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35-499: Originating in the 20th century, TYA takes on many functions in different settings and places around the world. In the US, for instance, it is often entertainment-centered, although its roots lie in education. Many writers and production companies have started catering specifically to TYA audiences, causing a continuous increase in theatrical material for children. In the present day, TYA production companies or groups can be found in most regions of

70-669: A TYA production with child actors. Those are rarely, however, part of the companies’ main stage season. Many Theatre for Young Audiences productions still revolve around traditional child-friendly topics, such as fairy tales and magical quests. A number of theatre companies, such as Seattle Children’s Theatre , Imagination Stage , and the Minneapolis Children’s Theatre Company , have been working to create and produce plays and musicals for young audiences that are more intelligent and diverse. Recent work has explored themes that include parental abuse (e.g. An Afternoon of

105-655: A bad translation, it has indelicacies which disgrace a pen hitherto so pure". However, in Emma her heroine suggests her governess would raise her own daughter the better for having practised upon her, "like La Baronne d'Almane on La Countesse d'Ostalis in Madame de Genlis' Adelaide and Theodore". Modern critics claim other themes addressed by Genlis appear in both Emma and Northanger Abbey . Austen continued to read (and lend out) her works however, complaining in 1816 for example that she couldn't "read Olimpe et Theophile without being in

140-500: A collection of short comedies for young people, Les Annales de la vertu (2 vols., 1781) and Adèle et Théodore (3 vols., 1782). Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve claims she anticipated many modern methods of teaching; history was taught using magic lantern slides and her pupils learnt botany from a botanist during their walks. In 1785, Chartres succeeded as duc d'Orléans; her brother Charles-Louis Ducrest became his secretary. When

175-808: A drama school with its own performances during the summer, connecting education and the arts. SCT is a member of Theatre Puget Sound, International Performing Arts for Youth, and Theatre Communications Group . As of 2020, SCT has produced over 269 plays, 120 of which are world premieres. SCT has several theatre education programs held at schools and other organizations in the Seattle area. The on-site Drama School has classes year-round, taught by professional artists, and produces summer shows providing young people with participatory theatre education and theatre arts training. SCT's Deaf Youth Drama Program, founded by brothers Howie and Billy Seago, ran from 1994 to 2007. Seattle Children's Theatre has gained widespread prominence as

210-441: A producer of theatre, educational programs, and new scripts for young people. In 2009, information technology worker William Edgar Hoke, was arrested and subsequently convicted of possessing at least 13,000 pornographic images of children, spanning over three years of browsing illegal bulletin boards which he accessed from both home and work computers. There was no indication that Hoke had unsupervised contact with children at SCT. He

245-485: A rage. It is really too bad! – Not allowing them to be happy together when they are married." Austen's nieces Anna and Caroline also drew inspiration for their own writings from Madame de Genlis. British women writers of the late eighteenth century were particularly inspired by Genlis's novel of education Adèle et Théodore , which Anna Letitia Barbauld compared to Rousseau's Emile as a type of "preceptive fiction." Anna Barbauld admired Genlis's "system of education,

280-571: A stipend of 10,000 livres. She began an affair with Chartres almost immediately, their love letters being published in 1904 by Gaston Maugras as L’idylle d’un gouverneur. As Talleyrand noted, "The Duc de Chartres found her charming, told her this, and was quickly listened to, for Madame de Genlis, to avoid the scandal of coquetry, always yielded easily." Although their affair was short-lived, in 1777 he appointed her governess to his daughters, who were joined by two 'adopted' English girls, Stephanie Caroline Anne Syms or "Pamela" and Hermine Syms. This

315-516: Is also mentioned in War and Peace by Leo Tolstoy , Our Village by Mary Russell Mitford , Oblomov by Ivan Goncharov , humourist story M-me Genlis's spirit by Nikolai Leskov , The Angel in the House by Coventry Patmore , The Rector of Justin by Louis Auchincloss , Nausea by Jean-Paul Sartre , Emma by Jane Austen , and A Place of Greater Safety by Hilary Mantel . Madame de Genlis

350-459: Is education, where she takes a position unlike Rousseau in Emile . For her the condition of women depends on the education that is imparted to take the role that belongs to her in society, while for Jean-Jacques Rousseau the sphere of female action is restricted to the domestic sphere and therefore their education remains limited; for Genlis, education represents a step forward for her emancipation but on

385-589: Is possible that she also had one or more secret offspring; as Talleyrand later wrote: "In spite of the strictness which she preached and the morality which she professed in her writing, one always meets in her later novels something of the easiness of her earlier morals; one always finds in them love affairs and illegitimate children." She died in Paris on 31 December 1830 and was buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery . Her relative, Madame de Montesson (1738-1806),

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420-710: The French Revolution began in 1789, both he and Charles-Alexis joined the Girondins faction and were executed in 1793 with many of their political colleagues. Stéphanie-Félicité and her pupil Mademoiselle d'Orléans took refuge in Switzerland , before moving to Berlin in 1794. Considered too liberal by Frederick William II , she was forced to live in Hamburg but returned when his son succeeded him in 1797. After Napoleon came to power in 1799 , she returned to France. Her aunt

455-495: The Castle , a "spin-off" of Adèle et Théodore . As Donelle Ruwe notes, Genlis's emphasis on the mother as a powerful educating heroine was inspirational, but so too were her books' demonstrations of how to create homemade literacy objects such as flash cards and other teaching aids. Félicité de Genlis appears as a character in the works of Honoré de Balzac ( Illusions perdues ) and Victor Hugo ( Les Misérables ), among others. She

490-686: The Chicago company The Junior League, New York producer Clare Tree Major , The Children’s Theatre of Evanston, and many others. Today, TYA continues to thrive, with an increasing number of playwrights, performers, producers, and companies taking part in it. Most TYA productions in the US are plays, with a fast-growing number of musicals taking second place. However, most performing arts forms have been adapted and incorporated into Theatre for Young Audiences, including physical theatre, operas, puppetry, dance, street performance, and many others. Some companies specifically cater to non-traditional theatre forms, such as

525-451: The Elves by Janet Taylor Lisle ), divorce (e.g. Doors , by Suzan Zeder), death (e.g. Afflicted , by Laurie Brooks), and social barriers such as racism, xenophobia, and homophobia (e.g. The Transition of Doodle Pequeño , by Gabriel Jason Dean). St%C3%A9phanie F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9, comtesse de Genlis Caroline-Stéphanie-Félicité, Madame de Genlis (25 January 1746 – 31 December 1830)

560-548: The MainStreet Theatre Company and the Center for Puppetry Arts, Atlanta. Several major companies performing Theatre for Young Audiences exist across the US, including but not limited to Imagination Stage , Minneapolis Children’s Theatre Company , Seattle Children’s Theatre , Lexington Children’s Theatre, Adventure State Chicago, and Boston Children’s Theatre, all producing work specifically for younger audiences throughout

595-525: The Moscow Theatre for Children viewed its goal as representing childhood needs, separating the struggles of childhood from those of adult life. Similar TYA groups were established in England, the US, France, and Czechoslovakia between World War I and World War II. Education was the main purpose of TYA when it first arrived to the US. In 1903, Alice Minnie Herts founded The Children’s Educational Theatre, which

630-591: The US and around the world. Theatre performed by or for children dates back hundreds of years. The first mention is seen in a 1784 entry in Madame de Genlis ’s Memoirs, in which she describes a performance by her two daughters to the Duke of Chartres . TYA became its own branch of theatre in the 20th century, first appearing in Moscow, when Russian actress Natalia Satz founded the Moscow Theatre for Children in 1918. In its early stages,

665-534: The country count on casts of professional adult actors to portray all roles. For instance, the Arvada Center ’s 2016 production of an adaptation of the novel Junie B. Jones was produced with adult actors, including Melissa Morris, Katie Jackson, and Rachelle Wood, portraying characters who are around the age of 12. A number children’s companies in the US have designated programs, in which the children engage with workshops and experimental rehearsals in order to create

700-538: The country, and material for younger audiences was both presented at these establishments and distributed to any interested groups. The Drama League was responsible for changing theatre for children from its originally purely educational intent into the broader Theatre for Young Audiences known today. Once the TYA movement started to gain traction, many different companies and playwrights chose to partake in this new branch of theatre. Some include early TYA playwright Constance Mackay,

735-531: The estates of Charles Guillaume Le Normant d'Étiolles and Alexandre Le Riche de La Poupelinière , where she was taught dancing by a ballet master of the Comédie-Française and singing by Ferdinando Pellegrini. She also learned to play the harp, a skill which later in Paris she used to support them. Pierre César was captured by the English while returning from Santo Domingo in 1760 and one of his fellow prisoners

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770-568: The income from her writing. Her later years were occupied with literary quarrels, notably those arising from her 1822 publication Diners du Baron d'Holbach , which attacked what she viewed as 'the intolerance, fanaticism, and eccentricities of the philosophes of the 18th century.' She survived long enough to see her former pupil, Louis Philippe, become king in 1830. The vast majority of her works are now little read but provide interesting historical background, especially Mémoires inédits sur le XVIII' siècle , published in 1825. In Britain, she

805-460: The other hand she submits first to the will of her mother and then of her husband. The success of this novel was due to the fact that she is the first woman to be gouverneur of princes of royal blood. Since Charles-Alexis' own parents were dead, they went to live with his godfather, the Marquis de Puisieux and had three children; Caroline (1765-1786), Pulchérie (1767-1847) and Casimir (1768-1773). It

840-522: The resignation of their existing tutors ; she and Charles-Alexis formally separated the following year. For her husband's amusement, Madame de Montesson set up their own theatre, for which she and Madame de Genlis wrote plays, the parts being taken by their children. Audiences numbered as many as 500 aristocrats and writers, including Diderot and D'Alembert . This developed her approach to education, later set out in Théâtre d'éducation (4 vols., 1779–1780),

875-511: The whole of which is given in action" with "infinite ingenuity in the various illustrative incidents." Clara Reeve described Genlis's educational program as "the most perfect of any" in Plans of Education (1794), an epistolary work loosely based on Genlis's novel. Adelaide O'Keeffe's Dudley (1819) was modeled directly after Genlis's work, and other texts such as Anna Letitia Barbauld and John Aikin's Evenings at Home were inspired by Genlis's Tales of

910-432: The year, offering performances both of new work and TYA classics. Most Theatre for Young Audiences plays are written by adult playwrights, although occasional projects are led and constructed by the younger audiences themselves. Different schools of thought within TYA argue whether or not younger characters should be portrayed by children or by adult actors. At the present, most TYA productions in children’s companies around

945-542: Was Charles-Alexis Brûlart, Comte de Genlis (1737–1793), whom he introduced to his daughter after their release. After Pierre died in 1763, his sister married de Genlis at midnight on 8 November 1763; as a younger son, his title 'Comte' was complimentary and she was always known as Madame de Genlis. In 1782 she published her first epistolary novel Adèle et Thèodore written while on holiday in Lusignano in Liguria . Its basic theme

980-688: Was a French writer of the late 18th and early 19th century, known for her novels and theories of children's education. She is now best remembered for her journals and the historical perspective they provide on her life and times. Caroline-Stéphanie-Félicité du Crest de Saint-Aubin was born on 25 April 1746 at Champcéry near Autun , in the Saône-et-Loire region. Her parents were Pierre César du Crest (1711-1763), later Marquis de Saint Aubin, and Marie Françoise Félicité Mauget de Mézières (1717-1790). Her father's debts forced him to sell their home in 1757 and move to Paris . She and her mother spent interludes at

1015-471: Was a close friend of Napoleon's wife Joséphine de Beauharnais and this connection resulted in her being given rooms at the Arsenal and a small pension. Her best known romance Mademoiselle de Clermont was published in 1802, along with a number of other novels. Her government pension was discontinued after the 1814 Bourbon Restoration ; her former pupil Louis Philippe gave her a small pension but she relied on

1050-578: Was a prodigious author. As Saint-Beuve observed in one of his Causeries de Lundi , "if the inkstand had not existed, she would have invented it." Seattle Children%27s Theatre The Seattle Children's Theatre (SCT) is a resident theatre for young audiences in Seattle, Washington , founded in 1975. Its main performances are at the Seattle Center in a 482-seat and a 275-seat theatre, and its main theater runs from June through September. SCT also has

1085-536: Was also known for her beauty and intelligence, later becoming a playwright. She married the duc d'Orléans in 1773, although barred from using the title 'Duchess of Orléans.' With her support, Stéphanie-Félicité became lady-in-waiting to Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon , wife of the Duke's son Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Chartres , and with her husband joined the Duke's entourage in the Palais-Royal in early 1772, drawing

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1120-503: Was best known for her children's works, which many welcomed as they presented many of Rousseau 's methods, while attacking his principles. They also avoided libertinism and Roman Catholicism, concepts often associated with the French by the British, who appreciated her innovative educational methods, particularly her morality plays . According to Magdi Wahba , another reason for her popularity

1155-441: Was in line with her theory of educating her pupils with children of different nationalities to better learn foreign languages; the household already contained English and Italian servants. Although it has often been suggested Pamela was the product of her relationship with Chartres, this has been challenged by recent scholarship. In 1781, Chartres took the then unusual step of putting her in charge of his sons' education, which led to

1190-606: Was the belief she was as moral as the Baronne d'Almane in Adèle et Théodore . They discovered this was not the case when she fled to London in 1791 but while she lost the esteem of some, including Frances Burney , it had little effect on her book sales. Jane Austen was familiar with her works, although she returned the novel 'Alphonsine' to the Lending Library, claiming it "did not do. We were disgusted in twenty pages, as, independent of

1225-473: Was the first US company to produce theatrical work both with and for children. Although it did not last long, The Children’s Educational Theatre inspired both the birth of other companies around the country, as well as continuous growth in the writing and production of plays for younger audiences. The Drama League of America was another big influence in TYA within the US: children’s leagues were established in cities across

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