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62-568: Founded in December 1922, Yunnan University started to enroll in April 1923. It began as a privately run institution called the "University of the Eastern Land" and its name has changed six times since then. Yunnan University has also been included on the list of the key national universities for the " China Western Development " program. Yunnan University was founded in December 1922 by General Tang Jiyao ,

124-559: A 45-minute bus or subway ride from its original campus. Its first year of operation was the 2010–2011 academic year, though the campus has expanded considerably since then. Lijiang Culture and Tourism College ( 丽江文化旅游学院 ; Lìjiāng Wénhuà Lǚ​yóu Xuéyuàn ) in Lijiang was formerly a branch campus of that university. There are two libraries in YNU, old one locates in Donglu Campus, while the new and

186-420: A comprehensive curricula in the fields of the liberal arts, law, science, technology, economics, and management. Students studying on the campus of Yunnan University have reached 19,872, of whom 9,919 are full-time undergraduates, 2,853 are postgraduates (94 are studying for their doctorate, 684 are studying for their master's, 1,842 are studying advanced postgraduate courses, 170 are studying for their degrees in

248-481: A difficult period from the mid-1960s to the mid-1970s due to events such as the Cultural Revolution . However, the situation improved remarkably thereafter when the reform era began in the late 1970s. According to his confession, biochemistry student Ma Jiajue killed his four university roommates between February 13 and 15 in 2004. On February 23 of that year, the bodies were discovered in a dormitory closet at

310-527: A doctorate or master's degree. Yunnan University currently has the following schools, colleges and institutes under its administration: In these schools, colleges and institutes there are more than 30 teaching departments and divisions that offer 65 major fields of study for the four-year programs for undergraduates to obtain baccalaureates. Additionally, Yunnan University also has 16 centers for research and development, 25 research institutes, ten research offices, and four teaching-oriented service centers. In

372-463: A newly created National Southwestern Associated University (also called "Lianda"). Several of them, however, for various reasons, ended up teaching at Yunnan University. There they found a distinct French influence . The president of Yunnan University had a PhD from the Sorbonne . The university is also famous for its French language and civilization research. The present of the school of foreign language

434-549: A particularly pernicious effect of the Western Development Program. Despite the fact that Guizhou received 53.3 billion yuan in infrastructure construction in 2001 alone, more than the total amount given by the Ninth Five-Year Plan (1995–2000), its foreign capital declined from US$ 40.9 million in 1999 to $ 29.29 million in 2001, an astonishing 31% decline, reaching its lowest point since 1997. Contrary to what

496-446: A prescribed allotment of 60 yuan per mu by the central policy. A further complication is farmer dissatisfaction when the government fails to deliver on its contract, since the local government usually bases compensation on actual production value, resulting in compensation between 20 and 50 yuan, plus a 300 jin appropriation of grain. Farmers who are temporarily benefiting from the compensation will soon rely on governmental subsidy once

558-536: A state-level base for training professional teachers. Among its disciplinary branches, Yunnan University has two key state-level disciplinary groups under the current construction, sixteen key provincial-level disciplines, four doctorate degree conferring points, one post-doctorate-degree-related mobile station, forty-eight master's degree conferring points, three specialized degree (law, occupational education and MBA) conferring points, one state-level center for new product research and development, and one key laboratory of

620-622: A substantial growth in foreign investment in the western regions, from US$ 1,837.35 million in 1999 to $ 1,922.19 million in 2001. However, not all areas in the western region shared in this progress. While foreign direct investment in Chongqing grew US$ 17.56 million between 1999 and 2001 (from US$ 238.93 million to $ 256.49 million), foreign investment in Guizhou, Guangxi and Ningxi declined significantly, dropping about US$ 19.71, $ 250.96 million, and $ 34.54 million respectively. The situation in Guizhou reveals

682-403: A sufficient level of development, they should help the interior regions develop. Jiang Zemin sought to address the regional imbalances, holding the belief that underdevelopment made the western region at risk for social discontent and foreign interference. In March 1999, he proposed a developmental strategy for the western region at the 9th National People's Congress . He would elaborate on

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744-478: Is an abbreviation of "Yunnan" and "da" is an abbreviation of daxue , the Chinese word for "university". Yunnan University became famous during World War II . Since Kunming was not directly involved in the fighting, a great many excellent Chinese scholars, in particular from Beijing and Nanjing , many of these with PhDs from well-known American universities, retreated from the northern war zone. Most of them taught at

806-807: Is an acting council member of the Fund of Universities and Colleges of China. Through its development Yunnan University Fund has now held nearly seventy Chinese and overseas directors. They have brought many scholars who have promoted the reform, construction and development of Yunnan University. In recent years, Yunda has established different levels of exchange relations with more than 50 institutions of higher learning and research organizations in more than twenty countries and regions such as United States, Great Britain, Russia, Japan, Australia, etc. 25°03′38″N 102°42′34″E  /  25.06064°N 102.709377°E  / 25.06064; 102.709377 China Western Development China Western Development ( 西部大开发 )

868-623: Is an economic policy applied in Western China as part of the effort to reduce imbalances in development between China's coastal regions and its interior. The policy covers six provinces ( Gansu , Guizhou , Qinghai , Shaanxi , Sichuan and Yunnan ), five autonomous regions ( Guangxi , Inner Mongolia , Ningxia , Tibet and Xinjiang ), and one municipality ( Chongqing ). Despite making up 71.4% of mainland China , this region holds only 28.8% of its population (as of 2002 ) and 19.9% of its total economic output (as of 2015 ). In 1978, under

930-407: Is concerned with animal distribution rather than plant distribution. The term phytogeography itself suggests a broad meaning. How the term is actually applied by practicing scientists is apparent in the way periodicals use the term. The American Journal of Botany , a monthly primary research journal, frequently publishes a section titled "Systematics, Phytogeography, and Evolution." Topics covered in

992-402: Is divided into floristic region, each region associated with a distinctive flora. Phytogeography has a long history. One of the subjects earliest proponents was Prussian naturalist Alexander von Humboldt , who is often referred to as the "father of phytogeography". Von Humboldt advocated a quantitative approach to phytogeography that has characterized modern plant geography. Gross patterns of

1054-401: Is grouped based on similar environmental factors. A population is the collection of all interacting individuals of a given species, in an area. An area is the entire location where a species, an element or an entire flora can occur. Aerography studies the description of that area, chorology studies their development. The local distribution within the area as a whole, as that of a swamp shrub, is

1116-594: Is honored as "Chevalier des Palmes Académiques" (knight of academic golden Palm) in 2011. From 1937 through to 1947, the noted mathematician Professor Xiong Qinglai was invited to become the President of Yunnan University, under whose leadership Yunnan University was restructured along the same academic model as Tsinghua University . A cluster of famous scholars, such as Fei Xiaotong , Chu Tunan , Chen Xingshen , Hua Luogen , Yan Jici , Feng Youlan , Lü Shuxiang came to teach at Yunnan University, and thus gradually turned

1178-460: Is the branch of biogeography that is concerned with the geographic distribution of plant species and their influence on the earth's surface. Phytogeography is concerned with all aspects of plant distribution, from the controls on the distribution of individual species ranges (at both large and small scales, see species distribution ) to the factors that govern the composition of entire communities and floras . Geobotany , by contrast, focuses on

1240-476: Is the first enterprise in China that owns an independent intellectual property right in the field of the single clone antibody research, and its products of contraceptive test paper, and sterility test paper have been adopted for codifying China's national standards . Yunnan University also has a secondary school, a secondary school of foreign language and a kindergarten affiliated to it. The Yunnan University Fund

1302-677: The 15th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party . For these purposes, the western region is defined as Sichuan, Gansu, Guizhou, Yunnan, Qinghai, Shaanxi, the municipality of Chongqing, Ningxia, Xinjiang, and Tibet. The main components of the strategy include the development of infrastructure (transport, hydropower plants, energy, and telecommunications), enticement of foreign investment , increased efforts on ecological protection (such as reforestation ), promotion of education , and retention of talent flowing to richer provinces. The western development bureau affiliated to

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1364-472: The American Journal of Botany' s "Systematics and Phytogeography" section include phylogeography , distribution of genetic variation and, historical biogeography , and general plant species distribution patterns. Biodiversity patterns are not heavily covered. A flora is the group of all plant species in a specific period of time or area, in which each species is independent in abundance and relationships to

1426-605: The Green Lake Park , a winter haunt for the Siberian black-headed gull . The campus is covered with the green shade of ginkgo and is surrounded by stretches of cherry and plum trees. The university is also next to the Yuantong Hill, a zoological park known for its rare animal and bird species. Yunnan University has now developed into a National Key University with a large group of academic professionals offering courses covered by

1488-584: The Pteridophytes of China, especially those of southwestern China . It has for many years been directed by Chu Weiming . On April 27, 1998, the Yunnan University Science and Technology Corporation shares were issued on the stock markets in China, and Yunnan University has become the eighth among more than 1,000 higher education institutes in China that own their share-issuing hi-tech companies or corporations. The popularization and application of

1550-738: The State Council released a list of 10 major projects to launch in 2008, with a combined budget of 436 billion yuan (64.12 billion U.S. dollars). These projects included new railway lines connecting Guiyang and Guangzhou , Lanzhou and Chongqing , Kashgar and Hotan in Xinjiang; highways between Wanyuan and Dazhou in Sichuan Province, Shuikou and Duyun in Guizhou Province; airport expansion projects in Chengdu, Chongqing and Xi’an. They also include

1612-525: The Ministry of Education. Yunnan University has a publishing house which has produced over two million volumes of various academic works. Yunnan University's academic periodical Ideological Frontier (Social Science Version) has obtained the status of the "Kernel National Periodicals", and the Academic Journal of Yunnan University (Natural Science Version) has been judged as an excellent academic journal of

1674-553: The United States Congress passed an act that appropriated funds to send expeditions to discover the geographic distributions of plants (and animals) in the United States. The first of these was The Death Valley Expedition , including Frederick Vernon Coville , Frederick Funston , Clinton Hart Merriam , and others. Research in plant geography has also been directed to understanding the patterns of adaptation of species to

1736-579: The West's economic development. While massive investment has been accompanied by a boost in GDP across all western regions, the broader policy has failed to achieve its goal of eliminating the economic gap between China's East and West. Initiatives encouraging Chinese from wealthier and more crowded regions of China to move to the less crowded western regions has resulted in population growth in several cities, most notably Qinghai with its increase of 12.6%. Nevertheless,

1798-455: The West. Farmland conversion to forest and grassland is the dominant strategy for this effort, targeting specifically the regions crucial to the Yangtze's protection. In Sichuan, the government aims to protect the 19.23 million hectares of existing forest and plant an additional 2.93 million hectares of new forest to diminish the amount of silt flowing into the Yangtze. Around 20,000 mu of farmland

1860-473: The World Bank in China. Although the project seems to be going successfully, it creates a potential fiscal burden for the government. Massive farmland conversion requires a tremendous amount of funding for resettling the farmers. In addition, to compensate farmers for their loss in agricultural profit, the state has committed to supplying them with grains and funds for planting trees and grass. This results in

1922-402: The above-described major fields of study, History, Biology, Mathematical Science are established for the purpose of training teaching and research professionals at the national level (and Yunnan University is applying to the Ministry of Education for its approval to set up a state-level experimental base for the comprehensive quality training in liberal arts.) Yunnan University also has established

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1984-503: The building of hydropower stations, coal mines, gas and oil transmission tube lines as well as public utilities projects in western regions. The Qinghai-Tibet railway project set a milestone in Tibet's local development, connecting Tibet with central China. Prior to its completion, Tibet could not be reached by railway. The Big Western Line is a proposal for diverting water from the upstream sections of six rivers in southwestern China to

2046-425: The distribution of plants became apparent early on in the study of plant geography. For example, Alfred Russel Wallace , co-discoverer of the principle of natural selection, discussed the latitudinal gradients in species diversity , a pattern observed in other organisms as well. Much research effort in plant geography has since then been devoted to understanding this pattern and describing it in more detail. In 1890,

2108-688: The dry areas of northern China through a system of reservoirs, tunnels and natural rivers. Some of the southwestern rivers include the Mekong , the Yarlung Tsangpo and the Salween . The Big Western Line is a possible element of the South–North Water Transfer Project . The project was one of the most controversial proposals as of 2006 . As part of the program, China's five large state-owned hydropower companies planned, underwrote, and built

2170-436: The economic growth rate of China's East continues to exceed that of the West, causing the western share of domestic product to continue to fall. The West's contribution to the GDP decreased from 20.88% in 1990 to 17.13% in 2000. Relative levels of GDP per capita in the West decreased from 73.30% in 1990 to 60.87% in 2000. In 1990, Shanghai's per capita GDP was 7.3 times that of Guizhou, the poorest province in China; by 2000,

2232-477: The energy sector. About 75% of Guizhou's foreign investment was channeled into manufacturing and 15% to real estate development. Because the campaign's economic program is strongly central planned, the campaign has actually discouraged foreign investment, working against its original intent. Foreseeing significant environmental impacts in the massive infrastructure development program, the state highly publicizes environmental preservation in its campaign to open up

2294-405: The environment. This is done chiefly by describing geographical patterns of trait/environment relationships. These patterns termed ecogeographical rules when applied to plants represent another area of phytogeography. Floristics is a study of the flora of some territory or area. Traditional phytogeography concerns itself largely with floristics and floristic classification,. China has been

2356-606: The environmental project questionable. Furthermore, while the environmental project is critically emphasized in the campaign, very little has been discussed on the impact of intensified coal extraction, increased thermal plant operation, reservoir inundation, and transportation and transmission line construction, all of which create a more detrimental impact to the environment that the environmental program can compensate for. Geobotany Phytogeography (from Greek φυτόν, phytón = "plant" and γεωγραφία, geographía = "geography" meaning also distribution) or botanical geography

2418-498: The figure had grown to 12.9 times. Evidence from the China Statistical Yearbook also confirms the increasing economic gap between China's West and East, indicating that the east-to-west GDP ratio increased from 2.98 in 1980 to 4.33 in 2000. Xi Jinping's Belt and Road Initiative built upon the strategies of Jiang's Western development efforts. Since the introduction of economic reform and open-door policy in 1978,

2480-407: The focused aspect, environment, flora ( taxa ), vegetation ( plant community ) and origin, respectively: Phytogeography is often divided into two main branches: ecological phytogeography and historical phytogeography . The former investigates the role of current day biotic and abiotic interactions in influencing plant distributions; the latter are concerned with historical reconstruction of

2542-496: The geographic space's influence on plants. Phytogeography is part of a more general science known as biogeography . Phytogeographers are concerned with patterns and process in plant distribution. Most of the major questions and kinds of approaches taken to answer such questions are held in common between phyto- and zoogeographers. Phytogeography in wider sense (or geobotany, in German literature) encompasses four fields, according with

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2604-595: The geographical distribution of the flora of a province or nation; it is called " Phytogeography " in English-speaking countries). Yunnan University is consistently ranked the best in Yunnan Province and among the top 100 nationwide. As of 2023, Yunnan University was ranked 401-500th globally by the Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU). The 2023 CWTS Leiden Ranking ranked Yunnan University at 619th in

2666-764: The institution into a general university that had exerted a certain degree of academic influence at home and abroad. In 1946, Yunnan University had five faculties and 18 academic departments, and was included in the Concise Encyclopædia Britannica as one of the fifteen most prestigious universities in China. During the early 1950s, the government began reforming the Chinese education system which had affected every university. Most departments were weeded out, and by 1958, there were only two faculties and six academic departments left in Yunnan University. Again like all other Chinese universities, Yunnan experienced

2728-483: The key national universities and colleges. Yunnan University has from the very beginning attached great importance to the pursuit of scientific research, closely following international disciplines. It is, for example, a leader in ecology. Its Institute of Ecology and Geobotany has produced nationally utilized texts on plant community classification and plant ecology. (" Geobotany " is a term from Russian and continental European science that entails classifying and analyzing

2790-553: The largest one locates in Chenggong Campus. library houses a collection of over 1.2 million books, some of which are rare copies of valuable historical literature. Access, cataloging, circulation, and public retrieval are under a computerized network management system. The university has a sizable herbarium , believed to be the second oldest in the province after the Kunming Institute of Botany . The herbarium specializes in

2852-558: The leadership of Deng Xiaoping , the People's Republic of China began to reform its economy by changing from a command economy to a market economy . The coastal regions of eastern China benefited greatly from these reforms, and their economies rapidly grew. In contrast, regions in the western half of China lagged behind economically. In 1988, Deng described the strategic concept of "two overall situations," stating that while coastal areas should speed their economic development, once they reached

2914-504: The major product Yunda-120 growth regulator produced by the Science and Technology Corporation has reached 67 billion square meters in terms of use in cultivated areas. Within a brief period, the corporation, starting from a research group that had only a fund of a little more than 10,000 yuan , has developed into a share-issuing corporation with a total value in excess of 10 billion yuan. Biological Technology Corporation of Yunnan University

2976-626: The majority of dams on the Lancang River and its tributaries. Foreign-invested enterprises in the west region operating in specified industries received a preferential corporate income tax rate of 15% as well as 50% for three years after graduating from the basic tax holiday. Foreign enterprises in transportation , electricity , water conservancy, mail services, and broadcasting had a full tax exemption for 2 years and 50% tax relief for an additional three years afterwards. China's attempts to develop its western regions have had varied effects on

3038-448: The origin, dispersal, and extinction of taxa. The basic data elements of phytogeography are occurrence records (presence or absence of a species) with operational geographic units such as political units or geographical coordinates. These data are often used to construct phytogeographic provinces ( floristic provinces ) and elements. The questions and approaches in phytogeography are largely shared with zoogeography , except zoogeography

3100-428: The other species. The group or the flora can be assembled in accordance with floral element, which are based on common features. A flora element can be a genetic element, in which the group of species share similar genetic information i.e. common evolutionary origin; a migration element has a common route of access into a habitat; a historical element is similar to each other in certain past events and an ecological element

3162-519: The plan in June 1999, during which the phrase great western development was used, marking the start of the policy. In a development symposium in Xi'an that month, Jiang stated that increasing development in the western and central regions of China was a matter of political and social significance, as well as economic significance. Premier Zhu Rongji visited the western region to gather western officials' views of

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3224-661: The plan. Consequently, the State Planning Commission drafted an early plan for the proposal before submitting it to the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party in November 1999. A Leadership Group for Western China Development (西部地区开发领导小组) was created by the State Council in January 2000, led by Zhu. The plan for western development was formally put forward during the fifth plenary session of

3286-493: The province's economy through mega-projects such as Guizhou's west–east electricity transfer project. The strengthening of central control over the economy has eroded the trust of foreign investors. In the case of Guizhou, while the Chinese central government intended to attract foreign investment in the power sector through the West-East Electricity Transfer Project, only 5% of foreign investment entered

3348-442: The specialist law programs, and 63 are studying for their degrees in the advanced class for teaching), and 7,100 are students under night-class and correspondence programs. Yunnan University retains a faculty and working staff of 2,372 persons, and among them 1,981 persons are the specialized professionals. 222 persons are full professors, 409 are associate professors, and 987 are full-time instructors. 683 instructors have an obtained

3410-496: The state had intended, the West-East Electricity Transfer Project in Guizhou only assured the continued increase in foreign investment on the coast, as most of the electricity generated in Guizhou was transmitted to Guangdong. Tim Oakes, associate professor of geography at the University of Colorado at Boulder, argues that the decline of foreign investment in certain western regions is a consequence of Beijing's attempt to recentralize

3472-535: The topography of that area. Areas are an important factor is forming an image about how species interaction result in their geography. The nature of an area’s margin, their continuity, their general shape and size relative to other areas, make the study of area crucial in identifying these types of information. For example, a relict area is an area surviving from an earlier and more exclusive occurrence. Mutually exclusive plants are called vicarious (areas containing such plants are also called vicarious). The earth’s surface

3534-470: The tree-planting project is completed. 81,000 tons of grain, 154 million yuan in cash subsidies and 266 million yuan for tree saplings to almost 800,000 farming households have already been spent in Shaanxi. If the provincial government decides to honor its commitment for another 5–8 years, it will cost a total of 11.7 billion yuan in grain and cash subsidies. The heavy financial cost makes the sustainability of

3596-400: The university. The Intermediate People's Court of Kunming sentenced Ma Jiajue to death. On June 17, 2004, he was executed. Yunnan University is situated in the city of Kunming , the provincial capital of Yunnan noted for its mild climate. The university occupies an area of 426,669 sq m, of which 350,000 sq m are built up with teaching, library and research facilities. Its main campus faces

3658-408: The warlord who controlled Yunnan Province in the 1920s. The university began to enroll students on April 20, 1923. It started as the privately run "Dong Lu University" ( Dong Lu means "Eastern Road" or "Eastern Land"). The name has changed six times in the past 80 years, but the present name dates from 1934. It is known locally as "Yunda". Following typical abbreviations for Chinese universities, "Yun"

3720-494: The western region has been in a disadvantageous economic position because it promises a less lucrative return to the investors than its eastern competitors. Therefore, one of the major objectives of the Open Up the West initiative was to bring in foreign investment by creating a more stable investing environment through infrastructure construction. This was a success for the western development project at some level, for statistics shows

3782-405: The world based on their publications for the period 2018–2021. The Nature Index 2023 Annual Tables by Nature Research ranked YNU among the top 300 leading research universities globally for the high quality of research publications in natural science. Due to the limited ability to expand in the center of the city, the university has recently developed a second main campus at Chenggong, roughly

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3844-491: Was converted in Guizhou in 2001, a key region for Yangtze preservation. In Shaanxi, 571,000 hectares of farmland and 427,000 hectares of wasteland were converted to forest or grass between 1999 and 2002. Another 280,000 hectares of farmland and the same expanse of wasteland were converted in 2003. China's environmental program in the west has made China “one of a few countries in the world that have been rapidly increasing their forest cover,” according to David Dollar, director of

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