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56-701: In 1909, the party issued its 'Tivoli resolution', calling for the cultural and political unification of all South Slavs . However, the party also sought limited Slovenian autonomy at the 1921 Yugoslav Constituent Assembly. Its long-term goal was ending the oppressive capitalist system in favour of a more equal one, but it also pursued more immediate goals of the uplift of the working class , democratisation of political life, equal and general voting rights, etc. JSDS founded many trade unions and workers' cooperatives . It also supported and organised general strikes in Trieste , Jesenice , Hrastnik , Trbovlje , etc. Although

112-692: A contiguous region of Southeast Europe comprising the eastern Alps and the Balkan Peninsula . Geographically separated from the West Slavs and East Slavs by Austria , Hungary , Romania , and the Black Sea , the South Slavs today include Bosniaks , Bulgarians , Croats , Macedonians , Montenegrins , Serbs and Slovenes . In the 20th century, the country of Yugoslavia (from Serbo-Croatian , literally meaning "South Slavia" or "South Slavdom") united

168-503: A foothold), and France ( Cathars ). Carinthia came under Germanic rule in the 10th century and came permanently under Western (Roman) Christian sphere of influence. What is today Croatia came under Eastern Roman (Byzantine) rule after the Barbarian age, and while most of the territory was Slavicized, a handful of fortified towns, with mixed population, remained under Byzantine authority and continued to use Latin. Dalmatia, now applied to

224-595: A majority of the South Slavic peoples and lands—with the exception of Bulgarians and Bulgaria—into a single state. The Pan-Slavic concept of Yugoslavia emerged in late 17th-century Croatia, at the time part of the Habsburg monarchy , and gained prominence through the 19th-century Illyrian movement . The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes , renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929, was proclaimed on 1 December 1918, following

280-409: A primitive life and living in scattered huts, often changing their residence. Procopius said they were henotheistic , believing in the god of lightning ( Perun ), the ruler of all, to whom they sacrificed cattle. They went into battle on foot, charging straight at their enemy, armed with spears and small shields, but they did not wear armour. While archaeological evidence for a large-scale migration

336-559: A shared "Slavonic-time ancestry". The 2014 IBD analysis comparison of Western Balkan and Middle Eastern populations also found negligible gene flow between 16th and 19th century during the Islamization of the Balkans. According to a 2014 admixture analysis of Western Balkan, the South Slavs show a genetic uniformity. Bosnians and Croatians were closer to East European populations and largely overlapped with Hungarians from Central Europe. In

392-586: A very high number of common ancestors dated to the migration period approximately 1,500 years ago with Poland and Romania-Bulgaria cluster among others in Eastern Europe. It is concluded to be caused by the Hunnic and Slavic expansion, which was a "relatively small population that expanded over a large geographic area", particularly "the expansion of the Slavic populations into regions of low population density beginning in

448-529: Is "dated to 500-900 CE or a bit later with over 40-50% among Bulgarians, Romanians, and Hungarians". The 2015 IBD analysis found that the South Slavs have lower proximity to Greeks than with East and West Slavs and that there's an "even patterns of IBD sharing among East-West Slavs–'inter-Slavic' populations ( Hungarians , Romanians and Gagauz )–and South Slavs, i.e. across an area of assumed historic movements of people including Slavs". The slight peak of shared IBD segments between South and East-West Slavs suggests

504-466: Is lacking, most present-day historians claim that Slavs invaded and settled the Balkans in the 6th and 7th centuries. According to this dominant narrative, up until the late 560s their main activity southward across the Danube was raiding, though with limited Slavic settlement mainly through Byzantine colonies of foederati . The Danube and Sava frontier was overwhelmed by large-scale Slavic settlement in

560-624: Is reconstructed in Proto-Slavic as *Slověninъ , plural Slověně . The earliest written references to the Slav ethnonym are in other languages. Possibly the oldest mention of Slavs in almost historical form *Slověne is attested in Ptolemy 's Geography (2nd century) as Σταυανοί (Stavanoi) and Σουοβηνοί (Souobenoi), both listed as Scythian tribes living near Alanians north of Scythia (first roughly between Volga and Ural Mountains , second between

616-545: The Baltic Sea and Black Sea ). Zbigniew Gołąb accepted Pavel Jozef Šafárik 's opinion that Greeks inserted "τ" or "θ" for Slavic "sl-" (reconstructing Proto-Slavic *Slɔu̯ǣnæ ), and "through the labialized articulation of the vowel /ɔ/ conditioned by the preceding /u̯/" in Proto-Slavic *Su̯ɔbǣnæ ( *Svoběne ). Sporoi ( Greek : Σπόροι ) or Spori was according to Eastern Roman/Byzantine scholar Procopius (500–560)

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672-735: The English word slave , which arrived in modern language from Middle English sclave , from Old French esclave , from Late Middle High German sklave , from Medieval Latin sclāvus , from Late Latin Sclāvus , from Byzantine Greek Σκλάβος [ Sklábos ], Έσκλαβήνος [ Ésklabḗnos ] and displaced native Old English þēow , derives from Byzantine loanword from a Slavic gen self-name * Slověninŭ - Σκλάβινοι [ Sklábinoi ], Έσκλαβηνοί [ Ésklabēnoí ], that came to mean 'prisoner of war Slave', 'slave' ( Σκλάβος , Έσκλαβήνος , Late Latin Sclāvus ) in

728-600: The Glagolitic script and the first Slavic written language, Old Church Slavonic , which they used to translate Biblical works. At the time, the West and South Slavs still spoke a similar language. The script used, Glagolitic , was capable of representing all Slavic sounds, however, it was gradually replaced in Bulgaria in the 9th century, in Russia by the 11th century Glagolitic survived into

784-702: The History by Theophylact Simocatta ( c.  630 ). DAI mentions the beginnings of the Croatian, Serbian and Bulgarian states from the early 7th to the mid-10th century. MSD and Theophylact Simocatta mention the Slavic tribes in Thessaly and Macedonia at the beginning of the 7th century. The 9th-century Royal Frankish Annals (RFA) also mention Slavic tribes in contact with the Franks . By 700 AD, Slavs had settled in most of Central and Southeast Europe, from Austria even down to

840-567: The Sclaveni in Latin . In Ancient Greek there are no words with the root sl- , thus the original ethnonym was transformed into skl- , as that root was present (in sklērós , "hard"). In East Church Slavonic manuscripts, the ethnonym is spelt Slověne ( Словѣне ), such as in the Primary Chronicle , Sofia First Chronicle , Novgorod First Chronicle and Novgorod Fourth Chronicle . In

896-604: The ethnogenetic legend of the Slavs, the ancestors of the Slavs (the subsequent ethnic group name). Thus, the Slav ethnonym at first denoted the southern group of the early Slavs . That ethnonym is attested by Procopius in Byzantine Greek as Σκλάβοι ( Skláboi ), Σκλαβηνοί ( Sklabēnoí ), Σκλαυηνοί ( Sklauēnoí ), Σθλαβηνοί ( Sthlabēnoí ), or Σκλαβῖνοι ( Sklabînoi ), while his contemporary Jordanes refers to

952-537: The 10th and 11th centuries the Old Church Slavonic led to the creation of various regional forms like Serbo-Croatian and Slovenian . Economic, religious and political centres of Ohrid and Preslav contributed to the important literary production in the Bulgarian Empire . The Bogomil sect, derived from Manichaeism, was deemed heretical, but managed to spread from Bulgaria to Bosnia (where it gained

1008-929: The 16th century in Croatia, used by Benedictines and Franciscans, but lost importance during the Counter-Reformation when Latin replaced it on the Dalmatian coast. Cyril and Methodius' disciples found refuge in already Christian Bulgaria , where the Old Church Slavonic became the ecclesiastical language. Early Cyrillic alphabet was developed during the 9th century AD at the Preslav Literary School in Bulgaria . The earliest Slavic literary works were composed in Bulgaria , Duklja and Dalmatia. The religious works were almost exclusively translations, from Latin (Croatia, Slovenia) and especially Greek (Bulgaria, Serbia). In

1064-443: The 2015 analysis, Bosnians and Croatians formed a western South Slavic cluster together with Slovenians, in opposition to an eastern cluster formed by Macedonians and Bulgarians, with Serbians in between the two. The western cluster has an inclination toward Hungarians, Czechs, and Slovaks, while the eastern ones lean toward Romanians and, to some extent, to Greeks. The modeled ancestral genetic component of Balto-Slavs among South Slavs

1120-550: The 7th century and remains qualitatively different from the "Slavic culture" found north of the Danube . In the mid-6th century, the Byzantines re-asserted their control of the Danube frontier, thereby reducing the economic value of Slavic raiding. This growing economic isolation, combined with external threats from the Avars and Byzantines, led to political and military mobilisation. Meanwhile,

1176-506: The 8th/9th century, because they often became captured and enslaved (see also Saqaliba ). Similarly, the popular Italian-language (and international) salutation Ciao is also derived from that Slavic ethnonym. However, this version is disputed since the 19th century. An alternative contemporary hypothesis states that Medieval Latin sclāvus via secondary form * scylāvus derives from Byzantine σκυλάω [ skūláō , skyláō ], σκυλεύω [ skūleúō , skyleúō ] - "to strip

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1232-455: The Avar envoys slain. By the 580s, as the Slav communities on the Danube became larger and more organized, and as the Avars exerted their influence, raids became larger and resulted in permanent settlement. Most scholars consider the period of 581–584 as the beginning of large-scale Slavic settlement in the Balkans. F. Curta points out that evidence of substantial Slavic presence does not appear before

1288-618: The Balkans however diminished by the early 7th century and they were finally defeated and disappeared as a power at the turn of the 9th century by Bulgaria and the Frankish Empire . The first South Slavic polity and regional power was Bulgaria , a state formed in 681 as a union between the much numerous Slavic tribes and the bulgars of Khan Asparuh . The scattered Slavs in Greece, the Sklavinia , were Hellenized. Romance-speakers lived within

1344-618: The Byzantine Empire was stretched, defending its rich Asian provinces from Arabs, Persians and others. This meant that even numerically small, disorganised early Slavic raids were capable of causing much disruption, but could not capture the larger, fortified cities. The first Slavic raid south of the Danube was recorded by Procopius, who mentions an attack of the Antes, "who dwell close to the Sclaveni", probably in 518. Sclaveni are first mentioned in

1400-549: The Ottoman period. Slovene is South Slavic but has many features shared with West Slavic languages. The Prekmurje Slovene and Kajkavian are especially close, and there is no sharp delineation between them. In southeastern Serbia, dialects enter a transitional zone with Bulgarian and Macedonian, with features of both groups, and are commonly called Torlakian . The Eastern South Slavic languages are Bulgarian and Macedonian. Bulgarian has retained more archaic Slavic features in relation to

1456-732: The Peloponnese of Greece, and from the Adriatic to the Black Sea, with the exception of the coastal areas and certain mountainous regions of the Greek peninsula. The Avars , who arrived in Europe in the late 550s and had a great impact in the Balkans, had from their base in the Carpathian plain, west of main Slavic settlements, asserted control over Slavic tribes with whom they besieged Roman cities. Their influence in

1512-632: The Republic of Venice which held it until the 18th century. Hungary governed Croatia through a duke, and the coastal towns through a ban . A feudal class emerged in the Croatian hinterland in the late 13th century, among whom were the Kurjaković , Kačić and most notably the Šubić . Dalmatian fortified towns meanwhile maintained autonomy, with a Roman patrician class and Slavic lower class, first under Hungary and then Venice after centuries of struggle. Ibn al-Faqih described two kinds of South Slavic people,

1568-652: The Sclaveni continued to raid the Balkans. In 558 the Avars arrived at the Black Sea steppe, and defeated the Antes between the Dnieper and Dniester. The Avars subsequently allied themselves with the Sclaveni, although there was an episode in which the Sclavene Daurentius ( fl.   577–579 ), the first Slavic chieftain recorded by name, dismissed Avar suzerainty and retorted that "Others do not conquer our land, we conquer theirs [...] so it shall always be for us", and had

1624-657: The Slavs in his work Getica (551): "although they derive from one nation, now they are known under three names, the Veneti, Antes and Sclaveni" ( ab una stirpe exorti, tria nomina ediderunt, id est Veneti, Antes, Sclaveni ); that is, the West Slavs, East Slavs, and South Slavs. He stated that the Veneti were the ancestors of the Sclaveni and the Antes, the two having used to be called Veneti but are now "chiefly" (though, by implication, not exclusively) called Sclaveni and Antes. Jordanes' Veneti and Procopius' Sporoi were used for

1680-428: The central ones ( Edessa , Kilkis ) as either Macedonian or transitional between Macedonian and Bulgarian. Balkan Slavic languages are part of a " Balkan sprachbund " with areal features shared with other non-Slavic languages in the Balkans. According to the 2013 autosomal IBD survey "of recent genealogical ancestry over the past 3,000 years at a continental scale", the speakers of Serbo-Croatian language share

1736-573: The codification of several distinct standards: Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin. These Serbo-Croatian standards are all based on the Shtokavian dialect group. Other dialect groups, which have lower intelligibility with Shtokavian, are Chakavian in Dalmatia and Kajkavian in Croatia proper . The dominance of Shtokavian across Serbo-Croatian speaking lands is due to historical westward migration during

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1792-421: The contact zones. The diminished pre-Slavic inhabitants, also including Romanized native peoples, fled from the barbarian invasions and sought refuge inside fortified cities and islands, whilst others fled to remote mountains and forests and adopted a transhumant lifestyle. The Romance-speakers within the fortified Dalmatian city-states managed to retain their culture and language for a long time. Meanwhile,

1848-567: The context of the military policy on the Danube frontier of Byzantine Emperor Justinian I (r. 527–565). Throughout the 6th century, Slavs raided and plundered deep into the Balkans, from Dalmatia to Greece and Thrace, and were also at times recruited as Byzantine mercenaries, fighting the Ostrogoths . Justinian seems to have used the strategy of ' divide and conquer ', and the Sclaveni and Antes are mentioned as fighting each other. The Antes are last mentioned as anti-Byzantine belligerents in 545, and

1904-549: The distribution, variance and frequency of the Y-DNA haplogroups R1a and I2 and their subclades R-M558, R-M458 and I-CTS10228 among South Slavs are in correlation with the spreading of Slavic languages during the medieval Slavic expansion from Eastern Europe, most probably from the territory of present-day Ukraine and Southeastern Poland . [REDACTED] Media related to South Slavs at Wikimedia Commons Slavic ethnonym The Slavic ethnonym (and autonym ), Slavs ,

1960-585: The editorial office shifted to Ljubljana . Zarja (Dawn) was founded in 1911 as a party organ. In 1914 the newspaper shifted to Trieste, and ceased to be an official party organ. Between 1990 and 2002, the Social Democratic Party of Slovenia regarded itself as the moral and spiritual heir of the Yugoslav Social Democratic Party. South Slavs South Slavs are Slavic people who speak South Slavic languages and inhabit

2016-697: The first millennium AD, with its precise location debated by archaeologists, ethnographers and historians. None of the proposed homelands reaches the Volga River in the east, over the Dinaric Alps in the southwest or the Balkan Mountains in the south, or past Bohemia in the west. Traditionally, scholars place it in the marshes of Ukraine, or alternatively between the Bug and the Dnieper ; however, according to F. Curta,

2072-482: The first of swarthy complexion and dark hair, living near the Adriatic coast, and the other as light, living in the hinterland. Through Islamization, communities of Slavic Muslims emerged, which survive until today in Bosnia, south Serbia, North Macedonia, and Bulgaria. While Pan-Slavism has its origins in the 17th-century Slavic Catholic clergymen in the Republic of Venice and Republic of Ragusa, it crystallized only in

2128-563: The fortified Dalmatian city-states . Traditional historiography, based on DAI, holds that the migration of Serbs and Croats to the Balkans was part of a second Slavic wave, placed during Heraclius' reign. Inhabiting the territory between the Franks in the north and Byzantium in the south, the Slavs were exposed to competing influences. In 863 to Christianized Great Moravia were sent two Byzantine brothers monks Saints Cyril and Methodius , Slavs from Thessaloniki on missionary work. They created

2184-461: The homeland of the southern Slavs mentioned by 6th-century writers was just north of the Lower Danube . Little is known about the Slavs before the 5th century, when they began to spread out in all directions. Jordanes ( fl.   6th century CE ), Procopius ( c.  500 - c.  565 ) and other late Roman authors provide the probable earliest references to southern Slavs in

2240-548: The itinerant form of agriculture (lacking crop rotation ) may have encouraged micro-regional mobility. Seventh-century archaeological sites show earlier hamlet-collections evolving into larger communities with differentiated zones for public feasts, craftmanship, etc. It has been suggested that the Sclaveni were the ancestors of the Serbo-Croatian group while the Antes were those of the Bulgarian Slavs , with much mixture in

2296-513: The late 6th and early 7th century. What is today central Serbia was an important geo-strategical Byzantine province, through which the Via Militaris crossed. This area was frequently intruded upon by barbarians in the 5th and 6th centuries. From the Danube, the Slavs commenced raiding the Byzantine Empire on an annual basis from the 520s, spreading destruction, taking loot and herds of cattle, seizing prisoners and capturing fortresses. Often,

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2352-525: The mid-19th century amidst rise of nationalism in the Ottoman and Habsburg empires. The South Slavic languages , one of three branches of the Slavic languages family (the other being West Slavic and East Slavic ), form a dialect continuum . It comprises, from west to east, the official languages of Slovenia , Croatia , Bosnia and Herzegovina , Montenegro , Serbia , North Macedonia , and Bulgaria . The South Slavic languages are geographically divided from

2408-581: The narrow strip with Byzantine towns, came under the Patriarchate of Constantinople, while the Croatian state remained pagan until Christianization during the reign of Charlemagne , after which religious allegiance was to Rome. Croats threw off Frankish rule in the 9th century and took over the Byzantine Dalmatian towns, after which Hungarian conquest led to Hungarian suzerainty, although retaining an army and institutions. Croatia lost much of Dalmatia to

2464-503: The numerous Slavs mixed with and assimilated the descendants of the indigenous population. Subsequent information about Slavs' interaction with the Greeks and early Slavic states comes from the 10th-century text De Administrando Imperio (DAI) written by Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus , from the 7th-century compilations of the Miracles of Saint Demetrius (MSD) and from

2520-601: The old name of the Antes and Sclaveni , two Early Slavic branches. Procopius stated that the Sclaveni and Antes spoke the same language , but he traced their common origin back to not the Veneti (as per Jordanes) but a people that he called Sporoi . He derived the name from Greek σπείρω ("I scatter grain"), because "they populated the land with scattered settlements". He described their society as democratic, and their language as barbaric. The Roman bureaucrat Jordanes wrote about

2576-661: The other languages. Bulgarian has two main yat splits. Macedonian was codified in Communist Yugoslavia in 1945. The northern and eastern Macedonian dialects are regarded as transitional to Serbian and Bulgarian, respectively. Furthermore, in Greece there is a notable Slavic-speaking population in Greek Macedonia and Western Thrace . Slavic dialects in western Greek Macedonia ( Kastoria , Florina ) are usually classified as Macedonian , those in eastern Greek Macedonia ( Serres , Drama ) and Western Thrace as Bulgarian and

2632-640: The party did not appeal to farmers, and many workers were instead won over by the liberals and conservative Catholic parties, the JSDS grew in strength and scope. After universal manhood suffrage was passed in Austria , the Yugoslav Social-Democratic Party became a significant political force. On March 18, 1898, the party organ Rdeči prapor (Red Flag) began publishing in Trieste . Josip Zavertanik and Josip Kopač were its main editors. On October 20, 1905,

2688-478: The rest of the Slavic languages by areas where Germanic (Austria), Hungarian and Romanian languages prevail. South Slavic standard languages are: West: Serbo-Croatian ( pluricentric ) ( Serbian , Croatian , Bosnian , Montenegrin ) Slovene East: Bulgarian Macedonian The Serbo-Croatian varieties have strong structural unity and are regarded by most linguists as constituting one language. Today, language secessionism has led to

2744-551: The second half of the 6th century. Procopius described the Sclaveni and Antes as two barbarian peoples with the same institutions and customs since ancient times, not ruled by a single leader but living under democracy, while Pseudo-Maurice called them a numerous people, undisciplined, unorganized and leaderless, who did not allow enslavement and conquest, and resistant to hardship, bearing all weathers. They were portrayed by Procopius as unusually tall and strong, of dark skin and "reddish" hair (neither blond nor black ), leading

2800-463: The sixth century" and that it is "highly coincident with the modern distribution of Slavic languages". According to Kushniarevich et al. 2015, the Hellenthal et al. 2014 IBD analysis also found "multi-directional admixture events among East Europeans (both Slavic and non-Slavic), dated to around 1,000–1,600 YBP" which coincides with "the proposed time-frame for the Slavic expansion". The Slavic influence

2856-528: The source dating to 898 included in the Primary Chronicle , the term is used both for East Slavic tribes and more often for a people (in the Kievan Rus' society, alongside Varangians , Chuds and Kriviches ). The origin of the Slavic autonym *Slověninъ is disputed. Other proposals for the etymology of *Slověninъ propounded by some scholars have much less support. B. Philip Lozinski argues that

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2912-729: The unification of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs with the kingdoms of Serbia and Montenegro . With the breakup of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s, several independent sovereign states were formed. The term " Yugoslavs " was and sometimes is still used as a synonym for "South Slavs", but it usually excludes Bulgarians since Bulgaria never formed part of the former Yugoslavia. The South Slavs are known in Serbian, Macedonian, and Montenegrin as Južni Sloveni ( Cyrillic : Јужни Словени ); in Bulgarian as Yuzhni Slavyani ( Cyrillic : Южни славяни ); in Croatian and Bosnian as Južni Slaveni ; and in Slovene as Južni Slovani . The Slavic root *jug- means 'south'. The Slavic ethnonym itself

2968-432: The word *slava once had the meaning of "worshipper", in this context "practicer of a common Slavic religion"; from that evolved into an ethnonym. S. B. Bernstein speculated that it derives from a reconstructed Proto-Indo-European *(s)lawos , cognate to Ancient Greek λαός ( laós ) "population, people", which itself has no commonly accepted etymology. According to the widespread view known since 18th century,

3024-435: Was between 55 and 70%. In the 2018 analysis of Slovenian population, the Slovenian population clustered with Croatians, Hungarians and was close to Czech. The 2006 Y-DNA study results "suggest that the Slavic expansion started from the territory of present-day Ukraine, thus supporting the hypothesis that places the earliest known homeland of Slavs in the basin of the middle Dnieper ". According to genetic studies until 2020,

3080-444: Was then used by the Habsburg monarchy and France , and notably adopted by the 19th-century Croatian Illyrian movement . Eventually, the idea of Yugoslavism appeared, aimed at uniting all South Slav-populated territories into a common state. From this idea emerged Yugoslavia —which, however, did not include Bulgaria . The Proto-Slavic homeland is the postulated area of Slavic settlement in Central and Eastern Europe during

3136-444: Was used by 6th-century writers to describe the southern group of Early Slavs (the Sclaveni ); West Slavs were called Veneti and East Slavs Antes . The South Slavs are also called Balkan Slavs . Another name popular in the early modern period was Illyrians , using the name of a pre-Slavic Balkan people, a name first adopted by Dalmatian intellectuals in the late 15th century to refer to South Slavic lands and population. It

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