The Young Khivans were a political movement that emerged in 1905-1907 among the Uzbeks of the Khiva Khanate within the framework of Jadidism , a cultural movement of Muslim modernist reformers.
22-508: At first, the Young Khivans were engaged in cultural and educational activities only. On 5 (18) April 1917, they persuaded Isfandiyar Khan of Khiva to issue a manifesto on the establishment of a constitutional monarchy in the territory of the Khanate. The post of chairman in the newly created Majlis (Assembly) was taken by Bobohun Salimov, one of the most prominent Young Khivans. However, in
44-538: A large role in the running of the state. Using his money, a cotton gin plant, a hospital, a post mail, a telegraph and a secular school were built. Between 1908 and 1910, Islam Khodja built an ensemble of buildings in the Southeast of Itchan Kala , consisting of the smallest madrasa and the largest minaret in Khiva. Islam Khodja was later killed without Isfandiyar Khan's consent. Tsar Nicholas II awarded Isfandiyar Khan with
66-653: A number of influential leaders of other Turkmen tribes and Uzbek population appealed to the Bolsheviks , who were gaining a foothold in Russian Turkestan after the October Revolution . In 1919, under the pretext of assisting rebels, Bolsheviks invaded the Khanate and soon captured its capital Khiva . Junaid fled to the Karakum Desert with the remnants of his troops from where he organized active resistance to
88-613: The Young Khivans presented Isfandiyar Khan with demands for reform. The Khan was forced to publish a manifesto in which he promised to create a representative body - the Majlis , which also included members of the Young Khivans. The power of the Khan was limited by this document. The chairman of the Majlis was Young Khivan politician Boboahun Salimov . However, as Isfandiyar was a conservative, he hindered
110-890: The Council of Ministers). In September 1920, they tried to achieve the disarmament of the Turkmen volunteer detachments, pushing the Turkmen tribes in the Republic to a general uprising. In March 1921, with the assistance of the Political Directorate of the Khorezm Red Army, they were deprived of power; some of them were arrested, others joined the ranks of the Basmachi . Isfandiyar Khan Isfandiyar Khan , or Asfandiyar Khan ( Uzbek : Isfandiyar-Xon ; Russian : Асфандияр-хан ; 1871 – 1 October 1918), born Isfandiyar Jurji Bahadur ,
132-563: The Khan. By early February 1920, the Khivan army under Junaid Khan was completely defeated. On 2 February 1920, Khiva's last Khan, Sayyid Abdullah, abdicated and a short-lived Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (later the Khorezm SSR) was created out of the territory of the old Khanate of Khiva, before it was finally incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1924. The former Khanate was divided between
154-403: The Khanate by the then Khan of Khiva Isfandiyar , who sought to lessen the growing Turkmen threat. However, after a short period of time Junaid arranged Isfandiyar's assassination and later enthroned the murdered Khan's uncle Sayid Abdullah as a puppet ruler, while himself becoming the real master of the Khanate. Disillusioned with his ineffective policies that ultimately led to a new revolt,
176-569: The Khanate – the Turkmen leaders of Koshmammet Khan, Gulam-ali, Shamyrat-Bakhshi – Muhammed-Kurban actually became the ruler of Khiva. After the 1917 Bolshevik seizure of power in the October Revolution , and Junaid's failed attack against the Boshevik stronghold in Petro-Aleksandrovsk , anti-monarchists and Turkmen tribesmen joined forces with the Bolsheviks at the end of 1919 to depose
198-626: The Orders of Saint Stanislaus and Saint Anna . In 1910, Isfandiyar was awarded the title of Major-General of the Russian Empire. In 1911, he was enrolled in the Tsar's retinue. In 1913, he received the title of Royal Highness from the Tsar. In 1912, the Khanate of Khiva faced a revolt by Yomud Turkomans . It ended in 1913. The February Revolution in Russia influenced the Khanate of Khiva. On April 5, 1917,
220-748: The Young Khivan movement led the fight against him and from December 1919, together with the Soviet troops, opposed his troops. With the dissolution of the Khanate in February 1920, the Young Khivans became the leaders of the Communist Party of Khorezm (with Dzhumaniyaz Sultanmuradov as Chairman of the Central Committee) and the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (with Palvanniyaz Khodja Yusupov as Chairman of
242-596: The complex of Narallabay Palace (also known as the Isfandiyar Palace), in the form of a separate building which housed several ceremonial halls in rooms of various shapes. Among them, there was the throne room, built and decorated in a modern Russian style. Isfandiyar Khan ordered many elements of the new building from the St. Petersburg Imperial Porcelain Factory. Photographer and first Uzbek film director Khudaibergen Devanov shot
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#1732872259449264-488: The emerging Soviet government. Born in 1857 (according to other sources in 1862), Junaid Khan was the son of Khojibay, a powerful leader of the Yomut ( Turkmen ) tribe of Junaids and a wealthy man. Muhammet-Kurban himself, despite his illiteracy, also enjoyed relevant authority among his tribesmen, which allowed him to become first kazi (judge) in the village, and later a water distributor (mirab). In September 1917, after
286-558: The first documentary in Uzbek about Isfandiyar Khan with his heir riding in the front of a car in 1910. Together with the Emir of Bukhara Mohammed Alim Khan , Isfandiyar Khan took part in the opening of the Saint Petersburg Mosque on February 22, 1913. Junaid Khan (Basmachi leader) Junaid Khan ( Turkmen : Jüneýit han ; full name: Muhammet Gurban ); (b.1857/62–1938)
308-637: The leader of the Turkmen Yomud tribe, Junaid Khan , had returned to Khiva. He launched a coup in Spring 1918 and was appointed commander of the armed forces of the Khanate, and took power almost effortlessly, soon concentrating all the power in his hands. With Isfandiyar Khan executed by Junaid Khan in Nurullabai Palace , his brother, Sayid Abdullah , became Khan. During the reign of Isfandiyar Khan, new madrasas and mosques were built in Khiva. In 1912, he built
330-431: The main military force in the Khanate. Dissatisfaction with Asfandiyar’s policy greatly increased in Khiva and in the spring of 1918, Junaid Khan organized a military coup, which overthrew and put to death Asfandiyar. Later he seized power for himself almost without resistance. An uncle of Asfandiyar Khan, Sayyid Abdullah became a new (puppet) Khan. Having defeated and expelled by mid-September 1918 his main adversaries in
352-458: The most influential people in the Khanate. In January 1918, Asfandiyar Khan appointed Muhammet-Kurban as the commander of the armed forces of the Khanate, bestowing on him the title "Serdar-Karim" ("noble commander"). After Zaitsev's detachment from Khiva recaptured Tashkent from Bolsheviks and Left Social Revolutionaries , the Junaid Khan's detachment, numbering about 1,600 horsemen, became
374-449: The new Turkmen SSR and Uzbek SSR . Junaid Khan later waged numerous wars for several years with the emerging Soviet Turkestan and later with constituent republics of Soviet Central Asia for different reasons: to keep Khiva independent from Soviet rule , to recapture lost territories of the Khanate during the years as Russian protectorate , as well as to accumulate wealth. Though initially some of his battles were successful, he lost
396-556: The overthrow of the government of the Young (revolutionary) Khivans , who had advocated reform and wished to limit the power of the Khan of Khiva Asfandiyar Khan , Muhammet-Kurban Serdar arrived to the capital. By uniting previously warring Turkmen tribes and establishing close relations with Colonel Ivan Zaitsev [ ru ] , the head of the detachment sent to Khiva by the Provisional Government of Russia , he became one of
418-518: The reforms as much as he could. Many were dissatisfied with Isfandiyar Khan's actions, especially after the October Revolution, when Khivans learned about the reforms in Russia. Eventually, the political situation escalated to the point where reactionary forces took over. As a result, the Young Khiva government was overthrown and all the reforms Isfandiyar Khan announced were cancelled. However,
440-646: The summer of that year, the Khan of Khiva, with the participation of the Russian Provisional Government in Petrograd , regained absolute power, arresting and executing some of the Young Khivans. Other participants in the movement hid in Turkestan, where they received guarantees of support from the Bolsheviks. After the conquest of Khiva by the Turkmen feudal lord Junaid Khan in January 1918, representatives of
462-604: Was a Turkmen tribal leader who became the Chief of the Armed Forces and later the de facto and last ruler of the Khanate of Khiva . Born into the Turkmen tribe of Yomut , Muhammet Gurban was the son of a tribal chieftain Khojibay, after whose death he assumed the leadership of the tribe. Gaining authority during the Turkmen uprisings of 1912-1916, Junaid was granted enormous power within
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#1732872259449484-511: Was the Khan of Khiva between September 1910 and 1 October 1918, the 53rd Khan of Khiva, and the 12th Khongirad ruler of the Uzbeks . He was overthrown and executed by Junaid Khan in 1918. In 1910, after the death of his father, Muhammad Rahim Khan II , Isfandiyar Khan came to power in Khiva. Unlike his father, he did not have many special talents. Initially, the enlightened vizier Islam Khodja played
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