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50-648: The SteelHounds franchise was owned by Herb Washington . The last to hold the posts of General Manager and Head Coach were Joe Gregory and Kevin Kaminski . After being expelled from the CHL following the 2007–2008 season, the team did not participate as a member of any league in 2008–2009. Per a Youngstown Vindicator report, discussions were held with the ECHL about a potential return for professional hockey in Youngstown, however, in 2009

100-557: A 400-meter track, which became the standard for track and field. The modern sprinting events have their roots in races of imperial measurements which were later altered to metric: the 100 m evolved from the 100-yard dash , the 200 m distance came from the furlong (or 1 ⁄ 8 mile ), and the 400 m was the successor to the 440-yard dash or quarter-mile race. Technological advances have always improved sprint performances (i.e., starting blocks, synthetic track material, and shoe technology). In 1924, athletes used

150-497: A McDonald's in suburban Pittsford, New York . He acquired a total of five Rochester-area McDonald's franchises. Washington's restaurant enterprise, HLW Fast Track Inc., owned 21 McDonald's franchises in Ohio and Pennsylvania by 2009; at that time, it was the largest McDonald's franchisee owned by an African-American . In 2021, Washington held a press conference to announce he was suing McDonald's for systemic racial discrimination . At

200-427: A false start." The 100 m Olympic gold and silver medallist Linford Christie of Great Britain famously had frequent false starts that were marginally below the legal reaction time of 0.1  seconds. Christie and his coach, Ron Roddan , both claimed that the false starts were due to Christie's exceptional reaction times being under legal time. His frequent false starting eventually led to his disqualification from

250-540: A great athlete, but he's not a baseball player." Pitcher Rollie Fingers said that he thought the idea was "a little crazy" but that Washington "could run like crazy". Bert Campaneris said that the team could count on Washington to steal a base when needed. Before the 1974 World Series, team captain Sal Bando said that he did not think Washington should be used in the World Series, noting that Washington might not have

300-488: A member of the Athletics 1974 World Series championship team . Finley announced that he would utilize Washington as a "designated runner" and that he did not expect Washington to develop other baseball skills. Washington received coaching on baserunning from Maury Wills . Though Washington's teammates recognized his speed, he received a mixed reception from them because of his unusual background. Reggie Jackson said, "He's

350-630: A necessity but are highly suggested for use in sprinting events. Starting blocks are a piece of equipment that typically consists of foot pads attached to a central rail. The point of using blocks is to help the athlete push themselves further down the track as quickly as possible. The baton is a required element for any relay race. The baton is passed to each athlete through different exchange zones , with different techniques. Typically, about 1 foot (0.30 m) and 1.5 inches (3.8 cm) in diameter. Used typically in training sessions to measure relative times and recovery times. Stopwatches are not always

400-476: A number of executive posts on varied boards and organizations. Washington was born in Belzoni, Mississippi , and his family moved to Flint, Michigan , when Washington was an infant. His parents worked in the automotive industry. Washington attended Flint Northern High School until 10th grade, when it was discovered that he lived outside of the school's boundaries. Losing a semester of athletic eligibility, Washington

450-401: A one-year $ 45,000 contract with a $ 20,000 signing bonus. The contract had an unusual clause requiring Washington to grow facial hair before the beginning of the season. Washington had difficulty growing a full mustache, so he used an eyebrow pencil to simulate full facial hair. Despite having no professional baseball experience, and having last played baseball in high school , Washington was

500-485: A result of anaerobic glycolysis . In athletics and track and field , sprints (or dashes ) are races over short distances. They are among the oldest running competitions, being recorded at the Ancient Olympic Games . Three sprints are currently held at the modern Summer Olympics and outdoor World Championships : the 100 metres , 200 metres , and 400 metres . At the professional level, sprinters begin

550-430: A second chance to make up for any mistakes committed during the series. Appearing as a pinch runner for Joe Rudi in game two of the World Series, Washington was picked off first base in a crucial ninth-inning situation by Dodgers reliever Mike Marshall . Early in the 1975 season , Washington was released. Before the season, the Athletics had acquired Don Hopkins , a pinch running specialist who could also play in

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600-413: A small shovel to dig holes to start the race. The world record in the 100-meter dash in 1924 was 10.4 seconds, while in 1948, (the first use of starting blocks) was 10.2 seconds, and was 10.1 seconds in 1956. The constant drive for faster athletes with better technology has brought man from 10.4 seconds to 9.58 seconds in less than 100 years. Track events were measured with the metric system except for

650-654: A sprinter only needs two types of shoes, training shoes and sprinting spikes . Sprinting spikes are typically designed to be lightweight, with a minimal cushion on the heels and a plate on the forefoot to keep the runner on the toes of each foot. The spike plate will typically have the maximum number of holes for metal spikes to be inserted to keep a proper grip on the track surface. These metal removable spikes also come in varying sizes. The spikes typically range from 4 mm to 15 mm and come in different styles. Most facilities have specific requirements for what size and style spikes can be used. Starting blocks are not

700-561: A stadium. However, stadiums could vary in size and there was apparently no definite standard length for them, e.g., the stadium at Delphi measures 177 m and the one at Pergamon 210 m. The diaulos was an event contested in the Ancient Greek Olympia that was double the length of a stadion . As well as standard foot races, in Ancient Greece there was also a sprint race called the hoplitodromos ('armed diaulos' ). This required

750-465: A start, a green card is shown to all the athletes. The green card carries no penalty. If an athlete is unhappy with track conditions after the "on your marks" command is given, the athlete must raise a hand before the "set" command and provide the Start referee with a reason. It is then up to the Start referee to decide if the reason is valid. If the Start referee deems the reason invalid, a yellow card (warning)

800-408: A time of 5.96 seconds. The 55 metres is an uncommon event that resulted from the metrication of the 60 yards and is an alternative to the 60 metres . An extremely rare sprinting event, that was occasionally run in the 1960s. The world record of 6.90 is held by Bob Hayes . The stadion , also known as the stade, was the standard short distance sprint in ancient Greece and ran the length of

850-475: Is running over a short distance at the top-most speed of the body in a limited period of time. It is used in many sports that incorporate running, typically as a way of quickly reaching a target or goal, or avoiding or catching an opponent. Human physiology dictates that a runner's near-top speed cannot be maintained for more than 30–35 seconds due to the depletion of phosphocreatine stores in muscles, and perhaps secondarily to excessive metabolic acidosis as

900-499: Is an American world-class sprinter who parlayed his speed into a brief Major League Baseball (MLB) stint in 1974 and 1975 with the Oakland Athletics . He was replaced in 1975 when the Athletics acquired a baserunning specialist who was also a position player. Washington returned to professional track, then became the owner/operator of numerous McDonald's restaurants and a minor league professional hockey franchise. He has held

950-399: Is deemed fair.  World Athletics sets the competition rules internationally. The World Athletics rulebook is broken into 4 separate books. Starting blocks are used for all competition sprints (up to and including 400 m) and relay events (first leg only, up to 4x400 m). The starting blocks consist of two adjustable footplates attached to a rigid frame. Races commence with

1000-528: Is issued to that particular athlete. If the athlete is already on a warning, the athlete is disqualified. According to the World Athletics (WA) rules, "An athlete, after assuming a full and final set position, shall not commence his starting motion until after receiving the report of the gun or approved starting apparatus. If, in the judgement of the Starter or Recallers, he does so any earlier, it shall be deemed

1050-498: Is obstructed. The first athlete whose torso reaches the vertical plane of the closest edge of the finish line is the winner. To ensure that the sprinter's torso triggers the timing impulse at the finish line rather than an arm, foot, or other body parts, a double Photocell is commonly used. Times are only recorded by an electronic timing system when both of these Photocells are simultaneously blocked. Photo finish systems are also used at some track and field events. While genetics play

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1100-548: Is of key importance in producing the optimal amount of force. Ideally, the athlete should begin in a 4-point stance and drive forwards, pushing off using both legs for maximum force production. Athletes remain in the same lane on the running track throughout all sprinting events, with the sole exception of the 400 metres indoors. Races up to 100 metres are largely focused upon acceleration to an athlete's maximum speed. All sprints beyond this distance increasingly incorporate an element of endurance. The first 13 editions of

1150-453: Is the championship distance. The event was a common event for most American students because it was one of the standardized test events as part of the President's Award on Physical Fitness . The 50 metres is an uncommon event and alternative to the 60 metres . Donovan Bailey holds the men's world record with a time of 5.56 seconds and Irina Privalova holds the women's world record with

1200-497: The 1996 Summer Olympics 100 m final in Atlanta , the US, due to a second false start by Christie. Since January 2010, under WA rules, a single false start by an athlete resulted in disqualification. In 2012, a new development to the false start rule was added. Because certain athletes could be disqualified for twitching in the starting blocks, but some athletes could make a twitch without

1250-733: The American League , and relief pitchers. Washington's 1975 Topps baseball card is the only baseball card ever released that uses the "pinch runner" position label. Following his 13-month stint as the only "designated runner" in MLB history, Washington joined the professional track and field circuit and remained in competition until 1976. He worked for Michigan Bell as an assistant director of personnel. In 1980, he moved from Detroit to Rochester, New York , where he opened an inner-city McDonald's restaurant. He added his second local McDonald's franchise seven months later, and in 1986 he opened

1300-419: The Ancient Olympic Games featured only one event—the stadion race , which was a sprinting race from one end of the stadium to the other. The Diaulos (Δίαυλος, "double pipe") was a double-stadion race, c.  400 metres (1,300 feet) , introduced in the 14th Olympiad of the ancient Olympic Games (724   BC). Sprint races were part of the original Olympic Games in the 7th century B.C. as well as

1350-789: The Mahoning Valley Phantoms , a Junior A hockey team, moved from the NAHL to the USHL , the premier junior league in the United States, and are playing their entire home slate at the Covelli Centre under a new name, the Youngstown Phantoms . The SteelHounds took their name from the U.S. steel industry. The franchise joined the CHL in 2005 as an expansion team for the 2005–06 season , playing in

1400-606: The United States ). The team's ownership engaged in talks with the IHL, and in previous seasons the SteelHounds have had exhibition games against ECHL teams. After being kicked out of the league, and failing to quickly find a new league to play in for the upcoming 2008–2009 season, there was a mass exodus of top officials in the SteelHounds organization. On June 23, 2008 General Manager Joe Gregory resigned his position, and announced that he

1450-501: The outfield . The Athletics had also acquired a second pinch running specialist, Matt Alexander , just before Washington's release. Washington played in 105 MLB games without batting, pitching, or fielding, playing exclusively as a pinch runner . He had 31 stolen bases in 48 attempts and scored 33 runs during his short career. Washington is one of only seven players to have more game appearances than plate appearances, presumably excluding starting pitchers who played primarily for

1500-561: The 1972 Summer Olympics. Washington was on the cover of the February 1972 issue of Track and Field News . In 1973, Washington again tied the 50-yard record at the same meet in Toronto. Later that summer, Washington won the international Pacific Conference Games 100 metres which was also in Toronto. In 1974, Washington was tapped by Oakland A's owner Charlie Finley to become the team's "designated runner". Finley and Washington worked out

1550-690: The 1972 indoor season, he tied Kirk Clayton 's two-year-old hand-timed world record in the 50-yard dash of 5.0 at a meet in Toronto , which Mel Pender also tied twice a month later. The following week, he set the 60-yard dash record outright, stopping the clock at 5.8 at a home meet in East Lansing. Neither record has been surpassed as of 2019 , as races run in yards are rare, with records for these having been discontinued in 1976, and hand times ceased to be accepted from 1977. A few years later, Washington said that his biggest disappointment had been not qualifying for

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1600-814: The McDonalds system and dismissing the lawsuit. Washington was co-chairman of the Small Business Committee of the United Way , and was active in the Urban League of Rochester. Washington was named to the New York State Athletic Commission in 1990. In 1992, he became the chairman of the board of directors of the Buffalo, New York , branch of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York , and later

1650-656: The Northeast Division and qualified for the playoffs for the second straight year, but lost again to the Colorado Eagles . After being kicked out of the CHL following the 2007–08 season, management considered joining the ECHL or the IHL . As of June 2, 2008, the CHL announced that the SteelHounds franchise would not be playing in the league. The CHL cited the reason for termination being non-payment of league dues. The SteelHounds and

1700-610: The Northeast Division of the CHL, with the closest team to Youngstown being the Mississippi RiverKings . The SteelHounds won their first home game at the Chevrolet Centre on November 4, 2005, when they defeated the Oklahoma City Blazers 4–3. They went on to finish second in the four-team Northeast Division with a 24–35 record. The SteelHounds failed to make the playoffs in their first season. The 2006–07 season

1750-516: The United Kingdom and the United States until 1965 and 1974 respectively. The Amateur Athletic Association (AAU) decided to switch track and field in the U.S. to the metric system to finally make track and field internationally equivalent. Biological factors that determine a sprinter's potential include: Note: Indoor distances are less standardized, as many facilities run shorter or occasionally longer distances depending on available space. 60 m

1800-474: The Youngstown team, but the league dropped the idea after no serious meetings were held between the team and the IHL. Washington married Gisele Gibbs, who also attended Michigan State University, in 1980, and the couple had two children, Terrell and Arielle, both of whom also attended MSU. Washington's son Terrell ran track in college, and as of 2012, he was the general manager of his father's McDonald's franchising company. Sprint (running) Sprinting

1850-417: The firing of the starter's gun . The starting commands are "On your marks" and "Set". Once all athletes are in the set position, the starter's gun is fired, officially starting the race. For the 100 m, all competitors are lined up side by side. For the 200 m, 300 m, and 400 m, which involve curves, runners are staggered for the start. In the rare event that there are technical issues with

1900-463: The first modern Olympic Games which started in the late 19th century ( Athens 1896 ) and featured the 100 meters and 400 meters. Athletes started both races from a crouched start (4-point stance). In both the original Olympics and the modern Olympics, only men were allowed to participate in track and field until the 1928 games in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The 1928 games were also the first games to use

1950-474: The inside lane. Any athlete who runs outside the assigned lane to gain an advantage is subject to disqualification. If the athlete is forced to run outside of his or her lane by another person, and no material advantage is gained, there will be no disqualification. Also, a runner who strays from his or her lane in the straightaway, or crosses the outer line of his or her lane on the bend, and gains no advantage by it, will not be disqualified as long as no other runner

2000-510: The league have had a dispute related to travel expenses since the franchise began in 2006. The SteelHounds explored joining the IHL or ECHL for the 2008–09 or 2009–10 season, as both leagues had teams located in the Great Lakes and Mid-Atlantic regions, making them a better fit for the SteelHounds than the CHL (most of whose teams are in the Southern Plains and Southwest regions of

2050-493: The most accurate way to measure times in a race setting, Fully Automatic Timing (FAT) and gate systems are used to accurately measure races, with results as accurate as up to 1/1000 of a second.   As of 2021, World Athletics (WA) is the governing body for track and field around the world. Every country that wishes to participate in WA competitions must become a member. Each governing body sets its own rules for how competition

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2100-452: The race by assuming a crouching position in the starting blocks before driving forward and gradually moving into an upright position as the race progresses and momentum is gained. The set position differs depending on the start. The use of starting blocks allows the sprinter to perform an enhanced isometric preload ; this generates muscular pre-tension which is channeled into the subsequent forward drive, making it more powerful. Body alignment

2150-425: The sprinters to additionally carry a large shield and wear a helmet. Similarly to the diaulos, they ran two stades in length i.e. one stade ending with a 180 degree turn around a post, which led onto the second stade in length back down the track. In the diaulos, each sprinter had an individual post to run around. However, for some hoplitodromos races all of the sprinters ran around a single central post. Typically,

2200-620: The starter noticing and disqualifying the athlete, it was decided that twitching in the starting block while being in the 'set' position would only carry a maximum penalty of a yellow card or a warning. To instantly be disqualified for a false start, an athlete's hands must leave the track or their feet must leave the starting blocks, while the athlete is in their final 'set' position. For all Olympic sprint events, runners must remain within their pre-assigned lanes, which measure 1.22 metres (4 feet) wide, from start to finish. The lanes can be numbered 1 through 8, 9, or rarely 10, starting with

2250-399: The time of the lawsuit, Washington owned 14 franchises, down from his high of 27 franchises. Washington alleged that he was being discriminated due to having him operate restaurants with low-volume sales to go with unfair grading. The two sides announced a settlement of the lawsuit on December 16, in which McDonalds purchased 13 restaurants for $ 33.5 million in exchange for Washington exiting

2300-604: The world record in the 50- and 60-yard dashes several times. Washington was selected in the 13th round in the 1972 NFL draft by the Baltimore Colts , but did not play for them; he informed the team that he was committed to competing in the Big Ten Conference meet, in addition to attempting to make the US Olympic track team for the 1972 Summer Olympics ; at the time, amateur status was a much stricter requirement. During

2350-403: Was a better one for the SteelHounds, as the team finished with 34 wins, 20 losses and 10 overtime losses. The SteelHounds made the playoffs for the first time in franchise history but lost in the first round to the Colorado Eagles . The SteelHounds' best record in their short franchise history came in the 2007–08 season with 39 wins, 20 losses and 5 overtime losses. The team finished second in

2400-446: Was forced to transfer to a rival school, Flint Central High School . There he ran the 100-yard dash in 9.4 seconds, attracting numerous college scholarship offers. Washington chose Michigan State University because he knew that there were a number of black athletes at the school. At Michigan State, the four-time all-American won one National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) title, won seven Big Ten titles, and tied or broke

2450-697: Was hired as an Executive Vice President for the Norfolk Admirals of the AHL . Then, Kevin Kaminski resigned his position as head coach on July 1, 2008, after which, on July 2, 2008, the rival Mississippi RiverKings announced him as their new head coach, signed to an unheard of three-year contract. These are the top-ten point-scorers in franchise history (*Includes post-season totals). Note: Pos = Position; GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; P/G = Points per game Herb Washington Herbert Lee Washington (born November 16, 1951)

2500-719: Was named Director of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. In 2005, he founded the Youngstown SteelHounds minor league hockey franchise in the Central Hockey League (CHL). The SteelHounds were removed from the CHL in 2008 for non-payment of league dues. Washington said that he had paid the league's expansion team fees but that he owed some money, which he was withholding because the league did not reimburse him for some travel expenses. The International Hockey League (IHL) expressed some interest in picking up

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