1921 until
5016-418: The Assembly" could not survive in such an environment. The revolutionaries faced challenges from the supporters of the old Ottoman regime, and also from the supporters of newer ideologies such as communism and fascism . Atatürk saw the consequences of fascist and communist doctrines in the 1920s and 1930s and rejected both. He prevented the spread into Turkey of the totalitarian party rule which held sway in
5130-408: The British authorities in Egypt) or by the very few available ferries (the Italians, who had superior naval forces, effectively controlled the sea routes to Tripoli ). However, despite all the hardships, Atatürk's forces in Libya managed to repel the Italians on a number of occasions, such as at the Battle of Tobruk on 22 December 1911. During the Battle of Derna on 16–17 January 1912, while Atatürk
5244-407: The British in return for freedom. Peters, alongside other Black Americans David George and Moses Wilkinson , were influential in the establishment of Freetown, but it was Peters who is remembered today as the true influential leader and founder of Sierra Leone . The descendants of Peters and the Black American founders form part of the Sierra Leone Creole or Krio ethnicity today and in 2011,
5358-425: The British to grant Egypt independence with a friendly British-Egyptian relationship and in 1922, Egypt was proclaimed an independent kingdom, the Kingdom of Egypt with Saad Zaghloul as its prime minister . British military presence in Egypt ended with nationalisation of Suez Canal in 1956. Ngwane III was King of kaNgwane from 1745 to 1780. He is considered to be the first King of modern Eswatini. Menelik I
5472-505: The Commander of the Ottoman forces in Derna. He managed to defend and retain the city and its surrounding region until the end of the Italo-Turkish War on 18 October 1912. Atatürk, Enver Bey , Fethi Bey , and the other Ottoman military commanders in Libya had to return to Ottoman Europe following the outbreak of the Balkan Wars on 8 October 1912. Having lost the war, the Ottoman government had to surrender Tripolitania , Fezzan , and Cyrenaica (three provinces forming present-day Libya) to
5586-442: The GNA, refused any proposal that would compromise Turkish sovereignty, such as the control of Turkish finances, the Capitulations , the Straits and other issues. Although the conference paused on 4 February, it continued after 23 April mainly focusing on the economic issues. On 24 July 1923, the Treaty of Lausanne was signed by the Powers with the GNA, thus recognising the latter as the government of Turkey. On 29 October 1923,
5700-490: The German lines on the Western Front and concluded that the Central Powers would soon lose the war. He did not hesitate to openly express this opinion to Kaiser Wilhelm II and his high-ranking generals in person. During the return trip, he briefly stayed in Karlsbad and Vienna for medical treatment between 30 May and 28 July 1918. When Mehmed VI became the new Sultan of the Ottoman Empire in July 1918, he called Atatürk to Constantinople, and after several meetings in
5814-428: The Greeks were made possible by a steady supply of gold and armaments to the Kemalists from the Russian Bolshevik government from the autumn of 1920 onwards. After a series of battles during the Greco-Turkish War , the Greek army advanced as far as the Sakarya River , just eighty kilometers west of Ankara. On 5 August 1921, Atatürk was promoted to commander in chief of the forces by the GNA. The ensuing Battle of
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#17328905415775928-412: The Ottoman Grand Vizier Damat Ferid Pasha signed the Treaty of Sèvres , finalizing plans for the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire , including the regions that Turkish nationals viewed as their heartland. Atatürk insisted on the country's complete independence and the safeguarding of interests of the Turkish majority on "Turkish soil". He persuaded the GNA to gather a National Army. The GNA army faced
6042-420: The Ottoman Army forces commanded by Kaymakam Enver Bey that recovered Dimetoka and Edirne (Adrianople, the capital city of the Ottoman Empire between 1365 and 1453, thus of utmost historic importance for the Turks) together with most of eastern Thrace from the Bulgarians. In 1913, he was appointed the Ottoman military attaché to all Balkan states (his office was in Sofia , Bulgaria) and promoted to
6156-444: The Ottoman Turkish victory at the Battle of Gallipoli (1915) during World War I . During this time, the Ottoman Empire perpetrated genocides against its Greek , Armenian and Assyrian subjects ; while never involved, Atatürk's role in their aftermath was the subject of discussion. Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire after World War I, he led the Turkish National Movement , which resisted mainland Turkey's partition among
6270-400: The Republic of Turkey was proclaimed . Since then, Republic Day has been celebrated as a national holiday on that date. With the establishment of the Republic of Turkey, efforts to modernise the country started. The new government analyzed the institutions and constitutions of Western states such as France, Sweden, Italy, and Switzerland and adapted them to the needs and characteristics of
6384-410: The Republic, after independence from the United Kingdom in 1963. He was the preeminent political figure for independence during the Mau Mau rebellion guerilla war for independence. Joseph Jenkins Roberts (1809–1876) was born a free man of African American descent. He migrated to Liberia in 1829 with his family to join thousands of other African Americans resettled from 1820 based on efforts of
6498-401: The Sakarya was fought from 23 August–13 September 1921 and ended with the defeat of the Greeks. After this victory, Atatürk was given the rank of Mareşal and the title of Gazi by the Grand National Assembly on 19 September 1921. The Allies, ignoring the extent of Atatürk's successes, hoped to impose a modified version of the Treaty of Sèvres as a peace settlement on Angora, but the proposal
6612-402: The Seventh Army to withdraw to the north in order to prevent the British from conducting a short envelopment to the Jordan River . The Seventh Army retired towards the Jordan River but was destroyed by British aerial bombardment during its retreat from Nablus on 21 September 1918. Nevertheless, Atatürk managed to form a defence line to the north of Aleppo . According to Lord Kinross , Atatürk
6726-414: The Six Arrows. These fundamentals were not new in world politics or, indeed, among the elite of Turkey. What made them unique was that these interrelated fundamentals were explicitly formulated for Turkey's needs. A good example is the definition and application of secularism; the Kemalist secular state significantly differed from predominantly Christian states. Atatürk's private journal entries dated before
6840-416: The Soviet Union, Germany, and Italy. Some perceived his opposition and silencing of these ideologies as a means of eliminating competition; others believed it was necessary to protect the young Turkish state from succumbing to the instability of new ideologies and competing factions. Under Atatürk, the arrest process known as the 1927 Detentions ( 1927 Tevkifatı ) was launched, and a widespread arrest policy
6954-547: The Turkish nation. Highlighting the public's lack of knowledge regarding Atatürk's intentions, the public cheered: "We are returning to the days of the first caliphs ." Atatürk placed Fevzi Çakmak , Kâzım Özalp , and İsmet İnönü in political positions where they could institute his reforms . He capitalized on his reputation as an efficient military leader and spent the following years, up until his death in 1938, instituting political, economic, and social reforms. In doing so, he transformed Turkish society from perceiving itself as
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#17328905415777068-430: The War of Independence, is regarded as the "Mother of the Homeland" (Spanish: Madre de la Patria ). Lynden Pindling is considered the "Father of the Nation". He served as first Prime Minister of the Bahamas from 1967 to 1992. Independence from United Kingdom was achieved in 1973. Errol Barrow (1920–1987) is often referred to as the Father of Independence of Barbados . Initially a World War II pilot and then
7182-432: The autumn of 1910, he was among the Ottoman military observers who attended the Picardie army manoeuvres in France, and in 1911, served at the Ministry of War ( Harbiye Nezareti ) in Constantinople for a short time. In 1911, he volunteered to fight in the Italo-Turkish War in the Ottoman Tripolitania Vilayet (present-day Libya ). He served mainly in the areas near Derna and Tobruk . The invading Italian army had
7296-400: The centennial of Atatürk's birth, his memory was honoured by the United Nations and UNESCO , which declared it The Atatürk Year in the World and adopted the Resolution on the Atatürk Centennial , describing him as "the leader of the first struggle given against colonialism and imperialism " and a "remarkable promoter of the sense of understanding between peoples and durable peace between
7410-409: The civilians in Antep in case of a defensive conflict against the invading Allies. Atatürk's last active service in the Ottoman Army was organizing the return of the Ottoman troops left behind to the south of the defensive line. In early November 1918, the Yıldırım Army Group was officially dissolved, and Atatürk returned to an occupied Constantinople , the Ottoman capital, on 13 November 1918. For
7524-483: The command of the XVI Corps to the overall command of the Second Army, although the Czar's armies were soon withdrawn when the Russian Revolution erupted. In July 1917, he was appointed to the command of the Seventh Army , replacing Fevzi Pasha on 7 August 1917, who was under the command of the German general Erich von Falkenhayn 's Yildirim Army Group (after the British forces of General Edmund Allenby captured Jerusalem in December 1917, Erich von Falkenhayn
7638-435: The country to become one of the most democratic and most economically stable states in Africa . The Somali Youth League played a major role for Somalia's independence since the 1940s, with two of its members having served as the first two Somali presidents , Aden Adde and Abdirashid Shermarke . There are several murals and monuments dedicated to the SYL's independence movement in Mogadishu . Mohamed Haji Ibrahim Egal
7752-423: The ensuing war of independence in Guinea-Bissau . He was assassinated on 20 January 1973, several months before Guinea-Bissau's unilateral declaration of independence. He is considered a founder of Cape Verde. Aristides Pereira served as first President of Cape Verde from 1975 to 1991. David Dacko served as first President of Central African Republic from 1960 to 1966. The constitution outlines him as being
7866-412: The establishment of the republic in 1923 show that he believed in the importance of the sovereignty of the people. In forging the new republic, the Turkish revolutionaries turned their back on the perceived corruption and decadence of cosmopolitan Constantinople and its Ottoman heritage. For instance, they made Ankara (as Angora has been known in English since 1930), the country's new capital and reformed
7980-424: The final 'â' softens the 'l' the pronunciation closely approximates that of the Arabic 'Kemal'. However, Atatürk returned to the old spelling of Kemal from May 1937 and onwards. To make a soft transition, he avoided using the name as much as he could, either by not using it at all or by signing documents as 'K. Atatürk'. An official explanation was never given, but it is widely agreed that the issue with Atatürk's name
8094-431: The fire, was part of the genocides of Asia Minor's Christian minorities that the Turkish army and government carried out during WWI is unclear, responsibility remains a contentious debate and it is unclear if the Turks entered the city with these intentions. Many Turkish apologists argue that the regular Turkish Army did not play a role in these events. At the time, Atatürk was commander of the Turkish armed forces, and sent
8208-463: The first King of Morocco in 1957. All are considered founders of Nigeria . The troika of Obafemi Awolowo , Nnamdi Azikiwe , and Ahmadu Bello negotiated Nigeria's independence from Britain , aided by such figures as Chief Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti . Freetown, Sierra Leone was founded in part by a Black American soldier, Thomas Peters in 1792, after managing to convince British abolitionists to help settle 1,192 Black Americans who fought for
8322-533: The first and only king of Libya, reigning from 1951 to 1969, and the Chief of the Senussi Muslim order. Idris as-Senussi proclaimed an independent Emirate of Cyrenaica in 1949. He was also invited to become Emir of Tripolitania , another of the three traditional regions that now constitute modern Libya (the third being Fezzan ). By accepting he began the process of uniting Libya under a single monarchy. A constitution
8436-534: The following days. Atatürk twice asked Dimitrina's parents for their permission to marry her (the second time was in 1915, during World War I ) and was twice refused, which left him with a lifelong sadness. In 1914, the Ottoman Empire entered the European and Middle Eastern theatres of World War I allied with the Central Powers . Atatürk was given the task of organizing and commanding the 19th Division attached to
8550-687: The following year. As the president of the newly formed Turkish Republic, Atatürk initiated a rigorous program of political, economic, and cultural reforms with the ultimate aim of building a republican and secular nation-state. He made primary education free and compulsory, opening thousands of new schools all over the country. He also introduced the Latin-based Turkish alphabet , replacing the old Ottoman Turkish alphabet . Turkish women received equal civil and political rights during Atatürk's presidency. In particular, women were given voting rights in local elections by Act no. 1580 on 3 April 1930 and
8664-464: The government in actuality. In 1920, before the Turkish Parliament, Atatürk called the genocides a "shameful act" and did not publicly deny them at that time. Atatürk's relations with Enver Pasha , a key perpetrator of the genocides, has also been controversial but poorly understood. While the two men may have been close at times, Atatürk held a personal dislike of Enver Pasha; he once said to
8778-448: The government's official news agency Anadolu Agency gave the following explanation: According to our intelligence, the name 'Kamâl' that Atatürk bears is not an Arabic word, nor does it have the meaning by the Arabic word kemal ['maturity', 'perfection']. Atatürk's given name, which is being retained, is 'Kamâl', the Turkish meaning of which is army and fortress. As the circumflex accent on
8892-440: The kernel of these universities had been opened. However, Van was not one of these happy provinces in this period. On July 20, 1982, after almost 8 and a half months from introducing The Higher Education Law No 2447 which brought a new regulation for the universities, the decree law about The Organization of The Higher Education Institution was published. With this decree law, new universities were established. Yüzüncü Yıl University
9006-510: The leaders who brought forth regional integration among the Caribbean Community. Bernardo O'Higgins (1778–1842) and José Miguel Carrera (1785–1821) are usually considered the founders of Chile. Diego Portales (1793–1837) is sometimes considered due to his influence in the 1833 Constitution. Simón Bolívar , was founder of Gran Colombia , which also included Panama , Ecuador , and Venezuela . Francisco de Paula Santander wrote
9120-615: The months July and August 1918, reassigned him to the command of the Seventh Army in Palestine. Atatürk arrived in Aleppo on 26 August 1918, then continued south to his headquarters in Nablus . The Seventh Army was holding the central sector of the front lines. On 19 September, at the beginning of the Battle of Megiddo , the Eighth Army was holding the coastal flank but fell apart and Liman Pasha ordered
9234-569: The name himself as a tribute to the nationalist poet Namık Kemal . According to Alkan, Atatürk seems to have embraced the name Kemal during his army years. After receiving the surname Atatürk on his first ID card in 1934, his name appeared as Kemal Atatürk, while the given name Mustafa had disappeared altogether. In February 1935, Atatürk began to use the Old Turkic name Kamâl. According to Tarama Dergisi (1934), kamal meant "fortification", "fortress", "army", and "shield". On 4 February 1935,
9348-520: The nation to freedom. Abel Muzorewa (1925–2010) was the first black Prime Minister of Zimbabwe Rhodesia . Robert Mugabe (1924–2019) was the leader of ZANU-PF (Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front), who ruled Zimbabwe from 1980 to 2017. Others The military commander José de San Martín was one of the most important figures of the War of Independence (1810–1818) in Argentina, where he
9462-503: The nations of the world and that he worked all his life for the development of harmony and cooperation between peoples without distinction". Atatürk was also credited for his peace-in-the-world oriented foreign policy and friendship with neighboring countries such as Iran, Yugoslavia, Iraq, and Greece, as well as the creation of the Balkan Pact that resisted the expansionist aggressions of Fascist Italy and Tsarist Bulgaria . Atatürk
9576-464: The place of the East University. This committee approved the foundation of a university whose center would be Van and the constitution of some faculties and institutes in Elazığ , Erzurum and Diyarbakır as auxiliary departments of the East University. Meanwhile, the universities in Ankara and Istanbul were augmented and the new universities or the faculties, graduate schools and academies which would form
9690-681: The policies pursued by the CUP leadership. On 22 June 1908, he was appointed the Inspector of the Ottoman Railways in Eastern Rumelia ( Doğu Rumeli Bölgesi Demiryolları Müfettişi ). In July 1908, he played a role in the Young Turk Revolution which seized power from Sultan Abdülhamid II and restored the constitutional monarchy . He was proposing depoliticization in the army, a proposal which
9804-635: The rank of Kaymakam ( Lieutenant Colonel / Colonel ) on 1 March 1914. While in Bulgaria, he met with Dimitrina Kovacheva, the daughter of Bulgarian general Stiliyan Kovachev (against whose forces he had fought during the Balkan Wars ), who had recently completed her education in Switzerland , during a New Year's Eve ball in Sofia and fell in love with her. The two danced at the ball and started to secretly date in
9918-468: The systems of governance, (i.e., political system form of government, and constitution), of the country. They can also be military leaders of a war of independence that led to the establishment of a sovereign state. Maurice Yaméogo was the first Upper Voltese premier of French Upper Volta , being appointed in 1958 and became the first president of the Republic of Upper Volta from 1960 to 1966. Yaméogo
10032-500: The teacher, was sent to Van and was asked to transform the present middle school into a high school and to form the kernel of the planned university. Atatürk said, "We must go into action to constitute a modern city of culture with a primary school and finally a university in the most beautiful places on the coasts of The Lake Van for the east region" and with this aim, he sent Saffet Arıkan , The Ministry of Education of that period, to Van for land determination. Atatürk said, " Developing
10146-528: The time) sparked the establishment of the Turkish National Movement and the Turkish War of Independence. At the time of the late Ottoman genocides reportedly committed by the CUP and the declining Ottoman Empire, but now controversial , Atatürk was a member of the CUP, and to that extent, a Young Turk , but so had many Arabs , Albanians , Jews , and initially, Armenians and Greeks , as it
10260-557: The turn of the 20th century and were expressed more openly after the Young Turk Revolution . Atatürk created a banner to mark the changes between the old Ottoman and the new republican rule. Each change was symbolized as an arrow in this banner. This defining ideology of the Republic of Turkey is referred to as the "Six Arrows", or Kemalism . Kemalism is based on Atatürk's conception of realism and pragmatism . The fundamentals of nationalism, populism, and statism were all defined under
10374-587: The victorious Allied powers . Establishing a provisional government in the present-day Turkish capital Ankara (known in English at the time as Angora), he defeated the forces sent by the Allies, thus emerging victorious from what was later referred to as the Turkish War of Independence . He subsequently proceeded to abolish the sultanate in 1922 and proclaimed the foundation of the Turkish Republic in its place
10488-489: The war criminals were also invited to the government of the new Turkish republic. On 30 April 1919, Fahri Yaver-i Hazret-i Şehriyari ("Honorary Aide-de-camp to His Majesty Sultan") Mirliva Atatürk was assigned as the inspector of the Ninth Army Troops Inspectorate to reorganize what remained of the Ottoman military units and to improve internal security. On 19 May 1919, he reached Samsun . His first goal
10602-629: Was a Guinean political leader and President of Guinea from 1958 to his death in 1984. Touré was one of the primary Guinean nationalists involved in the independence of the country from France . He is with Kwame Nkrumah one of the founders of the African Union , and the Guinean Diallo Telli was the first general secretary of the African Union. Jomo Kenyatta served as the first Prime Minister (1963–1964) and President (1964–1978) of
10716-611: Was a Ugandan political leader who led Uganda to independence from British colonial rule in 1962. Following the nation's independence, he served as prime minister of Uganda from 1962 to 1966 and the second president of Uganda from 1966 to 1971, then again from 1980 to 1985. Kenneth Kaunda (1924–2021) is the prominent icon in the independence and unification of Zambia . He served as first President from 1964 to 1991. However, there are important personalities like Simon Kapwepwe and Harry Nkumbula (1916–18) that fairly deserve recognition. Together, in their different capacities, they led
10830-518: Was also one of them. Local enterprises to found a university in Van were also available.” The Association of Founding and Sustentating of University and Graduate School in Van” was founded in 1968. This association had carried on the activity under the presidency of Tayyar Dabbağoğlu, Dr. Özçelik Okayer and Dr. Ertuğrul Yeginaltay. The association made an effort for establishing a faculty affiliated to Erzurum Atatürk University in Van and then transforming it into
10944-482: Was arrested by the police for his anti-monarchist activities. Following confinement for several months he was released only with the support of Rıza Pasha, his former school director. After his release, Atatürk was assigned to the Fifth Army based in Damascus as a Staff Captain in the company of Ali Fuat (Cebesoy) and Lütfi Müfit (Özdeş). He joined a small secret revolutionary society of reformist officers led by
11058-622: Was assaulting the Italian-controlled fortress of Kasr-ı Harun, two Italian planes dropped bombs on the Ottoman forces; a limestone splinter from a damaged building's rubble struck Atatürk's left eye, causing permanent tissue damage, but not total loss of sight. He received medical treatment for nearly a month; he attempted to leave the Red Crescent 's health facilities after only two weeks, but when his eye's situation worsened, he had to return and resume treatment. On 6 March 1912, Atatürk became
11172-557: Was based on a general ballot. Deputies at the GNA served as the voice of Turkish society by expressing its political views and preferences. It had the right to select and control both the government and the Prime Minister. Initially, it also acted as a legislative power, controlling the executive branch and, if necessary, served as an organ of scrutiny under the Turkish Constitution of 1921 . The Turkish Constitution of 1924 set
11286-497: Was born Mustafa . His second name Kemal (meaning "perfection" or "maturity" in Arabic ) was given to him by his mathematics teacher, Captain Üsküplü Mustafa Efendi. According to Afet İnan , his teacher gave this name "in admiration of [Atatürk's] capability and maturity." According to other sources, his teacher wanted to distinguish Atatürk from another student who was also named Mustafa. Andrew Mango suggests that he may have chosen
11400-465: Was critical of the Armenian genocide and Kemalists had pledged to prosecute those involved with the genocide, on March 31, 1923, a general amnesty was declared for those who had been convicted of court-martial and by the municipal courts after the defeat of the Ottoman forces. Turkey also refused to deliver those involved with the crimes to the Allies, arguing that it would violate Turkish sovereignty. Some of
11514-465: Was disliked by the leaders of the CUP. As a result, he was sent away to Tripolitania Vilayet (present Libya , then an Ottoman territory) under the pretext of suppressing a tribal rebellion towards the end of 1908. According to Mikush however, he volunteered for this mission. He suppressed the revolt and returned to Constantinople in January 1909. In April 1909 in Constantinople, a group of soldiers began
11628-563: Was enacted in 1949 and adopted in October 1951. A National Congress elected Idris as King of Libya, and as Idris I he proclaimed the independence of the Kingdom of Libya as a sovereign state on 24 December 1951. The first Moroccan state was established by Idris I in 788. The 'Alawi dynasty , which rules the country to this day, was established by Sharif bin Ali in 1631. Sultan Mohammed V , who secured Moroccan independence in 1956, declared himself
11742-606: Was in September 1919, when Atatürk met with the United States Army General James Harbord , the leader of the Harbord Commission into the genocides, in Sivas . Harbord would later recall that Atatürk told him of his disapproval of the Armenian genocide, and that he had allegedly stated that "the massacre and deportation of Armenians was the work of a small committee who had seized power", rather than by
11856-689: Was linked to the Turkish language reform . Atatürk was born either in the Ahmet Subaşı neighbourhood or at a house (preserved as a museum) in Islahhane Street (now Apostolou Pavlou Street) in the Koca Kasım Pasha neighbourhood in Salonica ( Selanik ), Ottoman Empire . His parents were Ali Rıza Efendi , a military officer originally from Kodžadžik ( Kocacık ), title deed clerk and lumber trader, and Zübeyde Hanım . Only one of Mustafa's siblings,
11970-399: Was politically disenfranchised and all of his titles were denounced in 1970 under the orders of Sangoulé Lamizana before being rehabilitated in 1991 by Blaise Compaoré as the national founder. In 1984, president of Upper Volta, Thomas Sankara as apart of his socialist and anti-french reforms renamed the country to Burkina Faso as well as adopting the national anthem, Ditanyè , which
12084-559: Was put in place against the Communist Party of Turkey members. Communist political figures such as Hikmet Kıvılcımlı , Nâzım Hikmet , and Şefik Hüsnü were tried and sentenced to prison terms. Then, in 1937, a delegation headed by Atatürk decided to censor the writings of Kıvılcımlı as harmful communist propaganda. The heart of the new republic was the GNA, established during the Turkish War of Independence by Atatürk. The elections were free and used an egalitarian electoral system that
12198-618: Was rejected. In August 1922, Atatürk launched an all-out attack on the Greek lines at Afyonkarahisar in the Battle of Dumlupınar , and Turkish forces regained control of İzmir on 9 September 1922. On 10 September 1922, Atatürk sent a telegram to the League of Nations stating that the Turkish population was so worked up that the Ankara Government would not be responsible for the ensuing massacres . The Conference of Lausanne began on 21 November 1922. Turkey, represented by İsmet İnönü of
12312-548: Was replaced by Otto Liman von Sanders who became the new commander of the Yıldırım Army Group in early 1918.) Atatürk did not get along well with General von Falkenhayn and, together with Miralay İsmet Bey , wrote a report to Grand Vizier Talaat Pasha regarding the grim situation and lack of adequate resources in the Palestinian front. However, Talaat Pasha ignored their observations and refused their suggestion to form
12426-612: Was successful in laying the foundation for a modern Egyptian state. The Founder of Independent Egypt, Saad Zaghloul (1859–1927), was a politician who served in many ministries of the Egyptian government , and was imprisoned by the British government in Malta , but returned to Egypt to participate in the revolution of 1919 . Zaghloul then was able to make the Sultan of Egypt (later King) Fuad I convince
12540-645: Was the establishment of an organized national movement against the occupying forces. In June 1919, he issued the Amasya Circular , declaring the independence of the country was in danger. He resigned from the Ottoman Army on 8 July, and the Ottoman government issued a warrant for his arrest. But Kâzım Karabekir and other military commanders active in Eastern Anatolia followed Atatürk's lead and acknowledged him as their leader. On 4 September 1919, he assembled
12654-479: Was the founder and first prime minister of Somaliland. Nelson Mandela (1918–2013) was the President of South Africa , in office from 1994 to 1999. He led the negotiations, together with F. W. de Klerk , to racially integrate and unite the country. Other anti-apartheid activists include: Being the first President of Tanzania , Julius Nyerere was the main figure involved in achieving Tanzania's independence. He
12768-464: Was the only Turkish general in the war who never suffered a defeat. The war ended with the Armistice of Mudros which was signed on 30 October 1918, and all German and Austro-Hungarian troops in the Ottoman Empire were granted ample time to withdraw. On 31 October, Atatürk was appointed to the command of the Yıldırım Army Group, replacing Liman von Sanders. Atatürk organized the distribution of weapons to
12882-433: Was then simply an anti- Abdul Hamid movement. As for the actual occurrences of the genocides, Atatürk had since divested from the movement and was serving as a relatively junior Lieutenant Colonel fighting in Gallipoli and Western Thrace during the Armenian genocide . Historical evidence proves decisively that he was not involved with the killings, and that he later went on to condemn them. One such explicit condemnation
12996-457: Was written by Sankara himself. In 2023, Sankara was declared the hero of Burkina Faso and the “true” national founder by president Ibrahim Traoré . Amílcar Cabral (var. Amílcar Lopes da Costa Cabral) (1924–1973) was an agricultural engineer, writer, and a nationalist thinker and political leader. He was also one of Africa's foremost anti-colonial leaders. Amílcar Cabral led the nationalist movement of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde Islands and
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