Tokugawa Yoshikatsu ( 徳川 慶勝 , April 14, 1824 – August 1, 1883) was a Japanese daimyō of the late Edo period , who ruled the Owari Domain as its 14th (1849–1858) and 17th daimyō (1870–1880). He was the brother of Matsudaira Katamori . His childhood name was Hidenosuke (秀之助).
27-543: Yoshihiro Tokugawa ( 徳川 義寛 , Tokugawa Yoshihiro , November 7, 1906 – February 2, 1996) was a Japanese political figure of the mid to late 20th century. The grandson of Tokugawa Yoshikatsu , the last lord of Owari han , he served as Grand Chamberlain of Japan from 1985 to 1988, serving as the Emperor of Japan 's personal adviser. Yoshihiro was famous for saving the recording of Emperor Hirohito's surrender address from destruction by army officials who wished to continue
54-558: A consequence of the treaties. Ii was also criticized for reinforcing the authority of the Tokugawa shogunate against regional daimyōs through the Ansei Purge . He also made strong enemies in the dispute for the succession of Shōgun Tokugawa Iesada , and because he forced retirement on his opponents, specifically the retainers of Mito , Hizen , Owari , Tosa , Satsuma , and Uwajima . These policies generated strong sentiment against
81-433: Is nothing when I see the danger threatening the future of the country". Ii's entourage was composed of around 60 samurai guards and Ii's palanquin carriers. A total of 17 Mito rōnin ambushed Ii together with Arimura Jisaemon , the lone member of the group who was not from Mito since he was a samurai from Satsuma Domain . While an attack at the front drew the attention of the guards, a lone assassin fired one shot into
108-567: The Second Chōshū expedition , which ended in a loss of prestige for the Bakufu and a secret alliance between the Satsuma and Chōshū domains, an alliance that soon overthrew the shogunate . [REDACTED] Media related to Tokugawa Yoshikatsu at Wikimedia Commons Sakuradamon Incident (1860) The Sakuradamon Incident ( 桜田門外の変 , Sakuradamon-gai no Hen , or 桜田門の変 Sakuradamon no Hen )
135-399: The palanquin containing Ii, with a Japanese-made Colt 1851 Navy Revolver , which had been copied from the firearms that Commodore Matthew Perry had given the shogunate as gifts. Drawing the injured and likely paralyzed Ii out, Arimura decapitated Ii and then performed seppuku . The conspirators carried a manifesto on themselves, outlining the reason for their act: While fully aware of
162-648: The 11th, Nariharu, who had spent all his time in Edo without making a single trip to Owari, resulting in low morale amongst the Owari samurai. Because Yoshikatsu was perceived as being more sympathetic to affairs in Owari, local political circles such as the Gold & Iron Party (金鉄党) had formed, drawing strength from the low-ranking samurai, to lobby for Yoshikatsu's appointment when the matter arose in 1839 and 1845, but Naritaka and Yoshitsugu had been appointed instead. However, when Yoshikatsu
189-576: The American West. On June 12, 1860, The New York Times reported that Japan's first diplomatic mission to the West received the news about what had happened in Edo. The assassination dealt a severe blow to the prestige of the shogunate such that officials refused to admit Naosuke's death for a month, claiming that he was merely injured and was recuperating. The minister's death was only made official in April when
216-632: The Bakufu to soften its stance, and to adopt a compromise policy of kōbu gattai ("Union of the Emperor and the Shogun") suggested by Satsuma Domain and Mito Domain , in which both parties vied for political supremacy in the years to follow. This soon amplified into the violent Sonnō Jōi ("Revere the Emperor, Expel the Barbarians") movement. The Sakuradamon Incident ushered in a decade of violence in Japan, reviving
243-744: The Ninomaru Palace of Nagoya Castle (taken in 1870), Hiroshima Castle, and the suburban residence of the Owari Domain in Edo, almost 1000 photographs in all, which are a priceless historical record. The assassination of Ii Naosuke in the Sakuradamon Incident (1860) was followed by a general pardon in 1862. Yoshikatsu went to the capitol the same year, being appointed assistant to the Shogun Tokugawa Iemochi . On September 13, 1863, Mochinaga retired, and Yoshikatsu's son Motochiyo (born about
270-624: The United States (negotiated by U.S. Consul to Japan Townsend Harris ) and, soon afterwards, similar treaties with other Western countries. The Harris Treaty was signed by the Tokugawa Shogunate in defiance of Emperor Kōmei 's instructions not to sign the treaty, thus branding the Shogunate as having betrayed the emperor and by extension, the country. From 1859, the ports of Nagasaki , Hakodate , and Yokohama became open to foreign traders as
297-575: The arrival of the Perry Expedition and the Bakufu's accommodation of foreign demands was reaching all the domains, and particularly disturbed Tokugawa Nariaki, Shimazu Nariakira (daimyō of the Satsuma Domain ), Date Munenari (daimyō of the Uwajima Domain ), and others, who expressed their displeasure with the actions of high functionaries such as Abe Masahiro . With a strong sense of duty as
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#1732873406257324-450: The attack on Andō Nobumasa ) and foreigners alike ( Richardson murder ), as the Sonnō Jōi movement continued to expand. According to Sir Ernest Satow : "A bloody revenge was taken on the individual [Ii], but the hostility to the system only increased with time, and in the end brought about its complete ruin". The conflict reached its resolution with the military defeat of the shogunate in
351-418: The culture of the warrior rule and warrior spirit. Prior to the event, the warrior class had been described as weak and incapable of fighting, having lost all sense of warrior mission amid Japan's move toward modernization. For the following years until the fall of Bakufu in 1868, Edo, and more generally the streets of Japan, would remain notably hazardous for Bakufu officials (as displayed in events such as
378-548: The domain was split between the two retired daimyō acting behind the scenes. As power shifted from the Edo bakufu to the Imperial Court, Yoshikatsu spent most of his time in Kyoto. In the spring of 1863, Emperor issued "Order to expel barbarians" (攘夷実行の勅命, jōi jikkō no chokumei), and on the last day of the year formed the conference of councillors (Sanyo Kaigi (参預会議))), a panel of powerful daimyo to serve as his military arm. Yoshikatsu
405-526: The evil religion , and to allow the three Foreign Ministers to reside in the land ... Therefore, we have consecrated ourselves to be the instruments of Heaven to punish this wicked man, and we have taken on ourselves the duty of ending a serious evil, by killing this atrocious autocrat. Accounts of the violent event were sent via ship across the Pacific to San Francisco and then sped by the Pony Express across
432-588: The head of the three collateral branches of the shogunal family , Yoshikatsu felt that the bakufu could only be assisted by paradoxically criticizing its policy. When the Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States–Japan) was signed in 1858 (Ansei 5), Yoshikatsu joined with his uncle and cousin—Tokugawa Nariaki and his son Yoshiatsu—together with Matsudaira Yoshinaga (daimyō of the Fukui Domain ) and others in making an unsolicited visit to Edo Castle , where they oppose
459-491: The incident in 1862, investigation was completed and verdicts were reached to punish the surviving guards. The seriously wounded, such as Shugoro Kusakari, were exiled to the Sano, Shimotsuke Province and had their stipends reduced. The slightly wounded were ordered to commit seppuku , and all the unharmed were beheaded, with their samurai status revoked. The popular upheaval against foreign encroachment and assassination of Ii forced
486-518: The necessity for some change in policy since the coming of the Americans at Uraga , it is entirely against the interest of the country and a stain on the national honour to open up commercial relations with foreigners, to admit foreigners into the Castle, to conclude treaties with them, to abolish the established practice of trampling on the picture of Christ , to allow foreigners to build places of worship for
513-479: The office of Tairo was declared vacant. Out of the 60 samurai guards defending Ii Naosuke, four died in combat and four died within days from fatal wounds. Those samurai who were killed in action were allowed to keep and pass-on their hereditary samurai titles (thus privilege) to their heirs. Survivors, however, all received various degree of punishment for failing to protect the Chief Minister. Two years after
540-593: The policies of the Tairō , Ii Naosuke . This act was censured, everyone who opposed Ii Naosuke was purged (the Ansei Purge). For his part Yoshikatsu was placed under house arrest, and he was replaced by his younger brother Mochinaga , who thus became the 15th daimyō of Owari. During this period, he became interested in Western photography, and learned how to take and develop photographs. Remaining photographs include subjects such as
567-737: The shogunate, especially among proponents of the Mito school . The assassination took place on March 24, 1860, on the day of the Double Third Festival where all daimyos stationed in Edo (modern Tokyo ) were scheduled to enter Edo Castle for meetings. The assassins attacked Ii's entourage just outside the Castle, near the Sakuradamon ( Sakurada Gate ) when Ii was reaching the premises. Ii had been warned about his safety, and many encouraged him to retire from office, but he refused, replying that "My own safety
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#1732873406257594-408: The time of the Ansei Purge) was adopted by Mochinaga (15th daimyō), and appointed as the 16th daimyō at the age of six, his name being changed to Tokugawa Yoshinori . With the support of high-ranking samurai in the domain, such as Naruse Masamitsu, Tamiya Joun, Yoshikatsu was able to exert power once again. However others were critical of Yoshikatsu and formed an effective opposition around Morinaga, so
621-513: The war during the Kyūjō Incident . He died in 1996 at the age of 89 due to respiratory failure . This article about a Japanese politician is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Tokugawa Yoshikatsu Yoshikatsu was born in the Takasu Domain residence ( Yotsuya neighborhood of Edo ). His mother was Norihime (daughter of Tokugawa Harutoshi ), Tokugawa Nariaki
648-442: Was finally appointed in 1849, he did not have as much clout amongst Bakufu officials and the high-ranking samurai in Owari, due to weaker blood relations to the Shogun than his predecessors. Accordingly, forming a consensus amongst high-ranking retainers was indispensable for Yoshikatsu to exercise his authority. After being appointed daimyō, Yoshikatsu made administrative changes, primarily to trim costs. Meanwhile, information about
675-464: Was his maternal uncle, and the future shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu was his cousin. The most recent four daimyos of the Owari Domain had been foster sons sent to Owari from lineages close to the Shogunal family: Tokugawa Naritomo (10th, 1800–1827) Tokugawa Nariharu (11th, 1827–1839), Tokugawa Naritaka (12th, 1839–1845), Tokugawa Yoshitsugu (13th, 1845–1849). These daimyo been remote rulers, especially
702-677: Was invited to join, but declined. After the Kinmon incident in the summer, in which samurai from the Chōshū Domain attempted a coup against the Tokugawa Bakufu, Yoshitaka served as the military commander during the punitive First Chōshū expedition , in September–November 1864, with Saigō Takamori as second-in-command. The campaign was considered a success, but, when Chōshū again challenged Bakufu authority, Yoshikatsu refused to participate in
729-652: Was the assassination of Ii Naosuke , Chief Minister ( Tairō ) of the Tokugawa shogunate , on March 24, 1860 by rōnin samurai of the Mito Domain and Satsuma Domain , outside the Sakurada Gate of Edo Castle . Ii Naosuke, a leading figure of the Bakumatsu period and a proponent of the reopening of Japan after more than 200 years of seclusion , was widely criticized for signing the 1858 Treaty of Amity and Commerce with
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